• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.94-106
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to verify the use of Seo's Elderly Stress Scale (SESS), which was developed in 1996. Through the modified tool, it is possible to examine the stress of Korean elders and to contribute to the welfare of them. The subjects were 350 elders over 65 years old who live in Seoul, Kwang-Ju, Yang-Ju Gun Kyung-ki Do, Ui-Jong Bu, and Young-Am Kun, Jeun-Ra Nam Do. the data of 331 elders (94%) were analyzed. Data were collected between January and March in 1996 and analyzed using the SPSS Win 8.0. The result are as follows: 1. Items with low correlation with the total items were removed. So 27 items were removed and 37 items remained. This 37 items were death in the family and/or close friends, family member's behavior not meeting expectations, marriage of daughter, marriage of son, friction with daughter- in-law, argument among children, children refuse to live with parent, children leaving home, sex injury or accident, in frequest visits from children and grandchildren, providing care for your daughter or daughter-in-law post-partum, decrease in decision making and authority in home, Lunar new year and the harvest featival, house sitting, working in the house, performing a sacrificial rite, missed birthday, not living with the eldest son, decreased eyesight, decreased strength, decreased memory, sleep pattern changes, thoughts about death, loneliness, decreased hearing, change of dental condition, change in your diet or eating style, difficulty in self care, moving because of disease or aging, argument with friend or neighbour, travel, dealing with the procedure of heritage, loss of money or property, not enough pocket money, hearing on elderly neglect in television or radio, hope of going home and ignorant from others. 2. Overlapped items were discussed by colleagues and were modified. 'marriage of daughter' and 'marriage of son' were modified in 'marriage of children'. 'self injury or accidents' and 'family accidents' were modified in to self or family accidents. 3. Factor analysis was done in order to identify validity and three factors were obtained from the result. The first factor familial relation area, included 17 items. The second factor, physical area, included 9 items. The third factor, psycho-socio-economic area, included 9 items. Cronbach coefficient alpha for the 35 items was .923. 4. Pearson's correlation was .704 between SESS and SOS (Symptoms of Stress) in order to confirm construct validity. Based on the result, the following is suggested; 1. The modified SESS needs to be reverified with elder. 2. Korean elder's health promotion can be made by development of stress intervention which was accurately measured with SESS.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.9
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• pp.136-145
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• 2017

This study aimed to identify the relationship among employee-focused and job-focused emotional labor, emotional leadership, and burnout among emergency room nurses. Data were collected from 168 emergency nurses working at general hospitals in one metropolitan city and analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation coefficient using the SPSS/WIN program. According to the results, the mean scores of the employee-focused emotional labor scale were 3.51 points for superficial acting and 3.26 for deep acting. The mean score of the job-focused scale was 3.73 for frequency of emotional surface, 3.36 for duration of interpersonal interactions, and 3.46 for variety of emotional expressions. The mean score of the emotional leadership scale was 3.57, and the mean scores of the burnout were 4.59 for emotional exhaustion, 4.13 for depersonalization, and 3.60 for diminished personal accomplishment. Job-focused emotional labor scores were higher than employee-focused scores. Superficial acting and frequency of interactions in emotional labor were the most frequently performed by emergency nurses. Employee-focused and job-focused emotional labor showed a significantly partial correlation with emotional leadership and burnout. Based on the results, future research needs to develop effective strategies for managing emotional labor and burnout of nurses working in emergency rooms.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.441-450
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of cancer prevention and early detection education on cancer-related knowledge, attitudes, and preventive health behavior of middle-aged women in Korea. The research design was a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The subjects of this study were 38 middle-aged women from a church in Taegu. An Experimental group of 19 and a control group of 19 women were studied. The study was conducted from September 21, 2000 to October 27, 2000. The cancer prevention and early detection education had been provided to the experimental group for 2 weeks. The contents of the education program for the third most prevalent cancer of Korean women were : 'the risk factors of cancer', 'the early symptoms of cancer', 'the diagnostic test for cancer detection', and 'the cancer prevention methods'. The instruments used for this study were modified, cancer-related knowledge, and attitude, preventive health behavior tools of Suh et al.(1998). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, $\chi^2$-test, t-test, ANCOVA with SPSS WIN 9.0/PC. The results were as follows : 1) Hypothesis 1 that the women who get cancer prevention and early detection education will have higher scores of the cancer-related knowledge than the women do not get cancer prevention and early detection education was accepted(F=4.732, p=.037). 2) Hypothesis 2 that the women who get cancer prevention and early detection education will have higher scores of cancer-related attitudes than the women do not get cancer prevention and early detection education was rejected(F=.118, p=.733). 3) Hypothesis 3 that the women who get cancer prevention and early detection education will have higher scores of cancer-related preventive health behavior than the women who do not get cancer prevention and early detection education was rejected(F=2.250, p=.143). On the basis of the above findings, the following recommendations are suggested : 1) It is necessary to identify the variables affected on cancer-related knowledge, attitudes and preventive health behavior. 2) It is necessary to develop a well organized cancer prevention and early detection education program to change cancer-related attitude and preventive health behavior.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.598-608
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• 2016

This study examined the relationships among patient safety competence, critical thinking disposition, problem-solving competence, and self-efficacy of clinical nurses to identify the factors influencing the patient safety competence. A convenience sample of 373 nurses working in 4 general hospitals in a Metropolitan area in Korea was selected. After obtaining IRB approval, data collection was done with a structured self-administered questionnaire from October 14th to November 4th, 2014. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis using the SPSS WIN 21.0 program. The participants showed a moderate level of patient safety competence ($3.75{\pm}0.37$), of critical thinking disposition ($3.43{\pm}0.27$), of problem solving competence ($3.54{\pm}0.30$), and of self-efficacy ($3.58{\pm}0.47$). The patient safety competence of the participants showed a significant correlation with the critical thinking disposition (r=.493, p<.001), problem solving competence (r=.616, p<.001), and self-efficacy (r=.475, p<.001). The significant factors influencing the patient safety competence were problem solving competence (${\beta}=.403$, p<.001), self-efficacy (${\beta}=.156$, p=.005), critical thinking disposition (${\beta}=.130$, p=.018), and having the experience of reporting patient safety accidents (${\beta}=.137$, p=.002). The results suggest that educational programs to enhance the critical thinking disposition, problem-solving competence, and self-efficacy would develop the patient safety competence of clinical nurses. In addition, more effort should be placed into reinforcing the patient safety competence by activating the report of patient safety accidents.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.880-892
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors influencing health perception in the elderly, to provide the basic data for health behavior program and nursing intervention. The subjects of this study were 240 elderly person over the age 60, living in Seoul and Kangnung. They were conveniently sampled for this study and the data was collected from June 1999 to September 1999. The instruments for this study were the Health Perception Questionaire developed by Ware(1979), the OARS Functional Assessment Questionaire (Duke University 1978), and Multidimensional Health Locus of Control by Wallston, Wallston, and De Vills(1978). The data were analyzed by using SPSS Win computer Program. The results are as follows; 1. The total mean score of the health perception was 52.02(S.D=${\pm}$7.07) in a range of 33 to 69, and the mean score of the functional status was 27.02 (SD=${\pm}$2.75) in a range of zero to 28 and the mean score of the health locus of control was 65.66(S.D=${\pm}$8.68) in a range of 43 to 90. And The mean scores on the HLOC subscales were HLOC-I: 23.73${\pm}$4.56 (range: 6-30), HLOC-P: 23.07${\pm}$4.74 (range: 6-30), HLOC-C: 18.55${\pm}$4.03 (range: 11-30). 2. There was a significant positive correlation between health perception and functional status(r=.216, p=.001), and health perception and the health locus of control(HLOC) were not correlated at the level of statistical significance. However, the HLOC-I and health perception were correlated positively(r=.328, p=.000), and the HLOC-P were correlated negatively (r=-.129, p=.046). 3. There was a significant difference statistically in the degree of health perception according to the age(F=3.351, p=.002), spouse(t=2.232, p=.021), education level(F=7.373, p=.001), disease(t=3.639, p=.000), group activity (t=2.458, p=.015). drink(t=2.327, p=.021). 4. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the most powerful predictor of health perception was internal health locus of control. A combination of HOLC-I, functional status, HLOC-P, group activity explained 17.9% of the variance for health perception in the elderly. In conclusion, the results of this study show that internal health locus of control factor is very important in explaining the health perception for the elderly. Therefore, it will be considered internal health locus of control factor in nursing intervention and program in order to enforce the health behavior for elderly people .

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.878-888
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• 1996

The main purpose of this study was getting related to the pain charactristic data of elderly. It contains past and present health status, daily living activity level, pain frequency, causes, pain area, pain intensity, pain worse causes, and pain releave causes, pain management methods. The subject were 79 elderly whose age were over 65 years old. They were lived in their home environment. Half of them were resident of middle range city at province and the others were Seoul city. The data was collected from Dec. 1st. 1995 to Jan. 30th. 1996. Interviews were held with semi-structured questionaire after pilot study by researchers. Pain measurement tool were used graphic rating scale and Abstract of Korean Pain Language Scale. To analize the subject's general characteristics, past and present health status, daily living activity level, characteristics about pain, pain management methods statistical SPSS for win frequency were employed. The findings were as follows ; 1. There were 33(41.8%) male and 46(58.2%) female Below 69 year old were 20(25.3%), 70-79 year old were 42(53.2%), over 80 year old were 17(21.5%), mean age was 74(from 65 to 89). 2. Buddhist were 24(30.4%), Christian were 29(36. 7%), the other religious status or non religians were 26 (32.9%). 3. Past good health status were 63(79.7%), not so good status were 6(7.6%). Present good health status were 19(24.1%), moderated health status were 6(7.6%), not so good status were 14(17.7%). 4. Daily living activity limitation were 39(49.4%), nonlimitation of activity were 5(6.3%). 5. Walking limitation were 3(3.8%), nonlimitation walking were 52(65,8%). 6. Insomnia was 23(29.1%), no difficult were 38(48.1%). 7. Chronic pain complaints were 64(81%), diseases causes of pain were 25(31.6%), bad health behavior causes of pain were 27(34.2%). 8. Most pain area were back 30(29.4%), leg 17(16.7%), knee 16(15.7%), arm 13(12.7%), teeth, chest and head were each 5(4.9%), loin, trunk were each 4(3.9%), the other areas were 3(3%). 9. Pain intensity was 3.49(mean) by Korean Language Scale, 6.59(mean) by graphic rating scale. Sensitive pain was 3.5(47.9%), affective pain was 3(20.8%) It was high pain level and sensitive pain. 10. Most pain worse causes moving was 35(44.3%), pain relieving causes rest was 29(36.7%), 11. Pain management method were medication 40(42.1%), physiotherapy 23(24.2%), hospital 12(12.6%), the others 7(7.4%), none 13(13.7%). The conclusion ; Present health status of eldery was not so good. Almost half of them have some diseases. Most common diseases of eldery were arthristis, respitatory and heart problems. Foully nine percent of elderly had limitation of daily living activities. Eighty one percent of eldely had chronic pain. Most of them was back pain (30%). Pain intensity was high(score over 3.5). The worsening pain causes was moving and releiving causes was rest. Pain management method were pain medication, physiotherapy. Therefore, Nursing care plan for the elderly have to focus on pain because majority of elderly have chronic high level of pain related to the arthritis.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.232-241
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• 2005

Today, the role of kindergarten is more important as nutrition provider through snack and meal services. Desirable kinds and amounts of food items at school lunch menu were important factors of nutrients intakes in children. This study was performed to assess the kindergarten's meal service program (snack and lunch) and the consumption amount of lunch according to each dishes. Twenty four institutions that cared over one hundred children were observed at Seoul and Kyunggido area. Well-trained observers checked meal and snack serving activity and foodservice facilities by formal checklist. And using the weighing method assessed the consumption levels of food items at lunch. During 3 days, 30 children in each kindergarten were selected randomly according to age, observers measured serving and residual weight of each food. The data was compiles by performing ANOVA-test using SPSS WIN 10.0. The result were as follows: 1) Foodservice facilities in kindergarten was limited to provide qualified foodservice. $91.7\%$ of institution had kitchen, $41.7\%$ had dinning. The kitchen equipment possession rate was $12.5\%$ (oven), $30.8\%$ (heating cabinet), $58.3\%$ (refrigerator). The rate of using document about foodservice was used $83.3\%$ (menu list), $41.7\%$ (daily foodservice record), $25\%$ (standard recipe). $41.7\%$ of institution employed licensed dietitian. Only $41.7\%$ of subjects preserved meal after daily meal service. 2) Meal serving size was decided by teacher, $54.5\%$ at snack and $43\%$ at lunch and pre-divided individual portion type was $36.4\%$ at snack and $28.6\%$ at lunch. The rate of cleaning activity before meal was $72.2\%$ at snack, $90.5\%$ at lunch. And nutrition or sanitation education activity was more performed at lunch time, for examples brushing teeth activity was $12.5\%$ at snack $85.7\%$ at lunch. 3) The consumption amounts of plain cooked rice was $112.7{\pm}26.1{\cal}g$, cooked rice and cereal was $93.06{\pm}27.97{\cal}g$, curry rice was $208.35{\pm}64.84{\cal}g$ and the consumption amounts of these main dishes was significantly different by age (p < 0.001). The consumption amounts of soup was very different according to children's preference. The consumption amounts of seaweed soup was $120.18{\pm}82.13{\cal}g$, wild sesame and bean-paste soup was $40.64{\pm}23.16{\cal}g$. The consumption range of kimchis was from $6{\cal}g\;to\;13{\cal}g$, jorim (braised food) was from $3{\cal}g\;to\;25{\cal}g$, fried food (include stir fried, deep fat fried, pan fried) was from $14.5{\cal}g\;to\;22{\cal}g$, vegetable dish was from $3{\cal}g\;to\;16{\cal}g$. These consumption amount of each dishes was not reached recommended portion size of nutritionally planning menu by nutritionist.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.135-158
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to provide for the useful fundamental data by developing an appearl sizing system according to body types for Chinese Adult Female. Thus, it was to improve of fittness and coverage rate of exporting domestic clothing to China. For study, It was measured 1360 female women aged between 19 and 50 who resident in Beijing and Shanghai in China. as a sample, 1381 female women was seleted for development of apparel sizing system. Thus, this study was to characterize body types of Chinese adult female by classifying them into groups and set coverage rate of ready-made clothes by developing an apparel sizing system according to the Women's Wear Specifications(GB/T 1335.2-1997), National Standards of People's Republic of China. As for the method of this study was done during Jun. 23 $\sim$ Aug. 7, 2004. Data analysis were processed by SPSS WIN 10.0 Program was used to for technical statistical analysis. The result was as follows: The clothes dimension for upper and lower body and the coverage rate of body size that had the highest appearance ratio from the entire group was Y-type 160-84$\cdot$160-64(4.6%) and the section 160cm 32.4%, A-type 160-88$\cdot$160-72(3.3%) and the section 160cm 28.1%, B-type 155-88$\cdot$155-78(3.8%) and the section 155cm 27.8%, C-type 150-96$\cdot$150-88(2.5%). The result By setting of representative size number and production coverage rate for Chinese adult female. The representative size number of the entire group was set for 150-80A$\cdot$150-64A(1.0%), 155-84A$\cdot$155-68A(2.6%), 160-88A$\cdot$160-72A(3.3%), 165-84A$\cdot$165-68A (2.8%), 170-96A$\cdot$170-80A(0%). The production coverage rate for each representative size number was SS size the section 150cm 2.8%, size the section 155cm 17.0%, M size the section 160cm 31.6%, L size the section 165cm 25.0%, XL size the section 170cm 12.6% that covered 85.0%.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.18-29
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to provide basic data from confirming factors that could help nurses tailor counseling program for married couples who were facing the prospect of a hysterectomy. A descriptive design was used to study a total of 81 married couples(total of 162 subjects) between 2 to 18 months after hysterectomy, due to a benign gynecology disease at a University Hospital in Daegu by questionnaires from March, 1999 to June, 2000. This study used Sexual Knowledge Measurement of Koo, Ja-sung(1996), Sexual Attitude Scales of Hudson, Murphy and Nurius(1994), Sexual Attitude Measurement of Jang, Soon-bok(1989), Sexual Activity Questionnaires of Thiriaway, Fallowfield and Cuzick(1996) modified and supplemented by advice of experts in order to measure sexual knowledge, sexual attitude and sexual activity, and Sexual Function Inventory of Derogatis(1979) translated by Jang, Soon-bok(1984) was used to measure sexual satisfaction of the subjects. For data analysis, the study executed $x^2$-test, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation and multiple regression in accordance with the purpose of study by SPSS/PC+ WIN 10.0 program. Also this study obtained Cronbach's alpha for examination of reliability. The results are as follows : 1) The sexual knowledge of the husband was higher than that of the wife after hysterectomy by showing the mean 11.27(${\pm}2.72$) in case of the wife and the mean 11.57(${\pm}2.28$) in case of the husband, but there was no statistically significant difference(t=.681, p=.497). 2)The sexual attitude of the husband was more liberal than that of the wife after hysterectomy by showing the mean 3.25(${\pm}.48$) in case of the wife and the mean 3.42(${\pm}.48$) in case of the husband, and there was statistically significant difference(t=2.399, p=.018). 3)There was no statistically significant difference between the score of sexual activity of wife and husband by period elapsed after hysterectomy. 4)There was no statistically significant difference between the score of sexual satisfaction of wife and husband by period elapsed after hysterectomy. 5)The wife subjects showed positive correlation among sexual knowledge, sexual attitude, sexual activity and sexual satisfaction. The husband subjects showed positive correlation only between sexual knowledge and sexual activity, sexual activity and sexual satisfaction, sexual attitude and sexual satisfaction, sexual knowledge and sexual satisfaction. There was a positive correlation between the sexual knowledge, sexual attitude, sexual activity and sexual satisfaction of the wife and husband. 6)Only the variable of sexual activity among factors of sexual satisfaction of the wife subjects showed the statistical significance(F=52.452, p<0.001), while variables of sexual attitude (F=20.360, p<0.001) and sexual activity (F=14.142, p<0.05) among factors of sexual satisfaction of the husband subjects showed a statistical significance.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.539-562
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• 2006

The clarification of spatial-temporal patterns of phytoplankton from southern coastal waters during the period of March to November in 2004 was carried out. Total cell numbers were shown in 5,286 cells $ml^{-1}$ on March and reached to encounter a peak of 27,775 cells $ml^{-1}$ on July. Mean cell number was also shown in maximum of 1,587 cells $ml^{-1}$ on July, which recorded approximately two times higher than on June. The cell number of phytoplankton from southmiddle waters attained an abundance of ${\geq}35%$ regardless of months, which was the highest the abundance of phytoplankton in 2004 than any other waters in this study. Southwestern waters were lower the cell number of 2-5 times than those of southmiddle and southeastern waters. In particular, Prorocentrum occurred in southeastern waters on June and the highest cell number of 8,200 cells $ml^{-1}$ around Tongyeong region on July, which was recorded to occupy the value of 60.9% in southeast waters. The abundance of Skeletonema costatum as a dominant taxa in southwest was shown in ${\geq}60%$ on March, July, September, and October, whereas was also recorded to achieve the abundance of above 80% in southmiddle waters on March, July, and September. The majority of the taxa in southeastern waters was diatom: Eucampia zoodiacus, and Chaetoceros spp.. They occupied above 45%. On November, most of southern waters were abundant to Chaetoceros spp. On the basis of cluster analysis using SPSS ver 10.0, phytoplankton occurring on March showed somewhat no correlation with all of southern waters. In contrast to on March, the relationship between southwestern and southmiddle waters was shown on August and November, indicating a distinction from southeastern waters. However, the distance between southwestern/middle and southeastern waters appeared to be less than 5. Consequently, the abundance of phytoplankton in southern waters showed much fluctuations in temporal and spatial assays. In particular, southwestern and southmiddle waters during the periods of summer and winter appeared to be a similar to environmental characteristics.