• Proceedings of the Korean Nuclear Society Conference
• /
• 1995.10a
• /
• pp.103-108
• /
• 1995

By applying the P$_1$ and P$_2$ equations to the operator form of a synthetic acceleration, we derive the p,-acceleration (diffusion synthetic acceleration: DSA) and P$_2$-acceleration (p$_2$SA) schemes in one dimensional slab geometry. We Fourier-analyze the derived acceleration schemes with the discrete-ordinates transport equation and showed that the DSA outperforms the P$_2$SA. These results confirm that one cannot simply assume that replacement of the DSA with a higher order approximation will lead to a better acceleration performance.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.432-436
• /
• 2012

Among a number of factors related to the effect of acupuncture and moxibustion treatment, prescriptions do important work. Traditional eastern doctors also placed emphasis on prescriptions of acupuncture and moxibustion, and a lot of experiences have been accumulated. The method forms prescriptions of Sa-am acupuncture therapy pivots on five transport points. Studies show prescriptions are made on the basis of the theory of 'Wang Xiang Xiu Qiu Si'(旺相休囚死) used engendering and restraining of five phases, and it is considered the principle of transformed prescriptions through this theory. Because there is still no study analyzing prescriptions of Sa-am acupuncture by existing principles, we report opinion about Combination principle of points in them. 1. We studied history of acupuncture and moxibustion, development and kinds of points' Combination principle. 2. Around Combination principles of points in Classic of Difficult Issues and Internal Classic, we analyzed and compared between Combination principles of points in Sa-am acupuncture therapy and them in Korea and overall acupuncture methods. 1. There were many Combination principles of acupunture point combination in Classic of Difficult Issues, Internal Classic and Korea acupuncture methods. For example, Point combination of the same meridian, Point combination of the different meridian, Exterior-Interior point combination, Point combination of the same name meridian, Point combination of the multiple meridian, Point combination of Adjacent and Distant points, Left-Right point combination, Anterior-Posterior point combination, Superior-Inferior point combination, Brook point and Stream point combination, Triple energizer point combination, Eight meeting point combination, Five transport point combination, Source-Connecting point combination, Alram point and Transport point combination, Mother-Sun meridian combination, Empirical point combination, Important point combination, Point combination according to syndrome. 2. Existing Combination principles of points in prescriptions of Sa-am acupuncture therapy included every rule. 3. They could be evidences that prescriptions of Sa-am acupuncture therapy are forms inheriting and developing acupuncture and moxibustion treatments.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.32 no.11
• /
• pp.908-917
• /
• 2022

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a form of systemic immunity that prevents secondary infections of distal uninfected parts of plants by related or unrelated pathogens. SAR is mediated by several SAR-inducing chemicals or mobile signals that accumulate after pathogen infection. Several chemicals that move systemically have already been identified as SAR-inducing factors, despite the fact that the early mobile signal remains unclear. These chemicals can be transported into either the apoplastic or symplastic compartments. Many of the chemicals associated with SAR remain unknown in terms of their transport routes. There is recent evidence that azelaic acid (AzA) and glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) are transported via plasmodesmata (PD) channels, which regulate the symplastic route. In contrast, salicylic acid (SA) is preferentially transported from pathogen-infected to uninfected parts via the apoplast. The pH gradient and SA deprotonation lead to apoplastic accumulation of SA before it accumulates in the cytosol. Moreover, there is evidence that the mobility of SA over a long distance is crucial for SAR and that the partitioning of SA into the symplast and cuticles is controlled by transpiration. Further research has shown that a portion of the total SA in leaves is partitioned into cuticular waxes. The purpose of this review is to discuss the role of SAR-inducing chemicals and the regulation of transport in SAR.

• 한국ITS학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2002.11a
• /
• pp.14-17
• /
• 2002

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.359-364
• /
• 1999

The effect of Salicylic acid (SA) on the leaf growth, chlorophyll content, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance in Commelina communis L. was investigated. C. communis which was grown in Hoagland solution containing 1 mM SA during 3 weeks resulted in a significant reduction of leaf length, width and area. 1 mM SA reduced about 10% of the leaf area at 1 week and 2 weeks, but inhibited 22% of the leaf area at 3 weeks. SA also showed great effect on the reduction of chlorophyll content. SA reduced 47% and 53% of chlorophyll content each at 2 weeks and 3 weeks when it was compared with the control. Chlorophyll a/b ratio in SA treated sample was increased at 3 weeks representing that SA was sensitive to chlorophyll b. The treatment of SA did not inhibit the activity of PSII＋PSI, PSII and PSI. This result indicates that SA did not show direct effect oil the photosynthetic electron transport activity. However, when C. communis was grown in Hoagland solution containing I mM SA fer long period, SA showed clear inhibition of photosyhthesis in intact leaves. The treatment of SA for 3 weeks showed about 23~65% inhibition of photosynthetic activity at various light intensity (100~1000$\mu$mo1 m­$^2$S­$^1$). Similar effect was found on stomatal conductance. The treatment of SA caused an almost closure of stomata. Similar effects of stomatal conductance at various light intensity indicate a loss of normal control on stomatal mechanism. These results indicate that the effect of SA on photo-synthetic activity was not by SA itself but by indirect metabolic pathway.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.81-92
• /
• 2023

Traffic state classification is crucial for time-of-day (TOD) traffic signal control. This paper proposed a traffic state classification technique applying Deep-Embedded Clustering (DEC) method that uses a high dimensional traffic data observed at all signalized intersections in a traffic signal control sub area (SA). So far, signal timing plan has been determined based on the traffic data observed at the critical intersection in SA. The current method has a limitation that it cannot consider a comprehensive traffic situation in SA. The proposed method alleviates the curse of dimensionality and turns out to overcome the shortcomings of the current signal timing plan.

• Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.25 no.3
• /
• pp.418-425
• /
• 2020

In this study soft computing techniques including, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) were investigated for the prediction of Cr(VI) transport efficiency by novel Polymer Inclusion Membranes (PIMs). Transport experiments carried out by varying parameters such as time, film thickness, carrier type, carier rate, plasticizer type, and plasticizer rate. The predictive performance of ANN and ANFIS model was evaluated by using statistical performance criteria such as Root Mean Standard Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Coefficient of Determination (R²). Moreover, Sensitivity Analysis (SA) was carried out to investigate the effect of each input on PIMs Cr(VI) removal efficiency. The proposed ANN model presented reliable and valid results, followed by ANFIS model results. RMSE and MAE values were 0.00556, 0.00163 for ANN and 0.00924, 0.00493 for ANFIS model in the prediction of Cr(VI) removal efficiency on testing data sets. The R² values were 0.973 and 0.867 on testing data sets by ANN and ANFIS, respectively. Results show that the ANN-based prediction model performed better than ANFIS. SA demonstrated that time; film thickness; carrier type and plasticizer type are major operating parameters having 33.61%, 26.85%, 21.07% and 8.917% contribution, respectively.

• Journal of computational fluids engineering
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.8-16
• /
• 2014

Two-dimensional prediction capability of several analysis codes, such as XFOIL, MSES, and KFLOW, is compared and analyzed based on computational results of airfoil flows. To this end the transition transport equations are coupled with the Navier-Stokes equations for the prediction of the natural transition and the separation-induced transition. Experimental data of aerodynamic coefficients are used for comparison with numerical results for the transitional flows. Numerical predictions using the transition transport model show a good agreement with experimental data. Discrepancies have been found in the prediction of the pressure drag are mainly caused by the difference in the far-field circulation correction methods.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
• /
• v.10 no.6
• /
• pp.516-521
• /
• 2005

Drug delivery to the lymphatic system may be important in terms of the treatment with lymphatic involvement, such as tumor metastases and immunization. Especially, drug transport via the intestinal lymphatics after oral administration has been attracted lots of interests. The purpose of this study was to prepare cyclosporin A (CSA)-loaded liposomes, with different characteristics, and evaluate their mucoadhesivity. Three liposome preparations were formulated: cationic stearylamine liposomes (SA-Lip), anionic phosphatidylserine liposomes (PS-Lip), Polymer (chitosan)-coated liposomes (CS-Lip), and characterized. The liposome preparations were found to be spherical in shape, with PS-Lip being the smallest. The liposome preparations exhibited entrapment efficiencies in the order: PS-Lip $(52.5{\pm}2.9%)$ > SA-Lip $(48.8{\pm}3.3%)$ > CS-Lip $(41.7{\pm}4.2%)$. Finally, mucoadhesive tests were carried out using rat intestine, with SA-Lip (67%) showing the best adhesive rate of the three preparations (PS-Lip: 56%, CS-Lip: 61%). These results suggest that a positive charge on the surface of drug carriers may be an important factor for the intestinal drug delivery.

• Journal of computational fluids engineering
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.80-86
• /
• 2014

Numerical investigation on the dynamic stall over an oscillating airfoil is presented. A Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations are coupled with transition transport equations for the natural transition. Computational results considering the turbulent transition are compared with the fully turbulent computations and the experimental data. Results with transition prediction show closer correlation with the experimental data than those with the fully turbulent assumption, especially in the reattachment region.