• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.139-148
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• 1991

Cryptosporidium, a coccidian protozoa, commonly causes a self-limiting diarrheal illness in humans and animals. Fecal samples from various animals in Chonbuk district were observed using Sheather's aoatation technique, Kinyoun's modified acid-fast staining, and osmic acid pre-fixed Giemsa staining. The oocysts were detected in 74 cages(29.6%) out of 250 cages of mature mice, 26 (13.3%) out of 195 mature house rats, 75 (15.0%) out of 4-week-old 500 fowls, 98(19.9%) out of 6 to 8-month-old 500 pigs, and 111(22,2%) out of 2 to 5-year-old 500 dairy cattle, respectively. The degree of prevalence was slight in general, but actual prevalence was higher than infection rate because the detection rates were higher in repeated-preparation examinations in comparison to the first examination. Meanwhile, large and small types of oocysts were detected from mice, house rats, pigs, and cattle, and midium type from fowls.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.417-422
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the Vaccinum oldhami fruit extract as a cosmetic additive. As a result of having macrophage (RAW 264.7) measured a cell toxicity effects of 70% ethanol extract from Vaccinum oldhami fruit, it shown 118% with toxicity at $500{\mu}g/ml$ concentration. In nitric oxide synthesis inhibition effect, 70% ethanol extracts from Vaccinum oldhami fruit shown 47.3% at $1,000{\mu}g/ml$ concentration. The iNOS, COX-2 protein expression inhibitory effect by western blot of 70% ethanol extract from Vaccinum oldhami fruit was decreased by 36.13%, 29.61% at $500{\mu}g/ml$ concentration. And iNOS, COX-2 mRNA expression inhibitory effect by reverse-transcription-PCR of 70% ethanol extract from Vaccinum oldhami fruit was decreased by 62.25%, 90.07% at $500{\mu}g/ml$ concentration. All these finding that extract from Vaccinum oldhami fruit could prove that their have effects anti-inflammatory efficacy. And extract from Vaccinum oldhami fruit has potential as a cosmetic ingredients.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.268-274
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• 2004

Olive flounder was treated with oxytetracycline (OTC) and changes in blood physiology, antioxidant enzymes and heat shock protein (HSP) were recorded to obtain preliminary data for optimal OTC treatment. Blood parameters were measured 1 and 3 h after the OTC treatments at the concentration of 0 (control), 100, 300 and 500 ppm for I h. Hematocrit decreased with time, however the difference was not significant (P>0.05). Reduced number of red blood cell was observed with increasing OTC concentration. Serum glucose level increased as the OTC concentration increased. However, glucose level was similar to control after 3 h. Blood total protein decreased immediately after the OTC treatment but increased after 1 and 3 h. However, the increment in blood total protein was low. Activities of superoxide dismutase enzymes in 300 and 500 ppm groups increased by the OTC concentration. Catalase enzyme activity was negatively affected by the OTC concentration. However, the differences were not significant (P>0.05). High expression of HSP-70 protein was recorded for groups treated with 100 and 500 ppm compared to that of the control group. However HSP-70 mRNA showed a lower increment which was not significant (P>0.05).

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.60-68
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• 2019

The paper reports the characteristics of conduction heat transfer to the backside part according to the heating temperature of a composite wall in a lightweight partition used for indoor space compartments. Stud partitions, SGP partitions, sandwich panels, urethane foam panels, and glass wool panels. which are generally used as light-weight partition walls, were selected as experiment samples, and the characteristics of conduction heat transfer to the backside part as the top surface were analyzed by applying heating temperatures of $200^{\circ}C$, $300^{\circ}C$, $400^{\circ}C$, and $500^{\circ}C$ to the bottom surface for 1800 s. According to the experimental results, the maximum backside temperatures at the maximum heating temperature of $500^{\circ}C$ was $51.6^{\circ}C$, $63.6^{\circ}C$, $317.2^{\circ}C$, $124.9^{\circ}C$, and $42.2^{\circ}C$ for the stud partition, SGP partition, sandwich panel, urethane foam panel, and glass wool panel, respectively. The maximum conduction heat- transfer rates at $500^{\circ}C$ were 17.16 W, 18.39 W, 136.65 W, 14.34 W, and 5.57 W for the stud partition, SGP partition, sandwich panel, urethane foam, and glass wool panel, respectively.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.12
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• pp.429-460
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• 1999

The letter of credit is quintessentially international. In the absence of international legal system, a private system based on banking practices has evolved, commanding the adherence of the international letter of credit community and providing the foundation of th reputation of this instrument. To maintain this international system, it is vital that international standard banking practice should not be subject to local interpretations that misconstrue or distort it. The UCP is a formulation of international standard banking practice. It is neither positive law nor a "contract term" in any traditional sense and its interpretation must be consonant with its character as a living repositary of international understanding in this field. As a result, the interpretation and application of specific articles of the UCP must be consistent with its evolving character and history and with the principles upon which sound letter of credit practice is predicated. This study, especially, focuses on article 13 and article 14 of the UCP500. Article 13(b) of UCP500 stipulates that banks will have a reasonable time, not to exceed seven days, to examine documents to determine whether they comply facially with the terms of the credit. The seven-day provision is not designed as a safe harbor, because the rule requires the issuer to act within a reasonable time. But, by virtue of the deletion of the preclusion rule in the document examination article in UCP500, however, seven days may evolve as something of a safe harbor, especially for banks that engage in strategic behavior. True, under UCP500 banks are supposed to examine documents within a reasonable time, but there are no consequences in UCP500 for a bank's violation of that duty. It is only in the next provision. Courts might read the preclusion more broadly than the literal reading mentioned here or might fashion a common-law preclusion rule that does not require a showing of detriment. Absent that kind of development, the change in the preclusion rule could have adverse effects on the beneficiary. The penalty, strict estoppel or strict preclusion, under UCP500 and 95UCC differs from the classic estoppel. The classic estoppel rule requires a beneficiary to show three elements. 1. conduct on the part of the issuer that leads the beneficiary to believe that nonconforming documents do conform; 2. reasonable reliance by the beneficiary; and 3. detriment from that reliance. But stict preclusion rule needs not detrimental reliance. This strict estoppel rule is quite strict, and some see it as a fitting pro-beneficiary rule to counterbalance the usually pro-issuer rule of strict compliance.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.291-304
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• 2021

Updating a forest type map is essential for sustainable forest resource management and monitoring to cope with climate change and various environmental problems. According to the necessity of efficient and wide-area forestry remote sensing, CAS500-4 (Compact Advanced Satellite 500-4; The agriculture and forestry satellite) project has been confirmed and scheduled for launch in 2023. Before launching and utilizing CAS500-4, this study aimed to pre-evaluation the possibility of satellite-based tree species classification using RapidEye, which has similar specifications to the CAS500-4. In this study, the study area was the Chuncheon forest management complex, Gangwon-do. The spectral information was extracted from the growing season image. And the GLCM texture information was derived from the growing and non-growing seasons NIR bands. Both information were used to classification with random forest machine learning method. In this study, tree species were classified into nine classes to the coniferous tree (Korean red pine, Korean pine, Japanese larch), broad-leaved trees (Mongolian oak, Oriental cork oak, East Asian white birch, Korean Castanea, and other broad-leaved trees), and mixed forest. Finally, the classification accuracy was calculated by comparing the forest type map and classification results. As a result, the accuracy was 39.41% when only spectral information was used and 69.29% when both spectral information and texture information was used. For future study, the applicability of the CAS500-4 will be improved by substituting additional variables that more effectively reflect vegetation's ecological characteristics.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.179-189
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• 2009

Objectives : Coptidis Rhizoma (Coptis japonica MAKINO; CR) is a well known crude drug as antimicrobial, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activity. However, there is no study of the effect of CR on brain infarction and it's mechanism. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects on ischemic stroke induced by photothrombotic infarction by evaluating the functional & neuronal recovery after brain infarction. Materials & Methods : Male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 g) were induced photothrombotic brain infarction on sensorimotor cortex, and brain infarction volume by image J software (NIH, USA) after Nissl stain, also single pellet reaching task as a functional motor recovery were observed. After orally pretreated by CR (500 mg/kg) or normal saline as a sham control before 7 days from the time of photothrombotic infarction, rats were sacrificed. After then we analysed anti-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-$\alpha$, IL-6, IL-1$\beta$), by RT-PCR and ELISA method, and immunohistochemistry (GFAP, connexin-43) as a marker of neural plasticity. Results : CR (100, 250, 500 mg/kg) decreased the infarction volume dose-dependently, however the effect of 500mg/kg of CR (CR 500) showed the best (P=0.051). Also, CR 500 decreased the infarction volume time-dependently, the most effective time was 3-7 days after stroke. Photothrombosis increased inflammatory cytokines after infarction, CR 500 suppressed significantly mRNA expression of IL-1$\beta$, IL-6 and TNF-$\alpha$. In serum, CR 500 decreased the amount of IL-1$\beta$, 12h, 24h and 48h respectively (p < 0.05), also decreased that of IL-6 and TNF-$\alpha$, 12h respectively (p < 0.05) after infarction. The more astrocytes were observed and neural plasticity was facilitated in the rat brain of CR 500 than that of sham control in immunohistochemistry. Conclusions : This results suggest that CR decrease infarction volume and improve functional motor recovery in acute stage in photothrombotic ischemic infarction model in the mechanism of anti-inflammation and promoting neural plasticity.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.5B
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• pp.485-493
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• 2008

The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model was suggested for predicting probability of precipitation (PoP) using RDAPS NWP model, observation at AWS and upper-air sounding station. The prediction work was implemented for flood season and the data period is the July, August of 2001 and June of 2002. Neural network input variables (predictors) were composed of geopotential height 500/750/1000 hPa, atmospheric thickness 500-1000 hPa, X & Y-component of wind at 500 hPa, X & Y-component of wind at 750 hPa, wind speed at surface, temperature at 500/750 hPa/surface, mean sea level pressure, 3-hr accumulated precipitation, occurrence of observed precipitation, precipitation accumulated in 6 & 12 hrs previous to RDAPS run, precipitation occurrence in 6 & 12 hrs previous to RDAPS run, relative humidity measured 0 & 12 hrs before RDAPS run, precipitable water measured 0 & 12 hrs before RDAPS run, precipitable water difference in 12 hrs previous to RDAPS run. The suggested ANN has a 3-layer perceptron (multi layer perceptron; MLP) and back-propagation learning algorithm. The result shows that there were 6.8% increase in Hit rate (H), especially 99.2% and 148.1% increase in Threat Score (TS) and Probability of Detection (POD). It illustrates that the suggested ANN model can be a useful tool for predicting rainfall event prediction. The Kuipers Skill Score (KSS) was increased 92.8%, which the ANN model improves the rainfall occurrence prediction over RDAPS.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 1998

ZnS and TB-doped ZnS (ZnS:Tb) thin films were grown by traveling wave reactor atomic layer epitaxy (AKE) and characterized using materials and surface analysis techniques. $ZnCl_2$, $H_2$S,and tris(2,26,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptandionato) terbium ($Tb(TMHD)_3$) were used as the precursors in the growth of ZnS:Tb films. The dependence of Cl content in ZnS films on growth temperature was investigated using Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. The Cl content decreased from approximately 9 at.% to 1 at. % as increasing the growth temperature from 400 to $500^{\circ}C$. The segregation of Cl in near surface region was also observed by depth profiling using Auger electron spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopic studies showed that the ALE-grown ZnS and ZnS:Tb film during ALE process using $Tb(TMHD)_3$was also investigated. Approximately 1 at.% of O in ZnS:Tb(0.5 at.%) film which showed a good crystallinity of hexagonal 2H structure.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.173-182
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• 2001

The present study was carried out to examine the effect of superoxide dismutase (SOD) on in vitro maturation (IVM) of porcine follicular oocytes and oxygen concentration with SOD on in vitro development (IVD) of porcine IVM/IVF embryos. The results were summarized as follows : 1. The rates of nuclear maturation, penetrated oocytes, polyspermic oocytes and mean numbers of the penetrated sperm were not different in the NCSU-23 maturation media with 0, 100, 500 and 1,000 units/ml SOD. However. the pronucleus formation rates were significantly lower in oocytes matured with addition groups than those of no addition groups of SOD (P>0.05). 2. The rates of blastocyst formation and total cell numbers of blastocyst at day 7 after in vitro fertilization were significantly lower in addition groups than those of the no addition groups of SOD (P>0.05). 3. The rates of blastocyst formation at day 7 after in vitro fertilization were higher in the NCSU-23 culture medium with 100 units/ml SOD than in those cultured with 0, 500 and 1,000 units/ml SOD under the 5% and 20% $O_2$concentrations. However, no differences was found in the total cell numbers of blastocyst among the treatments. In conclusion, these results suggested that the addition of SOD was not adequate for porcine oocyte maturation and further development, also the rates of blastocyst formation and total cell numbers of blastocyst at day 7 of porcine IVM/IVF embryos were not different in the NCSU-23 culture medium under the 5% and 20% $O_2$concentrations.