• 생물정신의학
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.260-266
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• 2011

Objectives The second to fourth digit ratio (2D : 4D) is known to reflect testosterone level during intrauterine period. Testosterone is essential for masculinization of brain. Cloninger's type II alcoholism is characterized by early age at onset and largely limited to males. Compared with type I alcoholism, type II alcoholism is thought to be masculine. There is a possibility that the digit ratio of type II alcoholism is low compared with type I. We examined digit length ratio in Cloninger's type I and II alcoholism to understand the effects of intrauterine testosterone on the development of alcoholism. Methods The participants were 87 alcohol dependent patients. We divided two subtypes of patients by Irwin's symptom list, based on Cloninger's concept. We captured the images of both palms by the scanner and measured the lengths of digits by the graphic program. Then we analyzed the digit ratios by independent-sample t-test. Results The mean 2D : 4D of type I was 0.942 (right), 0.952 (left). The mean 2D : 4D of type II was 0.927 (right), 0.940 (left). In both hands, 2D : 4D of type II was significantly lower than type I. Conclusions Type II alcoholism showed masculine type of digit length ratio compared with type I. It suggests the exposure of testosterone during intrauterine period might play an important role in determining the course and feature of alcoholism.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.333-339
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• 2012

Freezing of gait is a severely problem in people with Parkinson's disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the muscle activities of adductor longus, gluteus medius, gluteus maximus, biceps femoris, rectus femoris, gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior using Noraxon 8 channels EMG system during stop task in patients with Parkinson's disease. Seven parkinson's patients and age matched normal participants were recruited in the study. Filtered EMG signals were rectified, smoothed and integrated. To control for the altered timing and magnitude of activity, iEMG was normalized for time and peak value. The results indicated that the patients with Parkinson showed decreased gait cycle, stance phase, swing phase time, swing phase time ratio and increased stance phase time ratio than normal participants. The patients with Parkinson showed decreased gastrocnemius muscle activity time ratio, while increased tibialis anterior muscle activity time ratio than normal participants. During stance phase before stop, the patients with Parkinson showed relatively lower average and peak iEMG in anterior tibialis and gastrocnemius muscle than normal participants. During swing phase before stop, the patients with Parkinson showed relatively higher average iEMG in gastrocnemius muscle than normal participants. During stop phase, the patients with Parkinson showed relatively lower average and peak iEMG in anterior tibialis and gastrocnemius muscle than normal participants.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.233-239
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• 1984

The author studied on the tongue position, tongue space and intermaxillary space at 4 groups; normal occlusion 30 cases, Angle's Class I bimaxillary protrusion 29 cases, Angle's Class II malocclusion 26 cases, Angle's Class III malocclusion 26 cases. This study used the data from cephalometric films of female subject aged from 16 to 23 years. Following results were obtained; 1. Dorsal height in Angle's Class III malocclusion was greater than normal occlusion. 2. Anterior Intermaxillary Height in Angle's Class I bimaxillary protrusion and Angle's Class III malocclusion was greater than normal occlusion. 3. Tongue space in Angle's Class I bimaxillary protrusion was greater than normal occlusion. 4. The ratio of the tongue space to the intermaxillary space (T.S./I.S.) in Angle's Class II malocclusion was greater and the ratio in Angle's Class III malocclusion is lesser than normal occlusion.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.289-294
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• 1996

This paper considers the limit of the ratio of two incomplete beta functions $I_{x}(p+s,q+r)\;to\;I_{x}(p,q)\;as\;p+q{\rightarrow}{\infty}$. The results show that the limits depend on r,s,x and the limit of p/(p+q).

• 한국항공운항학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.99-104
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• 2011

Pilots are exposed to carcinogenic substances like radiation, ozone, exhaust gas from jet engine, and electromagnetic wave, their environment can be very hazardous. I designed this study to know if there is any difference between pilots and general people in cancer incidence. I analyzed cancer cases between 1999 and 2008, and investigated their age, site, aircraft types, and sex. I compared pilot's cancer incidence with general people during same periods. Statistical analysis was performed with standardized incidence ratio (SIR). 10 cases were high performance pilots, 5 cases were low performance pilots. The average age when the diagnosis had been made was $39{\pm}7.8$. Pilot's incidence ratio was lower than people's, the most common cancer was kidney, and there was no lung cancer. Cancer is influenced by gene and environment, each country has different patterns. The low incidence ratio in Korean pilots might be due to "healthy worker effect". I think we should perform further investigation on kidney cancer.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제36권3A호
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• pp.296-301
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• 2011

GPS(Global Positioning System)서비스는 다 우선서비스보다 중요성을 갖는 서비스로 분류 된다. 따라서, GPS는 간섭신호로부터 보호할 필요가 있으며 이에 본 논문에서는 비트에러율(BER)을 근거로 GPS의 보호비를 제안하였다. 도출된 최대허용 간섭신호는 -190 dBm/Hz이며 간섭신호 대 잡음비(I/N)값은 -16 dB이다. 도출된 GPS 보호비(I/N)는 GPS의 실제 운용마진을 4 dB로 고려할 경우 -20 dB로 요구된다. 분석결과는 향후 안정적인 GPS 서비스 운용을 위한 국내 GPS 보호기준 제정에 도움을 줄 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.69-77
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• 1996

This study aims to analyze the S. I. F. K value upon Mode I cracks in a finite-width plate of varying thickness, which is expressed in terms of width ratio ($\omega$), thickness ratio ($\beta$) and non-dimensional crack length (λ) by using the 2-dimensional finite element method. Then, by comparing the effectiveness of the results obtained by the two finite element methods, it is seen that the 2-dimensional finite element method can be used in order to analyse the S. I. F. K values upon a various thickness model. A model is developed in order to analyze the effects of initial residual stress upon the fatigue crack growth behavior in various thickness welded specimens. In this model, crack growth rate da/dN appears to be come small as the thickness ratio with the same ΔK is increased. Also, in the initial step, as ΔK is increased with crack growth rate is decreased and then increased because the repeated compressive residual stress retards crack growth rate.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.47-52
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• 2008

Nylon textured yarn is usually manufactured by disk type false twist texturing. Dyeing properties of nylon textured yam have not been studied yet. In this study, dyeing properties of nylon textured yam according to draw ratio out of process parameters were investigated. The fact that microstructure of nylon textured yarn in amorphous region particularly is transformed by draw ratio was confirmed indirectly by measurement of dyeing rate because dyeing rate was affected by the structure of amorphous region. Dyeing rate at draw ratio 1.29 was the lowest because the higher draw ratio increase amorphous orientation and disturb dye diffusion into amorphous region. The microstructure according draw ratio was indirectly confirmed by 5% strength, tenacity, elongation. But difference in K/S value and fastness was insignificant.

• 대한수학회논문집
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.157-163
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• 1997

Based on a n-regular polygon $P_n$, we show that $r_n = 1/(2 \sum^{[(n-4)/4]+1}_{j=0}{cos 2j\pi/n)}$ is the ratio of contractions $f_i(1 \leq i \leq n)$ at each vertex of $P_n$ yielding a symmetric gasket $G_n$ associated with the just-touching I.F.S. $g_n = {f_i $\mid$ 1 \leq i \leq n}$. Moreover we see that for any odd n, the ratio $r_n$ is still valid for just-touching I.F.S $H_n = {f_i \circ R $\mid$ 1 \leq i \leq n}$ yielding another symmetric gasket $H_n$ where R is the $\pi/n$-rotation with respect to the center of $P_n$.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제5권6호
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• pp.690-698
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• 1995

Oxidized Si wafer 위에 반응가스로 Si $H_4$과 Ge $H_4$을 사용하여 RTCVD(rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition)법으로 증착온도 450~5$50^{\circ}C$에서 다결정 S $i_{1-x}$G $e_{x}$ 박막을 증착하였다. 증착된 S $i_{1-x}$, G $e_{x}$ 박막은 증착온도와 Ge $H_4$Si $H_4$입력비 변화에 따른 Ge몰분율 변화와 증착속도에 대해 고찰하였으며, XRD와 AFM(atomic force microscopy)등을 이용하여 결정상과 표면거칠기 등을 조사하였다. 실험결과, 다결정 S $i_{1-x}$G $e_{x}$ 박막은 32~37 Kcal/mole의 활성화에너지 값을 가졌으며 증착속도는 증착온도와 입력비 중가에 따라 증가하였다. 또한 조성분석으로부터 입력비 감소와 증착온도 증가에 따라 Ge몰분율이 감소함을 알 수 있었다. 증착된 S $i_{1-x}$G $e_{x}$ 박막은 450, 475$^{\circ}C$에서 임력비가 0.05일때 비정질 형태로 존재하였으며 그 이외의 실험영역에서는 다결정 형태로 존재하였다. 기존의 다결정 Si 중착온도($600^{\circ}C$이상)와 비교하여 Ge $H_4$을 첨가함으로써 비교적 낮은온도(5$50^{\circ}C$이하) 영역에서 다결정 S $i_{1-x}$G $e_{x}$ 박막을 얻을 수 있었다. 또한 증착층의 표면거칠기를 측정한 결과, 증착온도와 입력비가 증가함에 따라 표면 거칠기( $R_{i}$ )가 증가함을 알 수 있었다.을 알 수 있었다.