• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.120-132
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• 2008

Remotely sensed images from a satellite can be applied for detecting and quantifying spatial and temporal variations in terms of landuse & landcover, crop growth, and disaster for agricultural applications. The purposes of this study were to analyze topography using DEM(digital elevation model) and classify landuse & landcover into 10 classes-paddy field, dry field, forest, bare land, grass & bush, water body, reclaimed land, salt farm, residence & building, and others-using Landsat TM images in North Korea. Elevation was greater than 1,000 meters in the eastern part of North Korea around Ranggang-do where Kaemagowon was located. Pyeongnam and Hwangnam in the western part of North Korea were low in elevation. Topography of North Korea showed typical 'east-high and west-low' landform characteristics. Landcover classification of North Korea using spectral reflectance of multi-temporal Landsat TM images was performed and the statistics of each landcover by administrative district, slope, and agroclimatic zone were calculated in terms of area. Forest areas accounted for 69.6 percent of the whole area while the areas of dry fields and paddy fields were 15.7 percent and 4.2 percent, respectively. Bare land and water body occupied 6.6 percent and 1.6 percent, respectively. Residence & building reached less than 1 percent of the country. Paddy field areas concentrated in the A slope ranged from 0 to 2 percent(greater than 80 percent). The dry field areas were shown in the A slope the most, followed by D, E, C, B, and F slopes. According to the statistics by agroclimatic zone, paddy and dry fields were mainly distributed in the North plain region(N-6) and North western coastal region(N-7). Forest areas were evenly distributed all over the agroclimatic regions. Periodic landcover analysis of North Korea based on remote sensing technique using satellite imagery can produce spatial and temporal statistics information for future landuse management and planning of North Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.40 no.3 s.108
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• pp.296-309
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• 2005

In this study, we investigated the change of future land-surface and relationships of land-surface change with geo-spatial information, using a Bayesian prediction model based on a likelihood ratio function, for analysing the land-surface change of the Gongju area. We classified the land-surface satellite images, and then extracted the changing area using a way of post classification comparison. land-surface information related to the land-surface change is constructed in a GIS environment, and the map of land-surface change prediction is made using the likelihood ratio function. As the results of this study, the thematic maps which definitely influence land-surface change of rural or urban areas are elevation, water system, population density, roads, population moving, the number of establishments, land price, etc. Also, thematic maps which definitely influence the land-surface change of forests areas are elevation, slope, population density, population moving, land price, etc. As a result of land-surface change analysis, center proliferation of old and new downtown is composed near Gum-river, and the downtown area will spread around the local roads and interchange areas in the urban area. In case of agricultural areas, a small tributary of Gum-river or an area of local roads which are attached with adjacent areas showed the high probability of change. Most of the forest areas are located in southeast and from this result we can guess why the wide chestnut-tree cultivation complex is located in these areas and the capability of forest damage is very high. As a result of validation using a prediction rate curve, a capability of prediction of urban area is $80\%$, agriculture area is $55\%$, forest area is $40\%$ in higher $10\%$ of possibility which the land-surface change would occur. This integration model is unsatisfactory to Predict the forest area in the study area and thus as a future work, it is necessary to apply new thematic maps or prediction models In conclusion, we can expect that this way can be one of the most essential land-surface change studies in a few years.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.7-17
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• 1974

Eighty percent of Gangweon-Do area is mountain forests, and of all others this province has the largest number of "Hwajeon-farmers" (who illegally reclaim the mountain forests to do farming as long as the soil is fertile enough to yield profit, but when it fails, move to other places to repeat the same forest burning, causing tremendous forest damages). In 1965 a 7-year plan was mapped out to exterminate this gipsy-farmers only to be suspended in 1969 to give way to the stronger urge from the national security view-point to first displace those isolated farmers set in deep mountains. In the meantime an increased number of the Hwajeon-farmers burned the forests, working new havoc. To cope with the situation, the provincial government lounched another 4-year plan in 1973 and has been enforcing the resettlement policy with renewed enthusiasm. Whether the plan will succeed depends entirely on the authority involved can solve the problems listed below with regard to the Hwajeon-farmers who are to lose their only means of survival and move down to the low-lands: 1) Their living must be taken care of until they can have definite means of self-supporting. 2) They must be provided with the opportunity to work in connection with the government-sponsored labor programs. 3) Not only the public organizations but also the private firms must give them the priority to get work. 4) The rural revitalization movement must expand the self-help reconstruction projects to absorb their labor powers. 5) The Hwajeon-farmers themselves must have the spirit of self-help and self-supporting. 6) All the citizens in the province must receive and protect them with brethren love. 7) The function of the watch-posts against the Hwajeon-farmers must be strengthened again.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.103-114
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• 2012

The purpose of this research is classifying stream into different types depending on various factor from the perspective of stream corridor restoration and using it as basic data, which are used to consider efficient management and planning for the healthy stream according to the characteristic by types. In this study, 130 points of location of the Nakdong river basin which consist of various geographic factors have been chosen and hierarchical cluster analysis has been carried out in these points by using biological and physiochemical factors whose health can be considered to be predicted and evaluated. As a result of cluster analysis, there were three divided types. Type A whose biology and water quality are considered the best was the highest in forest area percentage so that it was classified into natural stream. Type B was classified into a rural region stream with a mixture of urban and agricultural region. Type C, with the most damaged water quality and biology health had the most urban region surface area and was named as urban region stream. Moreover, an overall restoration strategy according to characteristic by stream types was set. By the results of correlation analysis on factors, water quality showed a high correlation with biological properties and was affected by surrounding land usage. In evaluation of streams, it proves the need to consider not only other habitat's geographical and biological factors but also the water quality and land usage factors. There needs to be further research on stream ecosystem functionality factors and structural aspects by using a more objective and total evaluation result in selecting additional index and various other specific classification methods by stream types and its restoration strategies.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.1057-1062
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• 2005

The present study investigated runoff characteristics of non-point pollutants and discharge load amount according to the land utilization in Yeinam river basin. The land utilization of target basin was divided into paddy field, dry field, forest, residential area and composition area. The study on the runoff characteristics of non-point pollutants by rainfall-runoff process showed that COD, SS and T-P had the first-flushing effect with relatively high concentration in early-stage of the rainfall-runoff process, but the T-P revealed similar runoff characteristics. Event Mean Concentration(EMC) of BOD and COD according to the land utilization revealed the range of $3.11\~15.50mg/L$ and $3.37\~33.42mg/L$, and the highest concentration of EMC corresponding to BOD and COD was detected in the paddy field. The EMC of SS showed $1.7\~305.02mg/L$ and it's highest concentration was found in the dry field. The EMC of T-N and T-P represented the highest concentration in the paddy field and dry field with range of $0.91\~8.76mg/L$ and $0.02\~0.44mg/L$.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.293-305
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• 2007

This study examined the distribution, population and vegetation structure of Corylopsis coreana in South Korea. C. coreana is distributed around the Suncheon area, Jeollanam-do, on the southern part of the Korean Peninsula, but the species is also found in Pocheon and Gangneung, on the central and central east parts of the peninsula. This discontinuous pattern of distribution is coupled with the unusual feature of only growing on northern exposed slopes. The mean density of C. coreana populations is 35 individuals per 100 $m^2$, ranging up to a maximum of 92 individuals per 100 $m^2$. Cut specimens sprouted a maximum of 38 stems per plant. Based on DCA analysis, the species' habitats was divided into three types by species composition and stratification structure. These types include: habitats affected strongly by human activities, valley and mantle communities which are affected relatively little by human activities, and stable forests. Populations affected by artificial intervention have actually flourished, while some populations in the stable forest system have declined. We conclude that the species, now endangered, should be maintained by means of specific external interventions such as cutting or removal of the canopy. To this end, further ecological data should be collected through monitoring and research to identify appropriate interventions to support threatened C. coreana populations.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.157-167
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to seek the application of IUCN categories of overlapping protected areas which is legally designated in South Korea. Different government departments in South Korea have managed and designated as protected areas. However, the protected areas due to different management agencies can be confused with restricting behaviors and supporting residents. The IUCN presents the reasonal standardization classifying the protected areas which could be applied all over the world. Six categories issued by the IUCN could be applied to deal with the problems of the overlapping protected areas. We suggested the application of the IUCN categories compared with legal frame in South Korea. Most areas are overlapped in designation, but the areas are important for ecology and landscape. Moreover, each protected areas in South Korea have zone districts. Comprehensively considered all these things, we made rationale matrix correlated with the IUCN categories and the zone districts of the protected areas in South Korea. For the result of this study, this matrix could be helped to the application of the IUCN categories in domestic protected areas. Although the protected areas has been recognized as regulatory regions, it is expected to expand and sustain the areas based on the matrix.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.133-141
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• 2008

The loss, alteration, and fragmentation of habitat have led to a reduction of biodiversity. The growing awareness of the negative effects of habitat fragmentation on natural systems has resulted in conservation strategy that is concerned with not only population and habitat level but also ecosystem and landscape level. Especially, ecological network to link core areas or major habitat patches is one of the most important issues. Recently, landscape connectivity is increasingly used in decision making for fragmented landscape management in order to conserve the biodiversity in the regional scale. The objective of this study was to find potential forest as a ecological corridor in Go-yang city, Gyung-gi province using cost-distance modelling method that can measure connectivity based on animal movement. 'Least cost-distance' modelling based on functional connectivity can be useful to establish ecological network and biodiversity conservation plan. This method calculates the distance modified with the cost to move between habitat patches based on detailed geographical information on the landscape as well as behavioural aspects of the animal movement. The least cost-distance models are based on two biologically assumptions: (1) dispersers have complete knowledge of their surroundings, and (2) they do select the least cost route from this information. As a result of this study, we can find wildlife moving route for biodiversity conservation. The result is very useful for long-term aspect of biodiversity conservation plan in regional scale, because this is reflection of geographical information and behavioural aspects of the animal movement.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.78-87
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• 1999

This study was aimed to establish the method and process of the Biotope Mapping System.(B.M.S.) The main aspects of research for biotope were divided by 4 schemes such as biosphere, geosphere, antroposphere and evaluation informations. The cartographic function of GIS(geographic information system) was also used to mapping them. The B.M.S. had been progressed with 5 steps : (1) making research goals, (2) constructing the graphic and attribute databases, (3) classifying 3 types of biotope such as tree/shrub biotop, grass biotop and wetland biotop. (4) cross-analyzing biotope types against land use, habitat characters, relief characters and danger/disturbance elements, (5) evaluating the biotope's potentialities. Only 3 steps of them were done in this study. The results of applicating the B.M.S on the research site as followings : 1. The interdisciplinary researches were needed to develop the B.M.S in Korea since ecological habitat conditions of Germany, England are differed from them of Korea. 2. The distributions of the land uses in Maejuri, Seunghwan eup in Chonan city were mainly recorded by forest(29.82%), orchard(14.11%) and landscaping around building site(9.05%). 3. The percentages of the Tree/Shrub Biotope type were ranged by the orchard type(23.8%), natural and artificial deciduous type with natural coniferous(23.6%) and etc. 4. The Grass Biotope type was mainly recorded by the wild grassland type(27.99%), garden type(14.21%) and peddy field with wild grassland(13.24%). 5. The distributions of the wetland were pointed high at the wetland type with reed marsh and edge vegetation around wetland(54.79%) and etc.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.107-113
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• 1976

This study is conducted to find out soil erodibility factor K value which is one of the most important factor to estimate soil loss using a new method for predicting K value, the nomograph, that was first proposed by Whischmeier. K values for 83 soil series including upland and forest soils in Korea were checked up. The result were as follows: The average K value was 0.27 with ranging between 0.05 and 0.51. K values were higher for finer textured soils than for coarser textured soils widely ranged in a textural class, and higher for silty textured and low permeable soils. K value was correlated inversely with organic matter content in range of 3 to 13 percent, but the tendency was not related in range of lower than 3 percent.