• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.1-22
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to provide the baseline data for conservation and management of Korean forest ecosystem by surveying and analyzing the vascular plants distributed from Gitdaebaegibong to Cheonghwasan in Baekdudaegan Mountains. The results are as follows. The numbers of vascular plants in the whole survey section were summarized as 771 taxa including 103 families, 379 genera, 623 species, 4 subspecies, 121 varieties and 23 forms. There were 377 taxa in A-section, 395 taxa in B-section, 278 taxa in C-section, 325 taxa in D-section, 534 taxa in E-section, and 406 taxa in F-section. The rare plants were 32 taxa including Megaleranthis saniculifolia, Rodgersia podophylla, Iris ensata var. spontanea, and Gastrodia elata. In IUCN Red List categories, there were 1 taxon of CR, EN, and DD each, 11 taxa of the VU, and 18 taxa of the LC. The Korean endemic plants were 26 taxa including Asarum versicolor, Clematis fusca var. coreana, Vicia chosenensis, Stewartia pseudocamellia, Carex okamotoi, and Luzula sudetica var. nipponica. The specific plants by floristic region were 143 taxa including 3 taxa of grade V, 12 taxa of grade IV, 41 taxa of grade III, 42 taxa of grade II, and 45 taxa of grade I. The naturalized plants were 41 taxa including Rumex crispus, Ailanthus altissima, Erechtites hieracifolia, Erigeron annuus, and Poa pratensis. The invasive alien plants were 4 taxa including Rumex acetocella, Sicyos angulatus, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, and Aster pilosus. The plants adaptable to climate change were 43 taxa including 14 taxa of endemic plants, 2 taxa of southern plants, and 27 taxa of northern plants.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.183-191
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• 2002

The Mongolian milk processing technology has a specific characteristic as a result of the living habits of Central Asian nomads. There are many kinds of milk products in Mongolia due to their processing activity used milk from various dairy animal species. Mongolia has over 30 kinds of dairy products and fermented milk products which are occupied more than 36% of the Mongolian dairy products. Herdsmen who engaged extensive livestock production have specific methods to conserve and prepare the starter culture of fermented milk products in nomadic condition. Specifically, Mongolian lactic starter cultures were prepared from keeping milk products and specific wild plants. Nowadays, over 5 kinds of wild plants such as Rheum undulatum L. Rheum ribes L, Rumex acetosa L. Artemisa sibersena L, Artemisa vulgare are used for lactic starter preparing. Traditional processing methods of the Mongolian fermented milk products are based on the scientific basis and there are easy to learn and operate.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.261-267
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• 2012

Coastal sand dunes are important for ecosystems due to the variety of rare species that can be found in this kind of habitat, and the beautiful landscapes they create. For environmental remediation, a potential strategy is phytoremediation using the symbiotic relationship of plants and microbes in the rhizosphere, which has proven ecologically sound, safe, and cost effective. Ninety-five colonies were isolated from the rhizosphere soil (RS) or rhizoplane (RP) of Rorippa islandica, Rumex crispus, Artemisia princeps var. orientalis, Lilium sp Stellaria media, and Gramineae. These colonies were then tested for plant growth promoting activities (PGPAs) such as 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase activity, and siderphores synthesis ability. In addition, salt tolerance was evaluated at 4% and 8% salt concentrations. It was observed that amongst the test subjects about 50% of the strains had a high resistance to salinity. Many of them could produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) IAA (in RS 13.9% and in RP 7.6%), exhibited ACC deaminase activity (55.8% in RS and 36.6% in RP), and could synthesize siderphores (62.7% in RS and 50% in RP). Correlation coefficient analyses were carried out for the three kinds of plant growth promoting abilities (PGPA) and salt tolerance. A positive correlation was found between an ability to synthesize siderphores and ACC deaminase activity (r=0.605, p<0.037). Similarly, positive correlations were noted between salt tolerance and ACC deaminase activity (r=0.762, p<0.004, r=0.771), and salt tolerance and an ability to synthesize siderphores (r=0.771, p<0.003).

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.71-99
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• 2022

This study was conducted to investigate the vascular flora of Masan, located in Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do, and to comprehend the distribution of remarkable plants such as rare and Korea endemic plants and invasive alien plants. The survey was carried out the distribution of vascular plants 11 times per season from 2010 to 2018. A total of 619 taxa in 93 families, 328 genera, 529 species, 6 subspecies, 78 varieties and 6 forms were identified on mt. Masan. Among them, Korean endemic plants are 21 taxa including Saussurea diamantica Nakai and are plants designated by the Korea Forest Service are 20 taxa counting Saxifraga octopetala Nakai. Invasive alien plants were classified a total of 35 taxa inclusive of Trifolium pratense L. (WS), Aster pilosus Willd. (SS), Coreopsis lanceolata L. (SR), Rumex obtusifolius L. (SC) and Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell (CS). The naturalization rate was 5% and the urbanization index was 10.0%, respectively. Although this study identified the diverse distribution of major plants such as rare and endemic plants around Masan, it was confirmed that invasive alien plants, which pose a great threat to forest biodiversity conservation and promotion, spread and distributed in a specific section Therefore, it is urgent to establish a conservation strategy and countermeasures.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.336-349
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• 1986

This study was conducted to examine the plant succession on the improved pasture of the mountain districts around Mt. Halla in Cheju Island. For this study, the researcher had investigated for ten years the improved pasture which had been used for grazing from 1976 to 1985. The pasture was reclaimed from native grassland. The mixed seeds of 17kgs' Dactylis glomerata, 7kgs' Festuca arundinacea, 2kgs' Lolium multiflorum and 2kgs' Trifolium repens were sowed per ha. The results of this study are the followings; The annual changes in the number of plant species were observed. 37 weed species were found in 1976 and increased year after year to 151 species in 1985. The changes in the distribution of annual and perennial plant, and one species of arbor were found in 1976 and increased respectively year by year to 56 species (annual plant), 95 species (perennial plant) and 9 species (arbor) in 1985. The average plant height of introduced grasses by year increased from 38.05cm (1976) to 47.30cm (1978) and decreased from 40.50cm (1979) to 10.36cm in 1985 (y =-0.501x$^2$+1.609x + 41.946). While the average plant height of invading weeds increased from 26.61cm to 42.84cm (y=-0.80$\chi$$^2$＋2.540$\chi$＋27.570) between 1976 and 1985. The density of introduced grasses was 70.90% in 1976 and was reduced to 0.49% in 1985 (y =-0.501$\chi$$^2$+1.609$\chi$+41.946); while that of introduing weeds was 29.10% in 1976 and was increased to 99.51% in 1985 (y=-0.080$\chi$$^2$＋2.540$\chi$＋27.570). The coverage of introduced grasses by year increased gradually from 72.8% (1976) to 74.86% (1978) and decreased from 43.01% (1979) to 1.21% in 1986 while that of intruding weeds developed a tendency to increase every year. Their coverage in 1976 was 22.09% and increased to 98.78% in 1985. The weight of introduced grasses by year increased from 2,808kg (1976) to 3,535kg (1978) per l0a and after 1979 decreased gradually from 2,326kg (1978) to 35kg per l0a in 1985. That of intruding weeds increased yearly from 308kg in 1976 to 3,178kg in 1985. The type of annual vegetation were changed as follows; Year Type 1976-1978 Dactylis glomerata / Trifolium repens type 1979 Trifolium repens / Imperata cylindrica type 1980-1982 Imperata cylindrica / Zoysia Japonica type 1983 Imperata cylindrica / Pteridium aquilinum type 1984-1985 Imperata cylindrica / Miscanthus sinensis type The plants whose plant height, coverage, density, and weight increased year after year were Imperate cylind-rica, Zoysia japonica, Pteridium equilinum, Miscanthus sinensis, Cirsium japonicum, Erigeron canadensis, Artemisia japonica, Lespedeza cuneata, Spondiopogon cotuUfer. Cymbopogon tortilis, Plantago asiatica, Rumex acetosella, etc. The vegetation of Digitaria sanguinalis, Hydrocotyl japonica, Artemisia asiatica, etc. was com-paratively remarkable in the beginning.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.109-117
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• 1999

Thirty two species of coastal plants (mainly halophytes) were investigated for their free amino acids and the total and water-soluble nitrogen contents in leaves. All plants except some species (e.g. Scutellaria and Linaria) contained proline, but only Ageratum. Tetragonia and Raphanus in rather high amounts, that it can be thought to serve as a cytoplasmic osmolyte. In some plant species (Euphorbia. Glehnia. Peucedanum. Raphanus and monocotyledonous Carex and Zoysia), however, hydroxyproline. (OH-Pro) rather than proline were accumulated to a considerable extent. The concentrations of total free amino acids were low in Aster tripolium, Linaria. Lysimachia. Plantago. Rumex, Vitex and especially in the members of the Chenopodiaceae and Crassulaceae. Marked differences also occurred in the nitrogen levels. Aizoaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Convolvulaceae, Cruciferae, Euphorbiaceae and Leguminosae usually showed high values of total and soluble amino nitrogen, while the opposite was true for most of the Cyperaceae, Gramineae, Lamiaceae, Plantaginaceae, Scophuriaceae, and Verbenaceae. The free amino acids in the investigated plant species contributed very little to the nitrogen content, but in plants of Euphorbia, Messerschmidia and Orostachys. their amino acid-N made up for 25∼30% of the total nitrogen. In conclusion, only a few cases did proline known as compatible solute constitute a significant proportion of the free amino acid pool in coastal plants.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.114-122
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• 2002

This study investigated the species composition and distribution of woody plants, and flora of vascular plants of Cheonjiyeon where is located in the most southern region of Korea. Twenty-nine taxa of trees were distributed in the valley, and of these, deciduous broad-leaved trees were 13. Of the total number of 2,547 trees, 1,429 were deciduous broad-leaved trees and remainder was broad-leaved evergreen. Deciduous broad-leaved trees covered 48.7% of the tree canopy while evergreen broad-leaved trees covered only 42.3%. The total number of shrub taxa was 37 with more evergreen shrub taxa than deciduous. Evergreen shrubs occupied 64.4％ of shrub canopy while deciduous shrubs covered only 35.4％. The result of the investigation of flora showed that there are 446 taxa of flora including 114 families, 320 genera, 397 species, 1 subspecies, 39 varieties, and 9 forma. Of these, two species, Rubus hongnoensis Nakai and Lycoris chejuensis K. Tae et S. Ko, are endemic plants of Jeju Island. The flora includes 17 taxa of rare plants that are distributed only in Jeju Island in Korea. Also, the flora includes 1 taxon, Elaeocarpus sylvestris (Loureiro) Poiret var. ellipticus (Thunb.) Hara, of Korean natural monument, 2 taxa, Psilotum nudum (L.) Griseb. and Crypsinus hastatus (Thunb.) Copeland, of legally protected wildlife and plants, 38 taxa of naturalized plants, and 75 taxa of introduced plants.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.409-422
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• 2022

Riverine wetlands are an important element of the river ecosystem and account for approximately 38% of the inland wetlands surveyed so far. The Shincheon Wetland located in Mangyeong River is also a channel wetland as the flow rate is slowed by the constructed weirs, leading to sediment accumulation. To identify the conservation value and ecological characteristics of Shincheon Wetland, its vegetation and plant diversity were identified using a phytosociological method, and a total of 45 vegetation-related datasets were collected. Overall, 24 plant communities, comprising a total of 153 taxa (49 families, 117 genera, 146 species, 2 subspecies, 5 varieties) were identified. The plant with the highest appearance rate in the communities was Humulus japonicus Siebold & Zucc. In addition, annual herb species, including Rumex crispus L., Bromusjaponicus Thunb., Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers., and Artemisia indica Willd. were frequently observed to be growing in the secondary grassland. Naturalized plants were surveyed in the 38 taxa; the urbanization index was 10.3% and the naturalized index was 24.8%. Plant communities were largely classified into submerged vegetation, floating and floating-leaved vegetation, annual and biennial vegetation, perennial herb vegetation, and woody vegetation. The distribution of plant communities reflecting various habitats, including the lentic and lotic zone maintaining a constant water depth, littoral zone experiencing intermittent water level fluctuations, and dry floodplain environment was also confirmed. Overall, plant community development plays an important role in the habitat for wild animals; therefore, it is expected to positively impact biodiversity enhancement.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.44-58
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• 2022

Bunhwangsa Temple, Baekryulsa Temple and Sambulsa Temple are not famous cultural heritage area, but they are visited by many tourists and are located in Gyeongju National Park and Gyeongju Historic Areas, so environmental and cultural preservations are required. The purpose of this study is to manage the unique environment and landscape of cultural assets by analysing the invasive alien plant of traditional temple of Gyeongju. The whole flora were summarized as 188 taxa including 73 families, 136 genera, 154 species, 3 subspecies, 11 varieties, 4 forms, 5 hybrids and 12 cultivars., and the landscape plants were 163 taxa and 38 taxa of the invasive alien plants. The 13 taxa of invasive alien plants were planted in three temples. The ecosystem disturbance species were 3 taxa including Rumex acetosella, Lactuca seriola and Symphyotrichum pilosum. Invasive alien plants have artificial causes such as landscape planting, but there are also those that are introduced naturally from outside. The parking lot of the temple is expected to be a major propagation path for invasive alien plants due to the large amount of interference and disturbance. Based on the results of this study, the management plans are suggested as follows. First, it is necessary to use native species suitable for the natural environment and traditional landscape of Korea for landscape planting of traditional temples, and development of planting guidelines centered on cultural properties is required. Second, it is necessary to refrain from planting invasive alien plants because traditional temples are located in an important environment and historically. Third, for the preservation of the temple environment, it is necessary to promptly remove the ecosystem disturbance species. Fourth, in order to express the landscape characteristics of traditional temples, a unique planting plan should be established in consideration of the location environment and historicity.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.116-126
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• 2009

This study was carried out focused an ecological characteristics and habitat management of Abeliophyllum distichum subpopulations in the Byeonsanbando National Park, Korea. Among three subpopulations of the target species in the studied area, Gamaso region are known as translocation site due to the dam construction while the wild populations which is located at both the lower terrain of the Buandaem bank and Chongnim-ni, which is designated as Natural Monument No 370, is threat due to an intensive site management likes clearance of scrub amongst the Abeliophyllum plants. Vascular plant taxa in the studied sites were summarized as 182 taxa; 65 families, 143 genera, 164 species, 17 varieties and 1 form, and Gamaso area, the lower terrain of the Buandaem and Cheongnim-ni areas are summarized as 75, 102 and 89 taxa, respectively. The plant species likes persimmon tree, paulownia tree and wild mulberry tree are dominant species in the Gamaso subpopulation, while Quercus variabilis is dominant at the lower terrain of the Buandaem. The intensive site management was applied to the Cheongnim-ni subpopulation, one of the original wild habitats of the species. The population dymanics was varied; the one or two sprouting number of stems was over 87% both at Gamaso area and the lower terrain of the Buandam, while the Cheongnim-ni subpopulation recorded as 74.8%. Also three sprouting number recorded as 16% and as 9.2% for sprouting on numbers of four to eleven. The invaded species likes Chenopodium album, Rumex obtusifolius, Phytolacca americana, Pharbitis nil, Solanum lyratum, Erigeron canadensis and Erigeron annuus, were found at the wild habitat of the species, and those invaded species grow faster than Abeliophyllum plants. Among three habitats of the target species in the studied area, the habitat which in located at the lower terrain of the Buandam and Gamaso region are known as translocated due to the dam construction, and wild subpopulation at Chongnim-ni, which is designated as Natural Monument No 370, is under threatened due to an intensive site management likes clearance of scrub amongst the Abeliophyllumplants. It is one of the evidence that Cuscuta japonica at the population indicated an intensive site management likes clearance of scrub is not proper habitat management protocol. Thus, further researches should be followed to determine the effect of canopy removal and other disturbance factors as management techniques.