• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.37-40
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• 1976

${\beta}$-Sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, cholestanol and a triterpenoid, ursolic acid were identified from the root of the Rubus crataegifolius B$_{UNUGE}$(Rosaceae).

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.14-19
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• 2015

Several $19{\alpha}$-hydroxyursane-type triterpenoids and hydrolysable tannins have beneficial effects on human health. Rubus crataegifolius (Rosaceae) has the cleft simple leaf whereas R. parvifolius has pinnate compound leaves. This research was aimed to find the variation in the contents of the triterpenoids and tannins between the infected versus uninfected leaves of R. coreanus and R. parvifolius and between young versus mature leaves. Triterpenoids and tannins were quantitatively analyzed by HPLC. Six triterpenoids including tormentic acid, euscaphic acid, 23-hydroxytormentic acid, coreanoside $F_1$, kaji-ichigoside $F_1$ and niga-ichigoside $F_1$ were used for standard compounds. Gallotannins and ellagitannins were quantitatively evaluated using the indicatives of methyl gallate and ellagic acid. The infected leaves of R. crataegifolius contained higher levels of triterpenoids and tannin than the uninfected leaves; however, lower quantity of total tannin was observed in the mature leaves than in the young leaves. Although the pinnate compound leaves of R. parvifolius exhibited similar tendency of those compositional variation with R. crataegifolius each other, its contents of triterpenoids do not considerably vary. Variation of the contents of triterpenoids and tannins were particularly distinct in R. crataegifolius by growth and infection.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.123-126
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• 2008

The five flavonoids, isoqueritrin, juglanin, astragalin and 2-O-trans-p-coumaroyl astragalin were quantitatively analyzed in the leaves, unripe- and ripe fruits of four Korean Rubus species including Rubus crataegifolius, R. pungens var. oldhami, R. parvifolius, and R. coreanus belonging to the Rosaceae family. The HPLC analysis demonstrated that flavonoids are more abundant in the leaves than in the fruits. In the four Rubus species, ripe fruits generally contained similar or more amount of flavonoids than in unripe fruits. In particular, the quantity levels of total flavonoid (49.81${\pm}$0.50 mg/g) and isoquercitrin (35.08${\pm}$0.37 mg/g) were highest in the leaf of R. crataegifolius. In addition, the content of the flavonoids were quite low in the unripe fruits of R. coreanus that is most widely used as Rubi Fructus.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.1382-1388
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• 2009

Rubus crataegifolius is a shrub species and is primarily distributed throughout Asia and Europe. We collected 550 representative samples of the eleven populations in Korea to estimate leaf variation within species. The 35 morphological characteristics allowed us to resolve well-supported fixed characteristics and variable characteristics. Sixteen of twenty-three quantitative characteristics and five of twelve qualitative characteristics showed significant differences among populations. We argued that the population differentiation can accounted for the variation in phenetic characteristics such as spine in this species, but were less successful in accounting for variation in other traits. Within a polystatistic leaf structure, their morphological differences could be modulated by ecological pressure such as temperature, altitude, duration of sunshine, and solar radiation. The phenogram showed two distinct clades. One was a group in central Korea and the other was a group in the southern regions of Korea. If morphological characteristics in R. crataegifolius populations reflect their ecological niche, morphology should be regarded with caution as the main criterion for population studies in R. crataegifolius.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.225-228
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• 2007

A new quercetin 3-O-trisaccharide was isolated from the leaves of Rubus crataegifolius (Rosaceae). The structure of this compound was determined as quercetin $3-O-{\alpha}-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1{\rightarrow}2)-{\beta}-D-xylopyranosyl-(1{\rightarrow}2)-{\beta}-D-galactopyranoside$ on the basis of 2D-NMR spectroscopic data. This flavonol glycoside was isolated for the first time from a natural source.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.258-261
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• 2014

Antidepressant miquelianin (quercetin 3-O-glucuronide) was isolated from the leaves of Rubus craetaegifolius (Rosaceae) and identified by physical and spectroscopic data. Miquelianin was quantitatively analyzed in the leaves, mature and premature fruits of Korean wild R. craetagifolius, R. pungens var. oldhami, R. coreanus, and R. parvifolius by HPLC. The contents of miquelianin was highest in the mature fruit of R. crataegifolius ($16.29{\pm}0.79mg/g$); however, the content of kaempferol 3-O-glucuronide was $33.88{\pm}7.68mg/g$. These results suggest that the mature fruit of R. crataegifolius would be beneficial for treating depression or stress as a functional food with its sweet taste.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.290-295
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• 2014

The triterpenoids contained in four Rubus species (Rosaceae) were quantitatively analyzed using HPLC to select plants with large quantities of niga-ichigoside $F_1$. Unripe fruits, ripe fruits, and leaves were extracted to estimate the quantity of niga-ichigoside $F_1$, together with Rubus-specific $19{\alpha}$-hydroxyursane-type triterpenoids, euscaphic acid, tormentic acid, and kaji-ichigoside $F_1$, and a dimeric triterpenoid coreanoside $F_1$. Niga-ichigoside $F_1$ was most abundant in the leaves of R. crataegifolius (23.4 mg/g dry weight). The amount of triterpenoid in the black, ripe fruits of R. coreanus was lower than the unripe fruits of the same plant. On the other hand, the ripe fruits of three plants, R. crataegifolius, R. parvifolius and R. pungens var. oldhami, which are reddish, contained higher or similar level of triterpenoids than their unripe fruits. In addition, the concentration of niga-ichigoside $F_1$ in the ripe fruit of R. crataegifolius was 20.5 mg/g, suggesting that the fruits could be used as a functional food. Methyl gallate and ellagic acid were used as quantitative indices of total tannin. Methyl gallate levels were higher in ripe fruits than unripe fruits in R. crataegifolius, R. pungens var. oldhami, and R. parvifolius. In R. crataegifolius, the quantity of methyl gallate was 30.5 mg/g in ripe fruit, but 1.19 mg/g in unripe fruit.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.116-121
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• 2016

In 2015, stem blight of Rubus crataegifolius was observed in Pohang, Korea. The symptoms began as dark red spots in the stem, which led to stem blight, then leaf blight, and eventually resulted in death. A fungal isolate was obtained from a symptomatic stem and incubated on a potato dextrose agar plate. The isolated fungus produced white, cloudy mycelia turned black in 3 days. Based on the morphological characteristics, the causal fungus was assumed to be Botryosphaeria sp. A pathogenicity test was conducted according to Koch's postulates. To identify the causal agent, the combined sequence of the internal transcribed spacer, ${\beta}$-tubulin, and translation elongation factor $1{\alpha}$ genes were used for phylogenetic analysis. Approximately 1,200 bp of the combined sequence clearly suggested that the isolated pathogen was Botryosphaeria parva. This is the first report on stem blight in R. crataegifolius caused by B. parva in Korea.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.187-194
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• 2024

In this study, we examined the effects of Rubus crataegifolius leaf on the inhibition of differentiation and adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes to confirm their potential for use as an anti-obesity functional material. Rubus crataegifolius leaves water extracted using hot water were then concentrated for use, with an extract yield of 4.76%. The result of measuring the rate of 3T3-L1 cell survival of Rubus crataegifolius leaf extract (RCLE) showed growth inhibition of 13% at a concentration of 1,000 ㎍/mL. Thus, in this study, experiments were performed using RCLE treatment concentrations up to 500 ㎍/mL. Production of triglycedie in 3T3-L1 cells showed a dose-dependent decrease, and the rate of reduction was 28.7, 40.8, and 51.6% at concentrations of 100, 300, and 500 ㎍/mL, respectively, compared to the control group. In addition, the results confirmed that suppression of lipogenesis was achieved by suppressing the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR γ), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBP α), sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and increasing the expression of p-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK). Based on these results, it is believed that Rubus crataegifolius leaf extract can be used in the effort to manage obesity by regulating factors related to adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.38 no.2 s.149
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• pp.187-191
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• 2007

The extraction yield of the methanolic extracts and 19${\alpha}$-hydroxyursane-type triterpenoid (19${\alpha}$-HUT) fraction were investigated in the unripe and ripe fruits and the leaves of the four Rubus plants (Rubus coreanus, R. crataegifolius, R. phoenicolasius, R. pungens var. oldhami) to develop the biomaterial 19${\alpha}$-HUT mixture as functional foods. Thin layer chromatogaphy-Densitometer (TLC-DM) was used to analyze the individual quantity of 19${\alpha}$-HUTs using standard compounds (euscaphic acid, tormentic acid, 23-hydroxytormentic acid, kaji-ichigoside F$_1$, rosamultin, niga-ichigoside F$_1$). The content of methanolic extract of the fruits were higher in the ripe stage than in the unripe stage whereas the content of 19${\alpha}$-HUT mixture varied with each Rubus species. The Rubus plants containing the highest amount of 19${\alpha}$-HUTs in the leaves were R. coreanus, R. phoenicolasius and R. pungens var. oldhami while only R. cratagefolius showed the highest content in the ripe fruits. The mean of total genin content of 19${\alpha}$-HUTs was 0.94 mg/g; that of the glycosides was 0.60 mg/g. The genin quantity was found in the order of 23-hydroxytormentic acid> euscaphic acid> tormentic acid; the glycoside was observed in the order of niga-ichig-oside F$_1$> kaji-ichigoside F$_1$> rosmaultin, by which the biosynthetic pathway of 23-hydroxytormentic acid and its glucoside niga-ichigoside F$_1$ via the intermediates tormentic acid and/or rosamultin was presumed. It is also suggested that the ripe fruits of R. crataegifolius will be desirable to use as functional foods rather than unripe fruits.