• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.625-629
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• 1998

Turnip mosaic potyviruses (TuMV) were isolated from Rorippa indica and Armoracia lapathifolia showing mosaic symptoms in field. Identification of the TuMVs were carried out by host reactions of indicator plants, electron micrograph, serological properties and reverse transcription-poly-merase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Both viruses systemically infected Chenopodium quinoa, Nicotiana clevelandii, Brassica rapa, B. campestris subsp. pekinensis, B. juncea and Raphanus sativus, and developed local infection on inoculated leaves of C. quinoa, C. amaranticola, C. album, N. tabacum cv. Xanthi nc and Gomphrena grobosa. However, the viruses did not infect on N. glutinosa, Cucumis sativus and Vigna unguiculata. The filamentous particles, about 720 nm in length, and inclusion bodies were observed from the infected leaf tissues by dipping on electron microscopy. Crude sap of leaf infected with the viruses was reacted positively with an antiserum of TuMV in agar gel double diffusion. For detection of the viruses, RT-PCR was carried out with TuMV--specfic oligonucleotide primer. The RT-PCR products, a 1,092 bp DNA fragment, were obtained from naturally infected leaves of R. indica and A. lapathifolia. In inoculation test to seven cruciferous weeds with TuMV, infection occurred in Arabis glabra, Barbarea orthoceras, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Draba nomorosa var. hebecarpa, Rorippa cantoniensis and Thlaspi arvense.

• Mycobiology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.139-149
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• 2017

The genus Hyaloperonospora (Peronosporaceae; Oomycota) is an obligate biotrophic group that causes downy mildew disease on the Brassicaceae and allied families of Brassicales, including many economically relevant crops, such as broccoli, cabbage, radish, rape, and wasabi. To investigate the diversity of Hyaloperonospora species in northeast Asia, we performed a morphological analysis for the dried herbarium specimens collected in Korea, along with molecular phylogenetic inferences based on internal transcribed spacer rDNA and cox2 mtDNA sequences. It was confirmed that 14 species of Hyaloperonospora exist in Korea. Of these, three species, previously classified under the genus Peronospora, were combined to Hyaloperonospora: H. arabidis-glabrae comb. nov. (ex Arabis glabra), H. nasturtii-montani comb. nov. (ex Rorippa indica), and H. nasturtii-palustris comb. nov. (ex Rorippa palustris). In addition, finding two potentially new species specific to northeast Asian plants is noteworthy in support of the view that the species abundance of Hyaloperonospora has been underestimated hitherto.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.297-305
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• 2000

Weeds are widely grown in the field and are infected by many viruses. A survey was conducted to identify viruses infecting weeds in Korea. Virus-infected weed samples including Rorippa indica (L.) Hiern, R. islandica (Oed.) Bord, Crepidiastrum denticulatum (Houtt.) Pak & Kawanno, Achyranthes japonica (Miq.) Nakai, and Chrysanthemum boreale (Makino) Makino were collected in Kyonggi Province. These weeds were grown in the greenhouse and were isolated on 10 test plants. Several virus isolates were isolated fron infected tissues and were further studied by host range assay, serological test, electron microscopy (EM), reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequencing. Each isolated virus strain was mechanically transmitted to weeds and various hosts including Nicotiana spp., Brassica spp., Vigna unguiculata, Capsicum annuum, and Cucumis sativus and showed systemic mosaic, vein clearing, necrosis, mottle, malformation, chlorosis, and/or death of host plants in some cases. Each virus was then purified using infected leaves and observed by EM. From these results three viruses were isolated and identified as Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), Broad bean wilt virus (BBWV), and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). RT-PCR using virus-specific oligonucleotide primers and the cloning were conducted to determine the nucleotide sequences of coat proteins of the three viruses their amino acid sequence were deduced. The amino acid sequence homologies were about 92.7 to 99.7%, 96.2 to 97.7%, and 93.9 to 98.6% to other reported TuMV, BBWV, and CMV strains, respectively. These results suggest that many weeds may serve as primary inoculum source of diseases caused by TuMV, BBWV, CMV and that the management of these viral diseases can be achieved through weed control.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.12 no.4 s.33
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• pp.83-88
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• 2006

Recently, management and restoration efforts using the plants promote the disturbed habitats such as a set-asides or field boundaries. But, side effects are coming out because of using the exotic plants in restoration process. This study was conducted to select the native plant species used for restoration through the vegetation survey and plant community analysis at small stream-side in rural villages. We surveyed at two small stream-sides in open field and high land area in 2005 as a case study. Total 126 species was found at small stream side in open field area. As the result of important value' calculation, Persicaria thunbergii 23.0%, Humulus japonicus 18.6%, Phragmites communis 4.4%, Bromus japonicus 4.2%, and Rosa multiflora 3.4% were in the order of important value. Total 92 species were found at small stream side in high land area. As the result of important value' calculation, Dactylis glomerata 16.1%, Artemisia princeps var. orientalis 11.0%, Persicaria thunbergii 10.9%, Humulus japonicus 9.3%, Phragmites japonica 5.2% and Phragmites communis 3.5% were in the order of important value. We selected some plant species to use in restoration after due consideration of problems of exotic plant and high coverage and density species, and ecological process; Persicaria thunberii, Phragmites communis, Bromus japonicus, Rosa multiflora, Equisetum arvense, Digtaria sanguinalis, Impatiens textori, and Artemisia princeps var. orientalis in open field stream-side, and Artemisia princeps var. orientalis, Persicaria thunbergii, Phragmites japonica, Phragmites communis, Artemisia selengensis, Panicum bisulcatum, Rorippa indica, and Equisetum arvense at hghland stream-side. We will verify the selected native plants and plan the utilization of the native plants in restoration at stream-side in rural village.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.528-553
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• 2020

Upland fields are characterized by dry environments, a high degree of disturbance by farming practices such as double-cropping, and a high diversity of crops compared to other field types. This study focused on the floristic composition and characteristics of upland fields in South Korea. Flora surveys were conducted in 36 areas in nine provinces at two times (June and August) in 2015. The results showed that the vascular plants in the upland fields in South Korea included 532 taxa, containing 100 families, 322 genera, 483 species, nine subspecies, 37 varieties, one form, and two hybrids. Among the 100 families, Asteraceae was the most diverse in species (75 taxa), followed by Poaceae (68 taxa), Fabaceae (34 taxa), Polygonaceae (21 taxa), Rosaceae (19 taxa), and Liliaceae (17 taxa). Based on the occurrence frequency of each species, Acalypha australis L. (100%), and Artemisia indica Willd. (100%) were the highest, followed by Humulus scandens (Lour.) Merr., Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser, Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist, Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers., Lactuca indica L., Commelina communis L., Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler, Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) P.Beauv., Cyperus microiria Steud., and Oxalis corniculata L. The biological type of upland fields in South Korea was determined to be Th-R₅-D₄-e type. Rare plants were found in 11 taxa: Taxus cuspidata Siebold & Zucc, Magnolia kobus DC, Clematis trichotoma Nakai, Aristolochina contorta Bunge, Buxus sinica (Rehder & E.H.Wilson) M.Cheng var. koreana (Nakai ex Rehder) Q.L.Wang, Melothria japonica (Thunb.) Maxim, Mitrasacme indica Wight, Lithospermum arvense L., Carpesium rosulatum Miq., Allium senescens L., and Pseudoraphis sordida (Thwaites) S.M.Phillips & S.L.Chen. Ninety-seven taxa contained naturalized plants composed of 24 families, 68 genera, 97 species, one variety, and one form. The urbanization and naturalization indices were 30.5% and 18.4%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.280-284
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• 2012

No-tillage direct seeding of rice is consumed less labor and oil energy by no plowing and rotary tillage. And it has other advantages of soil and water conservation and accumulation of organic matter on paddy surface due to crowded water foxtail (Alopecurus aequalis var. amurensis). When no-tillage seeding of rice, many water foxtail occurred in winter paddy field. In this experiment their covering degrees were 97.6% and 95.2% in clay loam and sandy loam paddy soils, respectively. Because of this, Stellaria alsine var. undulata, Cardamine flexuosa, Rorippa indica and Ixeris chinensis etc. annual and perennial wintering weeds occurrence was reduced. And annual weeds Chenopodium serotinum and Polygonum hydropiper that occurred early in spring were also reduced. As well as Echinochloa crusgalli var. praticola, Cyperus difformis, Monochoria vaginalis and Lindernia procumbens etc. summer annual weeds that occurred after irrigation were also reduced. In conclusion, no-tillage direct seeding of rice has another advantages of weed management by water foxtail.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1996

In order to get basic information for establishing weed control methods in greenhouse, weed distribution was surveyed at 42 greenhouses in 10 cities and counties of Gyeongnam and Junnam area from September to December, 1995. Sixty nine weed species in 23 families which were composed of 28 annuals, 16 biennials and 25 perennials were identified. Broadleaf weed species was 50 species, followed by 8 species in grasses, and 11 species in sedges. Cruciferae was the most widely occurring family belong to 9 species, followed by 8 species in Compositae, Cyperaceae and Gramineae, respectively, 6 species in Polygonaceae, and the other 17 families have 1~3 species. The dominant weed species occurred in greenhouses based on summed dominance ratio of weeds were Cardamine flexuosa var. fallax, Digitaria sanguinalis, Eleusine indica, Stellaria aquatica, Centipeda minima, Mollugo pentaphylla, Portulaca oleracea, Rorippa islandica.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.247-255
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• 2016

This study was conducted to provide basic information for weed control by surveying the occurrence of weed species in turf sod production areas. Surveys of weed species occurred in turf sod production areas were conducted in Jangsung-gun, Jeonnam province from September 2014 to May 2016. Total 50 sites of turf sod production areas in two soil conditions were investigated. On the upland soil condition in turf sod production areas, 66 weed species in 27 families were identified and classified to 49 annuals and 17 perennials and on the paddy soil condition, 69 weed species in 22 families were identified and classified to 53 annuals and 16 perennials. Based on the importance values, the most dominant weed species on the upland soil condition in the first survey (September 2014) was Digitaria ciliaris (8.49%), followed by Erigeron annuus (7.94%) and Rorippa indica (6.56%). In the second survey (May 2016) was Oxalis corniculata (7.26%), followed by Capsella bursa-pastoris (6.21%) and Conyza canadensis (6.21%). Whereas the most dominant weed species on the paddy soil condition in the first survey (September 2014) was Erigeron annuus (9.52%), followed by Mazus pumilus (7.41%) and Cyperus iria (6.82%). In the second survey (May 2016) was Commelina communis (5.08%), followed by Alopecurus aequalis (5.08%) and Erigeron annuus (4.79%). This information could be useful for estimation of future weed occurrence and effective weed control methods in turf sod production areas in Jangsung-gun, Jeonnam Province.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.147-156
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• 1997

The survey of weed population in apple orchard was conducted to investigate basic information on weed flora and its ecology at 27 locations in 1996. The weed species observed include 7 species of grasses, 60 species of broadleaves and 2 species of sedges, and the ratio of annual weed vs perennial weed was 64 : 36. Major dominant weed species by frequence were Chenopodium album, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Digitaria sanguinalis, Rorippa islandica, Alopecurus aequalis and Erigeron canadensis. While, on the basis of dry weight, the most dominant weeds were C. album followed by E. canadensis, A. aequalis, R islandica and R indica. The dominant weed species in middle-north Kyeongbuk region were C. bursa-pastoris, C. album, R indica and R islandica, were E. canadensis, Persicaria hydropiper, A. aequalis and Arenaria serpylliforia in Chungbuk region and were A. aequalis, E. canadenris and R islandica in Honam region.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.67-80
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• 2005

Vegetation structure of the vascular plants was investigated from April 2003 to August 2003 in Hwangjeong wetland around Geumho River, Yeongcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea. Actual vegetation of Hwangjeong wetland largely can be classified by the floristic composition and the physiognomy into 12 communities; Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior, Humulus japonicus, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Phragmites japonica, Zizania latifolia-Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Zizania latifolia-Nymphoides peltata, Miscanthus sacchariflorus-Phragmites japonica, Phragmites communis-Phragmites japonica, Phragmites japonica-Salix gracilistyla, Salix koreensis-Salix glandulosa, Salix nipponica-Salix koreensis, and Phragmites japonica-Zizania latifolia. Among them, the distribution area of the Phragmites japonica community was the largest as 49.46 ha(11.03%). The dominant vegetation type was Phragmites japonica community and Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior community based on the phytosociological method, and Phragmites japonica community was classified into two subcommunities; Nymphoides peltata subcommunity and Salix glandulosa subcommunity. Differential species of Phragmites japonica community were Phragmites japonica, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Persicaria thunbergii, Oenanthe javanica, Leersia oryzoides var. japonica, and Rorippa indica; differential species of Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior community were Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior, Setaria glauca, Commelina communis, Cyperus orthostachyus, Digitaria sanguinalis, Xanthium strumarium, Erigeron annuus, Erigeron canadensis, Kummerowia striata, Trifolium repens, and Medicago sativa; differential species of Nymphoides peltata subcommunity were Nymphoides peltata, Zizania latifolia, Scirpus tabernaemontani, and Eleocharis mamillata var. cyclocarpa; differential species of Salix glandulosa subcommunity were Salix glandulosa, Salix koreensis, and Salix gracilistyla. It was expected that Hwangjeong wetland is worthy of conservation contributed purifying water pollution, giving habitats of many lifes, and providing beautiful scenes of Geumho River.