• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.97-102
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• 2008

Purpose: Periodontal intrabony defects have great deal of importance since they contribute to the development of periodontal disease. Current treatment regimens for intrabony defects involve grafting of numerous bony materials, GTR using biocompatible barriers, and biomodification of root surface that will encourage the attachment of connective tissue. Xenograft using deproteinized bovine bone particles seems to be very convenient to adjust because it doesn't require any donor sites or imply the danger of cross infections. These particles are similar to human cancellous bone in structure and turned out to be effective in bone regeneration in vivo. We here represent the effectiveness of grafting deproteinized bovine bone particles in intrabony defect and furcation involvements that have various numbers of bony walls. Materials and methods: Open flap debridement was done to remove all root accretions and granulation tissue from the defects within persisting intrabony lesions demonstrating attachment loss of over 6mm even 3 months after nonsurgical periodontal therapy have been completed. Deproteinized bovine bone particles($BBP^{(R)}$, Oscotec, Seoul) was grafted in intrabony defects to encourage bone regeneration. Patients were instructed of mouthrinses with chlorohexidine-digluconate twice a day and to take antibiotics 2-3 times a day for 2 weeks. They were check-up regularly for oral hygiene performance and further development of disease. Probing depth, level of attachment and mobility were measured at baseline and 6 months after the surgery. The radiographic evidence of bone regenerations were also monitored at least for 6 months. Conclusion: In most cases, radio-opacities increased after 6 months. 2- and 3-wall defects showed greater improvements in pocket depth reduction when compared to 1-wall defects. Class I & II furcation involvements in mandibular molars demonstrated the similar results with acceptable pocket depth both horizontally and vertically comparable to other intrabony defects. Exact amount of bone gain could not be measured as the re-entry procedure has not been available. With in the limited data based on our clinical parameter to measure pocket depth reduction following $BBP^{(R)}$ grafts, it was comparable to the results observed following other regeneration techniques such as GTR.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.113-126
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• 2007

Mineral nutrients and population dynamics of soil microbes in the root zones of zoysiagrass infected by Rhizoctonia solani AG2-2 and that of healthy plants were sampled from ten golf courses using a cup cutter(diameter $10\;cm\;{\times}\;8\;cm$ deep). Analysis of variance(ANOVA) showed significant differences in content of $NO_3$-N(P = 0.05), $NH_4$-N(P = 0.1), and K(P = 0.1) between infected and healthy samples. The content of $NO_3$-N in the soils of large patch was 9.49 mg/kg and that in soil of healthγ plants was 7.02 mg/kg. However, the content of $NH_4$-N in the soil of large patch was 12.02 mg/kg whereas 14.40 mg/kg for the soil under the healthy plants. The content of K in the soil of large patch was lower than that of soil of healthy plants. There was few numbers of Pseudomonas colonies In the soils of large patch compared to that of healthy plants. These results indicated that the content of $NO_3$-N, NH4-N, and K and the microbial population dynamics in root zones correlated to occurrence of large patch.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.38 no.3 s.248
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• pp.197-203
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• 2005

Homograft aortic valve replacement (AVR) has many advantages such as excellent hemodynamic performance, faster left ventricular hypertrophy regression, resistance to infection and excellent freedom of thromboembolism. To find out the results of homograft AVR, we reviewed our surgical experiences. Material and Method: Eighteen patients (male female=16 : 2, mean age=39.3$\pm$16.2 years, range: 14$\~$68 years) who underwent homo-graft aortic valve replacement between May 1995 and May 2004 were reviewed. The number of homografts was 20 (17 aortic and 3 pulmonic homografts) including two re-operations. Ten patients had a history of previous aortic valve surgery. Indications for the use of a homograft were native valve endocarditis (n=7), prosthetic valve endocarditis (n=5), or Behcet's disease (n=8). The homograft had been implanted predominantly as a full root except in one patient in the subcoronary position. Result: Mean follow-up was 41.3 $\pm$ 26.2 months. There was one operative mortality. Postoperative complications included postoperative bleeding in 3 patients, and wound infection in 1. There was no late death. Three patients underwent redo-AVR. The etiology of the three reoperated patients was Behcet's disease (p=0.025). Freedom from reoperation was $87.5\pm8.3\%$, $78.8\pm11.2\%$ at 1, 5 years respectively, In patients with infective endocarditis, there was no recurrence of endocarditis. There was no thromboembolic complication. Conclusion: Although longer term follow-up with larger numbers of patients is necessary, the operative and mid-term results for homograft AVR was good when we took into account the operative risks of Behcet's disease or infective endocarditis. Behest's disease was a risk factor for reoperation after the homograft AVR. We think homograft AVR is the procedure of choice, particularly in patients with infective endocarditis.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.61-68
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• 2007

To develop rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars to be planted on salt-affected sites, cell lines with enhanced proline content and resistance to growth inhibition by Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (AZCA), a proline analogue, were screened out among calli irradiated with gamma ray of 50, 70, 90, and 120 Gy. The calli had been derived from embryo culture of the cultivar Donganbyeo. Selected AZCA resistant lines that had high proline accumulation were used as sources for selection of NaCl resistant lines. To determine an optimum concentration for selection of NaCl resistant lines, Donganbyeo seeds were initially cultured on the media containing various NaCl concentrations (0 to 2.5%) for 40 days, and 1.5% NaCl concentration was determined as the optimum concentration. One hundred sixteen salt-tolerant (ST) lines were selected from bulked 20,000 seeds of the AZCA resistant $M_{3}$ seeds in the medium containing 1.5% NaCl. The putative 33 lines ($M_{4}$ generation) considered with salt-tolerance were further analyzed for salt tolerance, amino acid and ion contents, and expression patterns of the salt tolerance-related genes. Out of the 33 lines, 7 lines were confirmed to have superior salt tolerance. Based on growth comparison of the entries, the selected mutant lines exhibited greater shoot length with average 1.5 times, root length with 1.3 times, root numbers with 1.1 times, and fresh weight with 1.5 times than control. Proline contents were increased maximum 20%, 100% and 20% in the leaf, seed and callus, respectively, of the selected lines. Compared to control, amino acid contents of the mutants were 24 to 29%, 49 to 143%, 32 to 60% higher in the leaf, seed and callus, respectively. The ratio of $Na^{+}/K^{+}$ for most of the ST-lines were lower than that of control, ranging from 1.0 to 3.8 for the leaf and 11.5 to 28.5 for the root, while the control had 3.5 and 32.9 in the leaf and root, respectively. The transcription patterns for the P5CS and NHXI genes observed by RT-PCR analysis indicated that these genes were actively expressed under salt stress. The selected mutants will be useful for the development of rice cultivar resistant to salt stress.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Pathology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.106-107
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• 2003

The effect of biological control agent Bacillus sp. (BAC03-3-1, BAC03-3-2, BAC02-4) on pre- and postemergence Sclerotinia rot of perilla (Perilla frutescens var. japonica) caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was determined from greenhouse field trials. The ability of this antagonist to reduce germination of sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum was also evaluated. In the greenhouse, suspension of BAC03-3-1 application as root drench of perilla, which provided as little as 10$\^$7/ cells/ $m\ell$ per gram of soil, significantly increased plant stand in pathogen-infested soil over that in the untreated control. All three isolates reduced the germination of sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum in loamy sand soils in the greenhouse. In loamy sand amended with rice bran the sclerotial germination was inversely correlated (r = -0.79) with perilla stand in the greenhouse. However, a higher rate of bacterial suspension with rice bran(Ig dwt./100g soil) than that applied with bacterial suspensions only was necessary to achieve a comparable reduction in sclerotial germination. In field study, all three isolates added to soil to provide 10$\^$7/ cells/$m\ell$ per gram significantly prevented Sclerotinia rot (73-85％) after 35 days of growth. The isolate BAC02-4, BAC03-3-1 and BAC03-3-2 gave final stands of 65 to 75, 60 to 70, and 55 to 60％, respectively. The addition of rice bran(1 ％) to loamy sand in the field resulted in a 10-fold increase in propagule numbers of the three isolates within 10 days of application.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.323-341
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• 2019

Background: Local anesthetics alone or in combination with adjuncts, such as oral medications, have routinely been used for pain control during endodontic treatment. The best clinical choice amongst the vast numbers of agents and techniques available for pain control for irreversible pulpitis is unclear. This network meta-analysis combined the available evidence on agents and techniques for pulpal anesthesia in the maxilla and mandible, in order to identify the best amongst these approaches statistically, as a basis for future clinical trials. Methods: Randomized trials in MEDLINE, DARE, and COCHRANE databases were screened based on inclusion criteria and data were extracted. Heterogeneity was assessed and odds ratios were used to estimate effects. Inconsistencies between direct and indirect pooled estimates were evaluated by H-statistics. The Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation working group approach was used to assess evidence quality. Results: Sixty-two studies (nine studies in the maxilla and 53 studies in the mandible) were included in the meta-analysis. Increased mandibular pulpal anesthesia success was observed on premedication with aceclofenac + paracetamol or supplemental 4% articaine buccal infiltration or ibuprofen+paracetamol premedication, all the above mentioned with 2% lignocaine inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB). No significant difference was noted for any of the agents investigated in terms of the success rate of maxillary pulpal anesthesia. Conclusion: Direct and indirect comparisons indicated that some combinations of IANB with premedication and/or supplemental infiltration had a greater chance of producing successful mandibular pulpal anesthesia. No ideal technique for maxillary anesthesia emerged. Randomized clinical trials with increased sample size may be needed to provide more conclusive data. Our findings suggest that further high-quality studies are required in order to provide definitive direction to clinicians regarding the best agents and techniques to use for mandibular and maxillary anesthesia for irreversible pulpitis.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.76-79
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• 1981

This thesis emphasize on diurnal changes of leaf water potential in relation to differences of cutting arrangement. 1. The more is leaves attached to the cutting, the higher is water stress in the cutting compared with less leaves. 2. The less is diameter of cut-part, the more are shown changes in increased and decrease in diurnal leaf water potential. 3. The more is length of stem, the more are shown water stress in diurnal leaf water potential 4. There is no differences between earthen-ball cutting and non-earthen ball cutting in diurnal leaf water potential. 5. Cuttings with two year's slip, compared with one year's leaf water potential increases slowly, dry weigh of root and numbers of rooted cutting are most likely dependent upon other factors rather than the water stress.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.283-290
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• 2016

Oroxylum indicum has long been used in Asian traditional medicine to prevent and treat respiratory diseases, diabetes, diarrhea and other conditions. Oroxylin A is a flavone that is present in Oroxylum indicum and in Scutellaria baicalensis. Because the root extracts of both plants have been shown to have anti-allergic effects, the authors investigated whether oroxylin A is likely to have beneficial effects on allergic asthma using female Balb/c mice and rat RBL-2H3 mast cells. Antigen-induced degranulation was measured in vitro by measuring b-hexosaminidase activity. A murine ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma model was used to test the in vivo efficacy of oroxylin A. Sensitization and challenge of ovalbumin induced allergic asthma responses, the accumulations of eosinophils and Th2 cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung tissues. Oroxylin A administration decreased numbers of inflammatory cells, especially eosinophils, and reduced the expression and secretion of Th2 cytokines, including IL-4 and IL-13, in lung tissues and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Histologic studies showed oroxylin A reduced inflammatory signs and mucin production in lungs. These findings provide evidence that oroxylin A has potential use as an anti-allergic therapeutic.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.289-296
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• 1999

In this paper, an improved fractal color image decoding method using the data dependence parts and the vector distortion measure is proposed. The vector distortion measure exploits the correlation between different color components. The pixel in RGB color space can be considered as a 30dimensional vector with elements of RGB components. The root mean square error(rms) in RGB color for similarity measure of two blocks R and R' was used. We assume that various parameter necessary in image decoding are stored in the transform table. If the parameter is referenced in decoding image, then decoding is performed by the recursive decoding method. If the parameter is not referenced in decoding image, then the parameters recognize as the data dependence parts and store its in the memory. Non-referenced parts can be decoded only one time, because its domain informations exist in the decoded parts by the recursive decoding method. Non-referenced parts are defined the data dependence parts. Image decoding method using data dependence classifies referenced parts and non-referenced parts using information of transform table. And the proposed method can be decoded only one time for R region decoding speed than Zhang & Po's method, since it is decreased the computational numbers by execution iterated contractive transformations for the referenced range only.

• Ocean Systems Engineering
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.185-200
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• 2014

The objective of the present simulations is to evaluate the applicability of the standard $k-{\varepsilon}$ turbulence model in engineering practice in the subcritical to supercritical flow regimes. Two-dimensional numerical simulations of flow around a circular cylinder at $Re=1{\times}10^5$, $5{\times}10^5$ and $1{\times}10^6$, had been performed using Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes (URANS) equations with the standard $k-{\varepsilon}$ turbulence model. Solution verification had been studied by evaluating grid and time step size convergence. For each Reynolds number, several meshes with different grid and time step size resolutions were chosen to calculate the hydrodynamic quantities such as the time-averaged drag coefficient, root-mean square value of lift coefficient, Strouhal number, the coefficient of pressure on the downstream point of the cylinder, the separation angle. By comparing the values of these quantities of adjacent grid or time step size resolutions, convergence study has been performed. Solution validation is obtained by comparing the converged results with published numerical and experimental data. The deviations of the values of present simulated quantities from those corresponding experimental data become smaller as Reynolds numbers increases from $1{\times}10^5$ to $1{\times}10^6$. This may show that the standard $k-{\varepsilon}$ model with enhanced wall treatment appears to be applicable for higher Reynolds number turbulence flow.