DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Interventions for anesthetic success in symptomatic irreversible pulpitis: A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

  • Received : 2019.09.24
  • Accepted : 2019.12.06
  • Published : 2019.12.31

Abstract

Background: Local anesthetics alone or in combination with adjuncts, such as oral medications, have routinely been used for pain control during endodontic treatment. The best clinical choice amongst the vast numbers of agents and techniques available for pain control for irreversible pulpitis is unclear. This network meta-analysis combined the available evidence on agents and techniques for pulpal anesthesia in the maxilla and mandible, in order to identify the best amongst these approaches statistically, as a basis for future clinical trials. Methods: Randomized trials in MEDLINE, DARE, and COCHRANE databases were screened based on inclusion criteria and data were extracted. Heterogeneity was assessed and odds ratios were used to estimate effects. Inconsistencies between direct and indirect pooled estimates were evaluated by H-statistics. The Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation working group approach was used to assess evidence quality. Results: Sixty-two studies (nine studies in the maxilla and 53 studies in the mandible) were included in the meta-analysis. Increased mandibular pulpal anesthesia success was observed on premedication with aceclofenac + paracetamol or supplemental 4% articaine buccal infiltration or ibuprofen+paracetamol premedication, all the above mentioned with 2% lignocaine inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB). No significant difference was noted for any of the agents investigated in terms of the success rate of maxillary pulpal anesthesia. Conclusion: Direct and indirect comparisons indicated that some combinations of IANB with premedication and/or supplemental infiltration had a greater chance of producing successful mandibular pulpal anesthesia. No ideal technique for maxillary anesthesia emerged. Randomized clinical trials with increased sample size may be needed to provide more conclusive data. Our findings suggest that further high-quality studies are required in order to provide definitive direction to clinicians regarding the best agents and techniques to use for mandibular and maxillary anesthesia for irreversible pulpitis.

Keywords

References

  1. Boyce RA, Kirpalani T, Mohan N. Updates of topical and local anesthesia agents. Dent Clin North Am 2016: 445-71.
  2. Thomas R. How pain is controlled in endodontic therapy. SAAD Dig 2015; 31: 32-7.
  3. Virdee SS, Bhakta S, Seymour D. Effective anesthesia of the acutely inflamed pulp: part 2. Clinical strategies. Br Dent J 2015; 219: 439-45. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2015.843
  4. Kung J, McDonagh M, Sedgley CM. Does articaine provide an advantage over lignocaine in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis? a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Endod 2015; 41: 1784-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2015.07.001
  5. Su N, Li C, Wang H, Shen J, Liu W, Kou L. Efficacy and safety of articaine versus lignocaine for irreversible pulpitis treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Aust Endod J 2016; 42: 4-15. https://doi.org/10.1111/aej.12125
  6. Shirvani A, Shamszadeh S, Eghbal MJ, Marvasti LA, Asgary S. Effect of preoperative oral analgesics on pulpal anesthesia in patients with irreversible pulpitis-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Investig 2017; 21: 43-52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-016-1974-1
  7. Li C, Yang X, Ma X, Li L, Shi Z. Preoperative oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the success of the IANB in irreversible pulpitis treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis based on randomized controlled trials. Quintessence Int 2012; 43: 209-19.
  8. Corbella S, Taschieri S, Mannocci F, Rosen E, Tsesis I, Del Fabbro M. Inferior alveolar nerve block for the treatment of teeth presenting with irreversible pulpitis: a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis. Quintessence Int 2017; 48: 69-82.
  9. Yadav S. Anesthetic success of supplemental infiltration in mandibular molars with irreversible pulpitis: A systematic review. J Conserv Dent 2015; 18: 182-6. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-0707.157238
  10. Brandt RG, Anderson PF, McDonald NJ, Sohn W, Peters MC. The pulpal anesthetic efficacy of articaine versus lidocaine in dentistry: a meta-analysis. J Am Dent Assoc 2011; 142: 493-504. https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2011.0219
  11. Kung J, McDonagh M, Sedgley CM. Does articaine provide an advantage over lidocaine in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis? a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Endod 2015; 41: 1784-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2015.07.001
  12. Bahcall J, Ashrafi S, Xie Q. The importance of obtaining a pulpal and periradicular diagnosis prior to restorative treatment. Compend Contin Educ Dent 2019; 40: 27-31.
  13. St George G, Morgan A, Meechan J, Moles DR, Needleman I, Ng YL et al. Injectable local anesthetic agents for dental anesthesia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 7: DC006487.
  14. Li T, Puhan MA, Vedula SS, Singh S, Dickersin K. The Adhoc network meta-analysis methods meeting working group. BMC Med 2011; 9: 79. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-9-79
  15. Greco T, Biondi-Zoccai G, Saleh O, Pasin L, Cabrini L, Zangrillo A, et al. The attractiveness of network meta-analysis: a comprehensive systematic and narrative review. Heart Lung Vessel 2015; 7: 133-42.
  16. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG; The PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med 2009; 6: e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
  17. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. 5.1.0 edition. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org (last accessed on 09 Feb 2017).
  18. Click V, Drum M, Reader A, Nusstein J, Beck M. Evaluation of the Gow-Gates and Vazirani-Akinosi techniques in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis: a prospective randomized study. J Endod 2015; 41: 16-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2014.09.010
  19. Aggarwal V, Singla M, Kabi D. Comparative evaluation of anesthetic efficacy of Gow-Gates mandibular conduction anesthesia, Vazirani-Akinosi technique, buccal-plus- LIs, and conventional inferior alveolar nerve anesthesia in patients with irreversible pulpitis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010; 109: 303-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.09.016
  20. Matthews R, Drum M, Reader A, Nusstein J, Beck M. Articaine for supplemental buccal mandibular infiltration anesthesia in patients with irreversible pulpitis when the inferior alveolar nerve block fails. J Endod 2009; 35: 343-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2008.11.025
  21. Aggarwal V, Singla M, Rizvi A, Miglani S. Comparative evaluation of local infiltration of articaine, articaine plus ketorolac, and dexamethasone on anesthetic efficacy of inferior alveolar nerve block with lignocaine in patients with irreversible pulpitis. J Endod 2011; 37: 445-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2011.01.016
  22. Razavian H, Kazemi S, Khazaei S, Jahromi MZ. X-tip intraosseous injection system as a primary anesthesia for irreversible pulpitis of posterior mandibular teeth: A randomized clinical trial. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2013; 10: 210-3. https://doi.org/10.4103/1735-3327.113346
  23. Webster S Jr, Drum M, Reader A, Fowler S, Nusstein J, Beck M. How effective is supplemental intraseptal anesthesia in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis? J Endod 2016; 42: 1453-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2016.07.002
  24. Reisman D, Reader A, Nist R, Beck M, Weaver J. Anesthetic efficacy of the supplemental intraosseous injection of 3% mepivacaine in irreversible pulpitis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1997; 84: 676-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1079-2104(97)90372-3
  25. Parirokh M, Sadr S, Nakhaee N, Abbott PV, Askarifard S. Efficacy of supplementary buccal infiltrations and intraligamentary injections to inferior alveolar nerve blocks in mandibular first molars with asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis: a randomized controlled trial. Int Endod J 2014; 47: 926-33. https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.12236
  26. Aggarwal V, Jain A, Kabi D. Anesthetic efficacy of supplemental buccal and lingual infiltrations of articaine and lignocaine after an inferior alveolar nerve block in patients with irreversible pulpitis. J Endod 2009; 35: 925-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2009.04.012
  27. Parirokh M, Satvati SA, Sharifi R, Rekabi AR, Gorjestani H, Nakhaee N, et al. Efficacy of combining a buccal infiltration with an inferior alveolar nerve block for mandibular molars with irreversible pulpitis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010; 109: 468-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.11.016
  28. Kanaa MD, Whitworth JM, Meechan JG. A prospective randomized trial of different supplementary local anesthetic techniques after failure of inferior alveolar nerve block in patients with irreversible pulpitis in mandibular teeth. J Endod 2012; 38: 421-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2011.12.006
  29. Aggarwal V, Singla M, Miglani S, Kohli S. Comparison of the anesthetic efficacy of epinephrine concentrations (1 : 80 000 and 1 : 200 000) in 2% lignocaine for inferior alveolar nerve block in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Int Endod J 2014; 47: 373-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.12157
  30. Shadmehr E, Aminozarbian MG, Akhavan A, Mahdavian P, Davoudi A. Anesthetic efficacy of lignocaine/clonidine for inferior alveolar nerve block in patients with irreversible pulpitis. Int Endod J 2016; 6: 531-9.
  31. Stanley W, Drum M, Nusstein J, Reader A, Beck M. Effect of nitrous oxide on the efficacy of the inferior alveolar nerve block in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. J Endod 2012; 38: 565-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2012.02.010
  32. Jalali S, Moradi Majd N, Torabi S, Habibi M, Homayouni H, Mohammadi N. The effect of acupuncture on the success of inferior alveolar nerve block for teeth with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis: a triple-blind randomized clinical trial. J Endod 2015; 41: 1397-402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2015.04.026
  33. Shetty KP, Satish SV, Kilaru KR, Sardar P, Luke AM. Comparison of anesthetic efficacy between lignocaine with and without magnesium sulfate USP 50% for inferior alveolar nerve blocks in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. J Endod 2015; 41: 431-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2015.01.003
  34. Kreimer T, Kiser R, Reader A, Nusstein J, Drum M, Beck M. Anesthetic efficacy of combinations of 0.5 mol/L mannitol and lignocaine with epinephrine for inferior alveolar nerve blocks in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. J Endod 2012; 38: 598-603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2012.02.016
  35. Schellenberg J, Drum M, Reader A, Nusstein J, Fowler S, Beck M. Effect of buffered 4% lidocaine on the success of the inferior alveolar nerve block in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. J Endod 2015; 41: 791-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2015.02.022
  36. Saatchi M, Farhad AR, Shenasa N, Haghighi SK. Effect of sodium bicarbonate buccal infiltration on the success of inferior alveolar nerve block in mandibular first molars with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis: a prospective, randomized double-blind study. J Endod 2016; 42: 1458-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2016.07.004
  37. Saatchi M, Khademi A, Baghaei B, Noormohammadi H. Effect of sodium bicarbonate-buffered lignocaine on the success of inferior alveolar nerve block for teeth with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis: a prospective, randomized double-blind study. J Endod 2015; 41: 33-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2014.09.011
  38. Dou L, Luo J, Yang D. Anesthetic efficacy of supplemental lingual infiltration of mandibular molars after inferior alveolar nerve block plus buccal infiltration in patients with irreversible pulpitis. Int Endod J 2013; 46: 660-5. https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.12042
  39. Shahi S, Mokhtari H, Rahimi S, Yavari HR, Narimani S, Abdolrahimi M et al. Effect of premedication with ibuprofen and dexamethasone on success rate of inferior alveolar nerve block for teeth with asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis: a randomized clinical trial. J Endod 2013; 3: 160-2. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0099-2399(77)80190-8
  40. Shantiaee Y, Javaheri S, Movahhedian A, Eslami S, Dianat O. Efficacy of preoperative ibuprofen and meloxicam on the success rate of inferior alveolar nerve block for teeth with irreversible pulpitis. Int Dent J 2017; 67: 85-90. https://doi.org/10.1111/idj.12272
  41. Aggarwal V, Singla M, Kabi D. Comparative evaluation of effect of preoperative oral medication of ibuprofen and ketorolac on anesthetic efficacy of inferior alveolar nerve block with lignocaine in patients with irreversible pulpitis: a prospective, double-blind, randomized clinical trial. J Endod 2010; 36: 375-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2009.11.010
  42. Jena A, Shashirekha G. Effect of preoperative medications on the efficacy of inferior alveolar nerve block in patients with irreversible pulpitis: A placebo-controlled clinical study. J Conserv Dent 2013; 16: 171-4. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-0707.108209
  43. Parirokh M, Ashouri R, Rekabi AR, Nakhaee N, Pardakhti A, Askarifard S et al. The effect of premedication with ibuprofen and indomethacin on the success of inferior alveolar nerve block for teeth with irreversible pulpitis. J Endod 2010; 36: 1450-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2010.05.007
  44. Simpson M, Drum M, Nusstein J, Reader A, Beck M. Effect of combination of preoperative ibuprofen/acetaminophen on the success of the inferior alveolar nerve block in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. J Endod 2011; 37: 593-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2011.02.015
  45. Fullmer S, Drum M, Reader A, Nusstein J, Beck M. Effect of preoperative acetaminophen/hydrocodone on the efficacy of the inferior alveolar nerve block in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis: a prospective, randomized, double- blind, placebo-controlled study. J Endod 2014; 40: 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2013.09.009
  46. Ianiro SR, Jeansonne BG, McNeal SF, Eleazer PD. The effect of preoperative acetaminophen or a combination of acetaminophen and Ibuprofen on the success of inferior alveolar nerve block for teeth with irreversible pulpitis. J Endod 2007; 33: 11-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2006.09.005
  47. Lindemann M, Reader A, Nusstein J, Drum M, Beck M. Effect of sublingual triazolam on the success of inferior alveolar nerve block in patients with irreversible pulpitis. J Endod 2008; 34: 1167-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2008.07.013
  48. Bigby J, Reader A, Nusstein J, Beck M. Anesthetic efficacy of lignocaine/meperidine for IANBs in patients with irreversible pulpitis. J Endod 2007; 33: 7-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2006.09.006
  49. Akhlaghi NM, Hormozi B, Abbott PV, Khalilak Z. Efficacy of ketorolac buccal infiltrations and inferior alveolar nerve blocks in patients with irreversible pulpitis: a prospective, double-blind, randomized clinical trial. J Endod 2016; 42: 691-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2016.02.003
  50. Yadav M, Grewal MS, Grewal S, Deshwal P. Comparison of preoperative oral ketorolac on anesthetic efficacy of inferior alveolar nerve block and buccal and lingual infiltration with articaine and lidocaine in patients with irreversible pulpitis: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. J Endod 2015; 41: 1773-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2015.06.008
  51. Saha SG, Jain S, Dubey S, Kala S, Misuriya A, Kataria D. Effect of oral premedication on the efficacy of inferior alveolar nerve block in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis: a prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10: 25-9.
  52. Khademi AA, Saatchi M, Minaiyan M, Rostamizadeh N, Sharafi F. Effect of preoperative alprazolam on the success of inferior alveolar nerve block for teeth with irreversible pulpitis. J Endod 2012; 38: 1337-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2012.06.007
  53. De Pedro-Munoz A, Mena-Alvarez J. The effect of preoperative submucosal administration of tramadol on the success rate of inferior alveolar nerve block on mandibular molars with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis: a randomized, double- blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Int Endod J 2017; 50: 1134-42. https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.12755
  54. Rodriguez-Wong L, Pozos-Guillen A, Silva-Herzog D, Chavarria-Bolanos D. Efficacy of mepivacaine-tramadol combination on the success of inferior alveolar nerve blocks in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis: a randomized clinical trial. Int Endod J 2016; 49: 325-33. https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.12463
  55. Prasanna N, Subbarao CV, Gutmann JL. The efficacy of pre-operative oral medication of lornoxicam and diclofenac potassium on the success of inferior alveolar nerve block in patients with irreversible pulpitis: a double-blind, randomised controlled clinical trial. Int Endod J 2011; 44: 330-6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.2010.01833.x
  56. Sood R, Hans MK, Shetty S. Comparison of anesthetic efficacy of 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine and 2% lignocaine with 1:80,000 epinephrine for inferior alveolar nerve block in patients with irreversible pulpitis. J Clin Exp Dent 2014; 6: 520-3. https://doi.org/10.4317/jced.51617
  57. Tortamano IP, Siviero M, Costa CG, Buscariolo IA, Armonia PL. A comparison of the anesthetic efficacy of articaine and lignocaine in patients with irreversible pulpitis. J Endod 2009; 35: 165-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2008.10.020
  58. Claffey E, Reader A, Nusstein J, Beck M, Weaver J. Anesthetic efficacy of articaine for inferior alveolar nerve blocks in patients with irreversible pulpitis. J Endod 2004; 30: 568-71. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.DON.0000125317.21892.8F
  59. Allegretti CE, Sampaio RM, Horliana AC, Armonia PL, Rocha RG, Tortamano IP. Anesthetic efficacy in irreversible pulpitis: a randomized clinical trial. Braz Dent J 2016; 27: 381-6. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201600663
  60. Ahmad ZH, Ravikumar H, Karale R, Preethanath RS, Sukumaran A. Study of the anesthetic efficacy of inferior alveolar nerve block using articaine in irreversible pulpitis. J Contemp Dent Pract 2014; 15: 71-4. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1490
  61. Poorni S, Veniashok B, Senthilkumar AD, Indira R, Ramachandran S. Anesthetic efficacy of four percent articaine for pulpal anesthesia by using inferior alveolar nerve block and buccal infiltration techniques in patients with irreversible pulpitis: a prospective randomized double-blind clinical trial. J Endod 2011; 37: 1603-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2011.09.009
  62. Sherman MG, Flax M, Namerow K, Murray PE. Anesthetic efficacy of the Gow-Gates injection and maxillary infiltration with articaine and lignocaine for irreversible pulpitis. J Endod 2008; 34: 656-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2008.02.016
  63. Rogers BS, Botero TM, McDonald NJ, Gardner RJ, Peters MC. Efficacy of articaine versus lignocaine as a supplemental BI in mandibular molars with irreversible pulpitis: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. J Endod 2014; 40: 753-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2013.12.022
  64. Monteiro MR, Groppo FC, Haiter-Neto F, Volpato MC, Almeida JF. 4% articaine BI versus 2% lignocaine inferior alveolar nerve block for emergency root canal treatment in mandibular molars with irreversible pulpits: a randomized clinical study. Int Endod J 2015; 48: 145-52. https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.12293
  65. Bigby J, Reader A, Nusstein J, Beck M, Weaver J. Articaine for supplemental intraosseous anesthesia in patients with irreversible pulpitis. J Endod 2006; 32: 1044-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2006.06.006
  66. Fan S, Chen WL, Pan CB, Huang ZQ, Xian MQ, Yang ZH et al. Anesthetic efficacy of inferior alveolar nerve block plus buccal infiltration or periodontal ligament injections with articaine in patients with irreversible pulpitis in the mandibular first molar. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2009; 108: 89-93.
  67. Visconti RP, Tortamano IP, Buscariolo IA. Comparison of the anesthetic efficacy of mepivacaine and lidocaine in patients with irreversible pulpitis: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. J Endod 2016; 42: 1314-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2016.06.015
  68. Sampaio RM, Carnaval TG, Lanfredi CB, Horliana AC, Rocha RG, Tortamano IP. Comparison of the anesthetic efficacy between bupivacaine and lignocaine in patients with irreversible pulpitis of mandibular molar. J Endod 2012; 38: 594-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2012.01.008
  69. Singla M, Subbiya A, Aggarwal V, Vivekanandhan P, Yadav S, Yadav H, et al. Comparison of the anesthetic efficacy of different volumes of 4% articaine (1.8 and 3.6 mL) as supplemental buccal infiltration after failed inferior alveolar nerve block. Int Endod J 2015; 48: 103-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.12283
  70. Abazarpoor R, Parirokh M, Nakhaee N, Abbott PV. A comparison of different volumes of articaine for inferior alveolar nerve block for molar teeth with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. J Endod 2015; 41: 1408-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2015.05.015
  71. Aggarwal V, Singla M, Miglani S, Ansari I, Kohli S. A prospective, randomized, single-blind comparative evaluation of anesthetic efficacy of posterior superior alveolar nerve blocks, buccal infiltrations and buccal plus palatal infiltrations in patients with irreversible pulpitis. J Endod 2011; 37: 1491-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2011.08.018
  72. Mehrvarzfar P, Pourhashemi A, Khodaei F, Bohlouli B, Sarkarat F, Kalantar Motamedi M et al. The effect of adding fentanyl to epinephrine-containing lignocaine on the anesthesia of maxillary teeth with irreversible pulpitis: a randomized clinical trial. Iran Endod J 2014; 9: 290-4.
  73. Elsharrawy EA, Elbaghdady YM. A double-blind comparison of a supplemental interligamentary injection of fentanyl and mepivacaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine for irreversible pulpitis. J Pain Symptom Manage 2007; 33: 203-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2006.07.020
  74. Atasoy Ulusoy OI, Alacam T. Efficacy of single buccal infiltrations for maxillary first molars in patients with irreversible pulpitis: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Int Endod J 2014; 47: 222-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.12129
  75. Srinivasan N, Kavitha M, Loganathan CS, Padmini G. Comparison of anesthetic efficacy of 4% articaine and 2% lignocaine for maxillary buccal infiltration in patients with irreversible pulpitis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2009; 107: 133-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2008.09.002
  76. Hosseini HR, Parirokh M, Nakhaee N, V Abbott P, Samani S. Efficacy of articaine and lidocaine for buccal infiltration of first maxillary molars with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis: a randomized double-blinded clinical trial. Iran Endod J 2016; 11: 79-84.
  77. Ramachandran A, Khan SI, Mohanavelu D, Kumar KS. The efficacy of pre-operative oral medication of paracetamol, ibuprofen, and aceclofenac on the success of maxillary infiltration anesthesia in patients with irreversible pulpitis: A double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial. J Conserv Dent 2012; 15: 310-4. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-0707.101881
  78. Kanaa MD, Whitworth JM, Meechan JG. A comparison of the efficacy of 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine and 2% lignocaine with 1:80,000 epinephrine in achieving pulpal anesthesia in maxillary teeth with irreversible pulpitis. J Endod 2012; 38: 279-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2011.11.010
  79. Nusstein J, Reader A, Nist R, Beck M, Meyers WJ. Anesthetic efficacy of the supplemental intraosseous injection of 2% lignocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine in irreversible pulpitis. J Endod 1998; 24: 487-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0099-2399(98)80053-8
  80. Ghoddusi J, Zarrabi MH, Daneshvar F, Naghavi N. Efficacy of IANB and Gow-Gates techniques in mandibular molars with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis: a prospective randomized double blind clinical study. Iran Endod J 2018; 13: 143-8.
  81. Gow-Gates GA. The Gow-Gates mandibular block: regional anatomy and analgesia. Aust Endod J 1998; 24: 18-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4477.1998.tb00251.x
  82. Aggarwal V, Singla M, Kabi D. Comparative evaluation of anesthetic efficacy of Gow-Gates mandibular conduction anesthesia, Vazirani-Akinosi technique, buccalplus-lingual infiltrations, and conventional inferior alveolar nerve anesthesia in patients with irreversible pulpitis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010; 109(2): 303-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.09.016
  83. Brignardello-Petersen R. Combination of Gow-Gates and inferior alveolar nerve block may result in a higher rate of successful anesthesia than either technique alone. J Am Dent Assoc 2018; 149: 107.
  84. Yadav S. Anesthetic success of supplemental infiltration in mandibular molars with irreversible pulpitis: a systematic review. J Conserv Dent 2015; 18: 182-6. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-0707.157238
  85. Chopra R, Marwaha M, Bansal K, Mittal M. Evaluation of buccal infiltration with articaine and inferior alveolar nerve block with lignocaine for pulp therapy in mandibular primary molars. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2016; 40: 301-5. https://doi.org/10.17796/1053-4628-40.4.301
  86. Ahmad M. The anatomical nature of dental paresthesia: a quick review. Open Dent J 2018; 12: 155-9. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874210601812010155
  87. Aggarwal V, Singla M, Subbiya A, Vivekanandhan P, Sharma V, Sharma R, et al. Effect of preoperative pain on inferior alveolar nerve block. Anesth Prog 2015; 62: 135-9. https://doi.org/10.2344/15-00019.1

Cited by

  1. In Vivo Evaluation of Effect of Preoperative Ibuprofen on Proinflammatory Mediators in Irreversible Pulpitis Cases vol.46, pp.9, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2020.06.009