• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.78-81
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• 2006

Freshly harvested, immature (green) seeds of North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) were stratified for up to 3 years in plastic pails in controlled environment rooms at $5{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ for 9 months and then $21{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ for 3 months (Trt. 1, regular stratification), or continuously at $-2{\pm}0.2^{\circ}C$ (Trt. 2), or continuously at $3{\pm}0.2^{\circ}C$ (Trt. 3). During stratification at -2 and $3^{\circ}C$ embryos did not grow. On seeding in the field embryos grew rapidly and resultant seedlings were comparable to those from regularly stratified seed. Seedling emergence rate was acceptable at the industry expected rate of 68% after one year of storage, but not after two years storage when it declined to 17.5%. Seed rot was so severe in year 3 that no planting was carried out. Seedling and second year growth were similar at the three stratification temperatures; most importantly, root dry weight (economic yield) was similar. Low-temperature storage of freshly-harvested North American ginseng seed is an acceptable method for short-term retention of propagating material.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.93-104
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• 2021

In recent years, there has been a substantial theoretical and empirical study on the role that financial market development has significantly played in promoting economic growth and development in the world. The development of an economy requires the financial industry to be developed. In the context of rapid economic development, global warming has become a serious problem with issues such as rising average temperatures, climate change, rising sea level, and increasing carbon dioxide emissions. This study aims to examine the influence of economic growth, financial development, transportation capacity, and environmental degradation. Using time-series data from 1986 to 2019 and environmental degradation being measured by CO2 emissions, the study employs a quantity of ample unit root tests, the structural break unit root tests, Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL), and cointegration bounds test. The results show that there is a significant long-term cointegration among study variables. Empirical findings also indicate that an increase in per capita GDP and financial development worsens environmental quality whereas transportation capacity and foreign investment can improve environmental quality.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2015.10a
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• pp.627-628
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• 2015

Construction defect which can causes economic damage such as schedule delay, cost overrun is a considerably important factor in construction industry. In general, a construction defect features a difficulty to find out causes precisely because it occurs when several interrelated causes combine. Yet, studies have tried to understand the interrelationships between factors are limited. In addition, despite of a tremendous amount of construction data, it's not still enough to analyze them, but tends to depend on experience or know-how of practitioners. Thus, it is necessary to identify underlying causes in influential factors by utilizing related data. This paper analyses Interrelationships between causal factors using Association Rule Mining to discover root causes of construction defects. Confidence and Lift that can be used for presenting the interrelationships of the causes were extracted from 1241 cases in 30 projects in Korea. It is expected that this paper allows the construction managers to discover key factors and make right decisions to reduce occurrence of construction defects. Furthermore, analysis of interrelationships can improve understanding of structural patterns of construction defects.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.108-122
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• 2023

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), are the causal agent of Fusarium wilt disease of tomato and banana, respectively, and cause significant yield losses worldwide. A cost-effective measure, such as biological control agents, was used as an alternative method to control these pathogens. Therefore, in this study, six isolates of the Streptomyces-like colony were isolated from soils and their antagonistic activity against phytopathogenic fungi and plant growth-promoting (PGP) activity were assessed. The results showed that these isolates could inhibit the mycelial growth of Fol and Foc. Among them, isolate STRM304 showed the highest percentage of mycelial growth reduction and broad-spectrum antagonistic activity against all tested fungi. In the pot experiment study, the culture filtrate of isolates STRM103 and STRM104 significantly decreased disease severity and symptoms in Fol inoculated plants. Similarly, the culture filtrate of the STRM304 isolate significantly reduced the severity of the disease and symptoms of the disease in Foc inoculated plants. The PGP activity test presents PGP activities, such as indole acetic acid production, phosphate solubilization, starch hydrolysis, lignin hydrolysis, and cellulase activity. Interestingly, the application of the culture filtrate from all isolates increased the percentage of tomato seed germination and stimulated the growth of tomato plants and banana seedlings, increasing the elongation of the shoot and the root and shoot and root weight compared to the control treatment. Therefore, the isolate STRM103 and STRM104, and STRM304 could be used as biocontrol and PGP agents for tomato and banana, respectively, in sustainable agriculture.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.313-318
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• 2008

This study was conducted to evaluate in vitro antioxidative and antimicrobial properties of ethanolic extracts from Allium victoriallis L. var. platyphyllum (AVP) with 6 different parts. The antioxidative activities of these samples were determined using the 4 separate methods that involved reducing power, DPPH, hydrogen radical scavenging, and lipid peroxidation with use of a $\beta$-carotene/linoleic acid system. The leaf part ethanolic extracts (1,000 ppm) showed the strongest inhibitory potential for reducing power, DPPH, and hydroxyl radicals to 99.8, 49.4, and 52.8%, respectively. Inhibition values of linoleic oxidation were calculated as 58.0, 39.5, and 38.0% for seed, flower, and leaf ethanolic extracts (1,000 ppm), respectively, from AVP. In addition, the ethanolic extracts of the root part showed the most effective antimicrobial activity. The inhibition zones of the root ethanolic extracts ($200\;{\mu}g/disc$) of AVP against Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus were 17 and 14 mm, respectively. In a micro-dilution assay, B. cereus, S. aureus, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus exhibited sensitivity to root part ethanolic extracts with an minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) value of 20, 28, and 18 mg/mL, respectively. Therefore, the AVP extracts may be suitable as antimicrobial and antioxidative agents in the food industry.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.67-71
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• 1995

For the quality management of ginseng root extracts and their products, the effective constituents contents, physical properties (pH, turbidity, viscosity, optical density) and color intenties of the extracts from white ginseng roots of different cultivating years. The sugar contents, lightness and yellow intensity of extracts from white ginseng roots increased with increased their cultivating years. The crude ash contents turbidity and optical density of extracts from white ginseng roots decreased with increased their cultivating years. Therefore, the extracts from white ginseng root of 5 or 6 cultivated years showed higher quality than the extracts from ginseng root of 4 cultivated years.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.27 no.12
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• pp.1241-1247
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• 2018

This study was conducted to evaluate resistance of 10 different cowpea cultivars which were introduced from the United States against two major root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne arenaria and M. incognita, that affect greenhouse crop cultivation in Korea. The results showed that the resistance of the tested cultivars to the root-knot nematodes varied with the cultivar. Texas Cream 40 showed moderate resistance to M. arenaria whereas the other cultivars were susceptible. Purple Hull Pinkeye and Texas Pinkeye Purple Hull were found to be resistant to M. incognita, whereas Mississippi Silver showed moderate resistance and the other cultivars were susceptible. As the cultivars exhibit resistance to M. arenaria and M. incognita, such cultivars resistant to root-knot nematodes should be considered during the cultivation of cowpea as a green manure crop.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.508-513
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• 2011

Hemp is known as one of the most productive and useful plants, which grows quickly in a moderate climate with only moderate water and fertilizer. Traditionally in Korea, hemp bast is used to natural fibres, and remaining such as stem and root is treated as waste. Those of hemp by-products can be transformed to bio fuel such as bio-oil and activated carbon. To understand pyrolysis characteristics, thermogravimetric analysis were carried out in TGA, in which hemp by-products were mostly decomposed at the temperature range of $270{\sim}370^{\circ}C$. The corresponding kinetic parameters including activation energy and pre-exponential factor were determined by differential method over the degree of conversions. The values of activation energies for pyrolysis were increased as the conversion increased from 10 to 90%.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.47-56
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• 2023

The Quercus variabilis and Quercus dentata, which are said to be relatively drought tolerant among the important genus Quercus that represent deciduous broad-leaved forests in Korea. These two species are widely distributed worldwide in Korea, Japan and China (northern, central, western and eastern subtropical regions). This study compared the ecological niche breadth and overlap according to growth response in 4 soil moisture gradients for the two species and tried to reveal degree of competition and ecological niche characteristics. The ecological niche breadth was 0.977±0.020 for Q. variabilis and 0.979±0.014 for Q. dentata, the latter being slightly wider. And they were similar in 5 traits (stem length, leaf lamina length, leaf width length, stem weight, leaf petiole weight), Q. variabilis was more dominant in 4 traits (leaves number, stem diameter, leaf area, leaf petiole length), and Q. dentata was more dominant in 7 traits (root length, shoot length, plant weight, root weight, shoot weight, leaf weight, leaf petiole weight). The ecological niche overlap for soil moisture between the two species overlapped most in plant structure-related traits and least in photosynthetic organ-related traits such as petiole length. As a result of principal component analysis, degree of competition between the two species for soil moisture was more severe when the soil moisture condition was low than high. Among the measured traits that affect the two-dimensional distribution, 8 traits (Leaves number, Shoot length, Stem length, Plant weight, Root weight, Shoot weight, Stem weight, Leaves weight) were correlated with the factor 1, and 2 traits (Leaf width length, Leaf petiole weight) were correlated with the factor 2 (r>0.5). These results show that the ecological response of the two species to soil moisture is not a few traits involved, but several traits are involved simultaneously.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.50
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• pp.137-141
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• 2023

The root of Adenophora triphylla is a highly valued medicinal resource that is used to prevent human obesity, cancer, and inflammation, whereas young leaves or sprouts of A. triphylla are used as food ingredients. In this study, we compared the antioxidant and anticancer activities of 70% ethanol extracts of A. triphylla roots and leaves. The leaf extract exhibited stronger 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) than the root extract. Furthermore, the leaf extract was observed to be a potent source of anticancer compounds that were effective against A549 (lung cancer), LNcaP (prostate cancer), SKOV3 (ovarian cancer), and Caco-2 (colorectal cancer) cells. These results indicate that not only the roots but also the leaves of A. triphylla can serve as valuable sources of functional materials in the pharmaceutical industry.