A type of cell junction that is formed between different parts within the same cell is called autotypic cell junction. Autotypic junction proteins form tight junctions found between membrane lamellae of a cell, especially in myelinating glial cells. Some of them have postsynaptic density-95/disks large/zonula occludens-1 (PDZ) domains, which interact with the carboxyl (C)-terminal PDZ-binding motif of other proteins. PDZ domains are protein-protein interaction modules that play a role in protein complex assembly. The PDZ domain, which is widespread in bacteria, plants, yeast, metazoans, and Drosophila, allows the assembly of large multi-protein complexes. The multi-protein complexes act in intracellular signal transduction, protein targeting, and membrane polarization. The identified PDZ domain-containing proteins located at autotypic junctions include zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), ZO-2, pals-1-associated tight junction protein (PATJ), multi-PDZ domain proteins (MUPPs), membrane-associated guanylate kinase inverted 2 (MAGI2), and protease-activated receptor (PAR)-3. PAR-3 interacts with atypical protein kinase C and PAR-6, forming a ternary complex, which plays an important role in the regulation of cell polarity. MAGI2 interacts with ${\alpha}$-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptor at excitatory synapses. PATJ is detected in paranodal loops associated with claudin-1. On the other hand, MUPP1 is found in mesaxons and Schmidt-Lanterman incisures with claudin-5. ZO-1, ZO-2, and PAR-3 are found at all three sites. Different distributions of PDZ domain-containing proteins affect the development of autotypic junctions. In this review, we will describe PDZ domain-containing proteins at autotypic tight junctions in myelinating Schwann cells and their roles.
Park, Mi-Kyoung;Kang, Ah-Young;Seo, Eun-Hui;Joe, Yeon-Soo;Kang, Soo-Jeong;Hong, Sook-Hee;Kim, Duk-Kyu;Lee, Hye-Jeong
Journal of Life Science
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v.19
no.1
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pp.15-20
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2009
Uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) is a mitochondrial protein that is expressed predominantly in skeletal muscle. It may play a role in altering metabolic function. However, its major physiological roles are not fully understood. Recently de novo expression of UCP3 in rat liver by fenofibrate was reported. We also reported previously that fenofibrate-induced de novo expression of UCP3 contributes to reduction of adipose tissue in obese rats. In the present study, we investigated that ienofibrate-induced expression of UCP3 in rat liver is related with metabolic function such as body weight and hepatic lipid content by time-dependent manner in high-fat diet rats. Eight-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups; the high fat diet group (HF, n=16) and fenofibrate-treated high fat diet group (HFF, n=16). The mRNA expression of hepatic UCP3 was detected as early as 1 week of fenofibrate treatment by quantitative real-time PCR and the amount of mRNA was increased time-dependently. The mean body weight of the HFF group was significantly less com. pared with the HF group after 6 weeks of fenofibrate treatment, even though there was no difference of food intake between the two groups. Rectal temperature was increased during 4 to 6 weeks of fenofibrate treatment and body weight was decreased after 6 weeks of treatment. These results were corresponded with the increased amount of the expression of UCP3 mRNA and protein. We suggest that de novo expression of hepatic UCP3 is increased time-dependently with fenofibrate treatment and that the amount of expression is correlated with metabolic function.
Superoxide dismutase is a family of important antioxidant metalloenzymes and catalyzes the dismutation of toxic superoxide anions into dioxygen and hydrogen peroxide. A recent study identified the partial superoxide dismutase (SOD) gene in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). The same study reported that it strongly induced benzo[a]pyrene and that it was an indicator of aquatic oxidative stress responses. However, its transcriptional response against viral infection has not been investigated. In the present study, the spatial and temporal expression profiles were analyzed to investigate the function of Of-SOD in the antiviral response. The Of-SOD transcripts were ubiquitously detected at various levels in diverse tissues in a real-time PCR. The expression of Of-SOD was significantly higher in the muscles, liver, and brain but extremely low in the stomach and spleen. Following a VHSV challenge, the expression of Of-SOD increased within 3 h in the kidneys and decreased to the original level 2 days postchallenge. In muscle, liver, and brain, Of-SOD mRNA was similarly up-regulated at 3-6 h postchallenge and then decreased to the basal level. Although the expression pattern and induction time differed slightly depending on the tissue, the transcript of Of-SOD consistently increased in the acute infection response, but the expression was low in the chronic response. The expression of Of-SOD was induced after the VHSV infection, and Of-SOD was probably involved in the immune response against the viral challenge. These results suggest that SOD may play important roles in the immune defense system of P. olivaceus and perhaps contribute to the protective effects against oxidative stress in olive flounder.
Calcium is one of the important secondary signaling molecules in plant cells. Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPK)-the sensor proteins of Ca2+ and phosphorylating enzymes-are the most abundant serine/threonine kinases in plant cells. They convert and transmit signals in response to various stimuli, resulting in specific responses in plants. In rice, 31 CDPK gene families have been identified, which are mainly involved in plant growth and development and are known to play roles in response to various stress conditions. However, little is known about the biochemical characteristics of CDPK proteins. In this study, OsCPK11-a CDPK in rice-was partially purified, and its biochemical characteristics were found. Partially purified OsCPK11 from rice seedlings was obtained by three-step column chromatography that involved anion exchange chromatography consisting of DEAE, hydrophobic interaction chromatography consisting of phenyl-Sepharose, and gel filtration chromatography consisting of Sephacryl-200HR. An in vitro kinase assay using partially purified OsCPK11 was also performed. This partially purified OsCPK11 had a molecular weight of 54 kDa and showed a strong hydrophobic interaction with the hydrophobic resin. In vitro kinase assay showed that the OsCPK11 also had Ca2+-dependent autophosphorylation activity. The OsCPK11 phosphorylated histone III-S, and the optimum pH for its kinase activity was found to be 7.5~8.0. The native OsCPK11 shared several biochemical characteristics with recombinant OsCPK11 studied previously, and both had Ca2+-dependent autophosphorylation activity and favored histone III-S as a substrate for kinase activity, which also had a Ca2+-dependence.
This thesis study of the medical concept Qiu Zheng Lu (求正錄) is discussed in the Lei Jing Fu Yi (類經附翼), a book authored by Zhang Jie Bin (張介賓) a medical doctor during the Chinese Ming (明) dynasty (1368-1683). The meaning of Qiu Zheng Lu (求正錄) is "searching for the rightness." In his book Zhang Jie Bin (張介賓) intended to clarify Qiu Zheng Lu (求正錄) by delineating the concept into four categories. These are: Sanjiao Baoluo Mingmen Bian (三焦包絡命門 辨) the theory of the triple warmer, the Pericardium, the Gate of Life ; Da Bao Lun (大寶論) the theory of the great treasure of the human body; Zhen Yin Lun (眞陰論) the theory of true-yin fluid; and Shi Er Zang Mai Hou Bu Wei Lun (十二臟脈候部位論) the theory of the part of the pulse and its condition in regards to the twelve viscera. Sanjiao Baoluo Mingmen Bian (三焦包絡命門辨), the theory of the triple warmer, the Pericardium, the Gate of Life. The triple warmer (三焦: Sanjiao) is composed of three parts: the upper, middle, and lower. This concept is also connected with the functions and roles of the vital organs. The upper burner is related to the heart and lungs. The middle burner is related to the liver and spleen. Whereas, the lower burner is related to the kidneys. Bao-Luo (包絡) is the Pericardium, the envelope of the heart, serving as the protector of the heart. Ming-Men (命門) is the Gate of Life, reffering to the vitals of life. It functions as kidney-yang which is considered as the origin of yang-energy of the human body, and serves partly as the function of cortico-adrenal gland in modern medicine. Zhang Jie Bin (張介賓) discussed the Da Bao Lun (大寶論) as the most important function in the human body because the Da Bao (大寶/great treasure) is the true-yang (眞陽) which is the affective force for physiological functions, and as the source of energy for life activities. Moreover, true-yang (眞陽) functions both as a heater and thermometer that warms the human body and indicates vitality by levels of body warmth respectively. The Zhen Yin Lun (眞陰論) theory states that if true-yang (眞陽) is energy, then true-yin (眞陰) is the source of energy. This can be likened to a tree with roots which absorbs nutrients from the ground (source), and spreads the nutrients (energy) through its branches. Thus, true-yin (眞陰) is the root cause for later functional activities of true-yang (眞陽). In Shi Er Zang Mai Hou Bu Wei Lun (十二臟脈候部位論) the theory of the pulse (脈 /Mai) and its condition in regards to the twelve viscera, Zhang Jie Bin (張介賓) insisted that when a diagnoses by the pulse is made the five vital organs and the six viscera (五臟六腑) of a human body should be harmoniously arranged in accordance with its respective part of the pulse. Furthermore, Zhang Jie Bin (張介賓) supported his theory with evidence from earlier Chinese medical doctors. And, by stating that human beings must cultivate and preserve their true-yin (眞陰) and true-yang (眞陽) energies he therefore created four new prescriptions called: Zuoguiyin (左歸飮), Youguiyin (右歸飮), Zuoguiwan (左 歸丸), Youguiwan (右歸丸). To further clarify his theory Zhang Jie Bin (張介賓) considered that the function of true-yang (眞陽) and true-yin (眞陰) is expressed by Ming-Men (命門). This theory is that for humans to be spiritually and physically healthy they must live in accord with natural law. Also, within the framework of natural law, astronomical and geographical factors must be considered for complete, holistic, health. Thus, Ming-Men is the basis for healthy living in the modern world.
Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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v.15
no.3
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pp.127-137
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2015
Purpose: The main aim of this study was to compare and analyze expression profiles of microRNAs (miRNAs) to establish miRNA signature of Fabry nephropathy related epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). Methods: Expression profiles of miRNAs in kidney tissue samples and cell lines from normal and Fabry disease mouse model were examined by miRNA expression microarray analysis followed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis (qRT-PCR). Results: In the miRNA expression microarray analysis of Fabry mouse kidney tissues compared to wild type mouse, 5 and 3 miRNAs among 1,247 miRNAs examined were up- and down-regulated, respectively. Among them, miR-149-5p was down-regulated about 2-fold in Fabry kidney samples. The down-regulations of miR-149-5p were observed in kidney tissues of under 35 week-old-Fabry mice. However, this down-regulation was not observed in kidney tissues of 42 week-old Fabry mice. In SV40 MES 13 cells, mouse mesangial cells, treated with globotriaosylsphingosine (lyso-Gb3), miR-149-5p was also downregulated. The down-regulation of miR-149-5p induced up-regulation of its target genes related to EMT. Conclusion: The miRNA expression array and qRT-PCR results show that miR-149-5p expression was decreased in kidney tissues of Fabry mice compared to wild type mice under 35 weeks of age. Along with the observation of miR-149-5p expression in Fabry disease cell models, these results indicate that the down-regulated miR-149-5p were related to the biological response of mesangial cells to lyso-Gb3 and also have influence to the transcriptional up-regulation of its target genes. These results suggest miR-149-5p might play important roles in the Fabry nephropathy.
The granites in the southern Gimcheon area can be divided into two parts, marginal hornblende biotite granodiorite (Mgd) and central biotite granodiorite to granite (Cgd). Mgd and Cgd are gray in color and display gradational contact relations and are mainly composed of coarse-grained and medium-grained rocks, respectively. Mgd has more frequent and larger mafic enclaves than Cgd, and the two granites partly show parallel foliation at thire contact with gneisses. From representative samples of the granites, K-Ar biotite ages of 197∼207 Ma were obtained. Considering the blocking temperature of biotite, it is suggested that the emplacement age of the granitic magma was probably late Triassic. The anorthite contents of plagioclases in Mgd display less variation than those of Cgd, indicating that Mgd crystallized within a narrow range of temperatures. In the Al$\_$total/-Mg diagram, the biotites from the granites plot within the subalkaline field, and the smooth slope indicates differentiation from a single magma. All amphiboles from the granites belong to magnesio-hornblende. The linear trends of major oxides, AFM and Ba-Sr-Rb indicate that Mgd and Cgd were fractionally differentiated from a single granitic magma body crystallizing from the margin inwards. The relations of modal (Qz+Af) vs. Op, K$_2$O vs. Na$_2$O, Fe$_2$$O_3$ vs. FeO, Fe$\^$+3/(Fe$\^$+3/+Fe$\^$+2/) and K/Rb vs. Rb/Sr show that they belong to I-type and magnetite-series granitic rocks developed by the progressive melting products of fixed sources. REE data, normalized to chondrite value, have trends of enriched LREE and depleted HREE together with weakly negative Eu anomalies.
Kim, Geum-Jung;Yoon, Mi-Young;Kim, Heung-Tae;Choi, Gyung-Ja;Jang, Kyoung-Soo;Choi, Yong-Ho;Park, Myung-Soo;Cha, Byeong-Jin;Kim, Jin-Cheol
Research in Plant Disease
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v.15
no.2
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pp.120-126
/
2009
In the course of study on the roles of phytotoxins in the pathogenicity of Botrytis cinerea, we isolated two novel phytotoxins. They were identified as 3-O-acetyl botcinol and 3-O-acetyl botcinolide. In this study, we investigated correlation between the two phytotoxins and the pathogenicity of B. cinerea. In liquid cultures, the two phytotoxins were not produced by three low pathogenic isolates out of 25 B. cinerea isolates. Among strong or moderate pathogenic isolates, some produced the two phytotoxins, but the others did not. On the other hand, the ethyl acetate extracts of fermentation broths of 10 out of 25 isolates showed phytotoxic activity against various plants tested in a whole plant assay. The phytotoxins were detected in all of the 10 phytotoxic ethyl acetate extracts. In planta, the two phytotoxins were detected in all of the plant tissues infected with strong pathogenic isolates. However, there was no correlation between the ability of B. cinerea isolates to produce the two phytotoxins and their pathogenicities. The two phytotoxins began to detect in tomato plant tissues infected with B. cinerea 2-16 at 3 days after inoculation, increased gradually till 4 days after inoculation, and then decreased. The above results suggest that 3-O-acetyl botcinol and 3-O-acetyl botcinolide are one of pathogenicity factors for B. cinerea, but not a primary determinant of its pathogenicity.
This study was carried out to estimate genetic correlations among broiler body weights for the selection of broiler breeders at early age, and to investigate the difference of growth rates between male and female in mixed-sex population of broiler from 2wks to 8 wks of age. A total of 1109 records were used in this study. the heritability estimates from combined variance components for 2-,4-, 6- and 8- weeks body weights were 0.32, 0.31, 0.35 and 0.29 respectively. Genetic correlations were 0.91 between 4wks and 8wks body weights, 0.94 between 6wks and 8wks body weights. Records obtained on 4wks and 8wks might be useful in a selection program to improve traits in 8wks broiler weight. Growth rates of male and female from nonlinear equations from 2wks to 8wks were shown differently in both linear and quadratic terms, Even though both sexes showed closely equal body weights at 2wks of age, they manifested great difference about 300g at 8wks of age. At all. ages roles were havier, grew at a faster than female. From this result it might be profitable either to select the combination of lines which has little sex effect or to rear male and female broiler separately up to the marketing body weights.
This experiment was conducted to describe the distribution of stable isotope Cd in the mine tailing and uncultivated soils derived from different parent rocks (Igneous rock, Metamorphic rock, and Sedimentary rock) as well as the movement of Cd isotopes from soil to plants, soybean and pepper. The results showed that there was no significant difference in isotopic ratios in soil among the eight kinds of stable isotope of Cd. However the relationship among isotopic ratios of stable isotope of Cd in soils were classified to four types, linear type between $Cd^{106}/Cd^{111}$ and $Cd^{108}/Cd^{111}$, quadratic type between $Cd^{114}/Cd^{108}$ and $Cd^{111}/Cd^{110}$, reverse quadratic type between $Cd^{110}/Cd^{116}$ and $Cd^{108}/Cd^{116}$, and cluster type between $Cd^{110}/Cd^{113}$ and $Cd^{116}/Cd^{113}$. While the individual stable isotopes of Cd in root were remained except on the plot of pepper without mine tailing application. $Cd^{116}$, $Cd^{114}$, and $Cd^{112}$ played active roles among other stable isotopic Cds in bean and red pepper, and $Cd^{116}$ was ranked the highest abundance ratio. Contrary to crop itself, the abundance ratios of $Cd^{116}$ in bean and read pepper roots were decreased, and the ones of other Cds were relatively increased.
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