• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.587-595
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• 2018

This research investigated the characteristics of NO and $NO_2$ concentration at roadside (Choryangdong) and residential (Sujeongdong) locations in Busan. The NO concentration at roadside and residential were 34.7 and 8.0 ppb, respectively, and $NO_2$ at roadside and residential were 31.6 and $18.0ppb\;{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. The NO concentration was the highest in winter at roadside at 37.1 ppb, followed by 35.0 ppb and 34.0 ppb in summer and fall, respectively. $NO_2$ concentration was the highest in spring at roadside at 39.6 ppb, followed by 30.4 ppb and 28.3 ppb in fall and winter, respectively. Number of exceedances per year of 1 hr limit value (0.10 ppm) for $NO_2$ at roadside and residential were 3,585 and 3 hours, respectively. Number of exceedances per year of 24 hr limit value (0.06 ppm) for $NO_2$ at roadside and residential were 32 and 1 days, respectively. Number of exceedances per year of 1 hr limit value (0.1 ppm) for $O_3$ at roadside and residential were 1 and 14 days, respectively. These results indicated that understanding the relationship between roadside and residential could provide insight into establishing a strategy to control urban air quality.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.27-38
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• 2003

This study aimed to provide basic data for future management of roadside trees by analyzing problems associated with plantation and management of roadside trees through categorization of functions and organizational structure, plantation and management, and management regulations and generating improvement opportunities based on the result of a survey on the awareness of government officials who are directly in charge of managing roadside trees in 31 cities & counties within Kyonggi province. The summary of key results of this study is as follows. First, "roadside tree-related function" is still not considered to be independent. About a half of government officials in charge did not majored in this field and they spent only about "2.09hours", in average, in the roadside tree-related function out of 8 working hours per day. Second, regarding problems and improvement opportunities in roadside tree-related function, lack of time was considered to be the biggest problem in overall management of roadside trees. As for improvement opportunities, "increase of dedicated manpower" and "system development" to facilitate efficient processing were suggested. Third, an annual budget for roadside tree-related affairs was merely 92 million won per city/county. A registry for management of roadside trees was kept manually. As for the roles of roadside trees, improvement of landscape and securing of green area itself were valued highly. Fourth, Ginkgo biloba, Zelkova serrata, and Prunus yedoensis were suggested to be the most appropriate species for roadside tree and Platanus occidentalis, Populus albaglandulosa, Populus euramericana, and Robinia pseudo-acacia were mentioned to be the least appropriate species.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.93-103
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• 2000

This research is to propose a rational criterion of the selection and the management f the roadside trees, and to establish the planting design and system with the objective of improving the roadside environment. All of the roadside trees in each objective courses in Kangnung, and the soil disposition, hardness of the soil in the planting areas have been investigated. Also, we have surveyed the kinds of the trees which kandgnung inhabitants want. The conclusion is as follows Most of roadsides have trees, but they need the introduction of shrubs or ground covering plants according to the locations and the environmental conditions. We have selected nineteen species in regard to the roadside tree criterion and the growing conditions living in Kangnung. It is desirable that we make banding style planting space between each roadside tree to improve the low ratio of green coverage. We have found out that Ligustrum obtusifolium, Buxus micropnylla, Euonymus japonica, Rhododendron schlippenbachii, Phyllostachys nigro and Rosa rugosa, ect. are suitable. In order to soften and weaken the rigidity of the hard substances on a paved roadside, the climbers such as the perennial herbaceous flowering and hedera rhombea should be preferred rather than annual herbaceous flowering because of curtailment of expenditure. To posses a systematical greenery frame in kangnung, we have planned a planting design system that would expand the greenery space every year. Moreover, we have to make a plan to overcome space restrictions. We have established a flexible plan considering the roadside conditions and the improved standard planting methods with an ultimate aim to create a special roadside view.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.577-586
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• 2018

This research investigated the characteristics of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ concentration at roadside (Choryangdong) and residential (Sujeongdong) locations in Busan. The $PM_{10}$ concentration at roadside and residential locations were 50.5 and $42.9{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively, and $PM_{2.5}$ at roadside and residential were 28.1 and $23.9{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. The roadside/residential ratio of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ concentration were 1.18, and the $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ ratio at roadside and residential were 0.55 and 0.56, respectively. The $PM_{10}$ concentration in spring at roadside were $64.6{\mu}g/m^3$, and were the highest, followed by $48.0{\mu}g/m^3$ and $45.2{\mu}g/m^3$ in winter and summer. Number of exceedances per year of the daily limit value for $PM_{10}$ at roadside and residential were 66 and 39 days, respectively. The $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ concentration, and $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ ratio at roadside were $53.0{\mu}g/m^3$, $29.0{\mu}g/m^3$ and 0.55 for day, and $45.5{\mu}g/m^3$, $26.7{\mu}g/m^3$ and 0.59 for night, respectively. These results indicate that understanding the relationship between roadside and residential could provide insight into establishing a strategy to control urban air quality.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2018

For a systematic research of the history of Chinese roadside trees, this study analyzed various ancient writings of China according to following topics; the philosophical backgrounds and diverse species of Chinese roadside trees in different periods, as well as the management systems and existent remains of ancient Chinese roadside trees. The analyses draw the following conclusion. First, the thoughts from Lao-tzu, Chuang-tzu, Mo-tzu, Mencius and Guan-tzu from Hundred Schools of Thought of Warring States Period had laid certain impact on the fundamental attitude of the Chinese roadside tree management system. Secondly, various and different species of Roadside Trees were planted from each time period: amongst all, Willow trees were the most common, and Pine trees to be the next common. Besides, fruit trees such as peach trees and plum trees had been largely selected as roadside trees from the Zhou dynasty to the Ming dynasty. Thirdly, the names of roadside trees and the government officials who managed the roadside trees were different in each era. Fourthly, the oldest existent remain of roadside trees in China, which dates back over 2000 years, is located in Jiange Cuiyun Corridor of Sichuan province.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.83-89
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• 2016

As the world's industrial development quickens, the highways and regional expressways have been expanding to serve the logistics and transportation needs of people. The burgeoning road construction has led to a growing interest in roadside installations. These must have reliable performance over long periods, reduced maintenance and high durability. Steel roadside barriers are prone to corrosion and other compromises to their functionality. Therefore, using high anti-corrosion steel material is now seen as a viable solution to this problem. Thus, the objective of this paper is to expand the scope of applications for high anti-corrosion steel material for roadside barriers. This paper assesses the impact safety such as structural performance, occupant protection performance and post-impact vehicular response performance by a simulation review on roadside barriers built with high strength anti-corrosion steel materials named as hot-dip zinc-aluminium-magnesium alloy-coated steel. The simulation test results for the roadside barriers built with high strength anti-corrosion steels with reduced sectional thickness meet the safety evaluation criteria, hence the proposed roadside barrier made by high strength and high anti-corrosion hot-dip zinc-aluminium-magnesium alloy-coated steel will be a good solution to serve safe impact performance as well as save maintenance cost.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.157-164
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• 2017

Roadside native vegetation provides important habitat for plants and animals, and provides visual amenity and beauty for drivers and rural areas. In particular, native wildflowers create and maintain attractive landscaping and scenic vistas while help protect and restore the natural environment. However, it is lacking in government policies and guidelines about using native wildflowers for roadside vegetation and alien invasive plants are a major threat to our environment. The purpose of this study is to review the regulations and programs for roadside vegetation, especially native wildflowers in USA in order to learn lessons about developing wildflower policies in Korea. A summary of results follows: (1) the goals of roadside vegetation have been shifted from beautification for pleasant driving experience to sustainable and economical maintenance. (2) Various funds and laws by federal and local government are essential for native wildflower planting and roadside enhancement. (3) Ongoing projects on seed collection and seed banking of native plants are conducted by wildflower research centers to conserve and propagate endangered plants. (4) Recognizing that wildflower viewing holds tremendous potential, increasing local governments try to grow wildflower tourism for economic benefits. In conclusion, we should establish a long-range plan and regulations on roadside wildflowers planting in order to create safe and sustainable transportation corridors in Korea. In addition, more research on wildflower habitat and propagation should be warranted and landscape architects should play a definitive role in providing pleasant driving experiences and promoting wildflower tourism.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.173-180
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• 2016

OBJECTIVES : Fixed roadside objects are a threat to drivers when their vehicles deviate from the road. Therefore, such roadside objects need to be suitably dealt with to decrease accidents. This study determines the factors affecting the severity of accidents because of fixed roadside objects. METHODS : This study analyzed the crash severity impact of fixed roadside objects by using ordered probit regression as the analysis methodology. In this research, data from 896 traffic accidents reported in the last three years were used. These accidents consisted of sole-car accidents, fixed roadside object accidents, and lane-departure accidents on the national highway of Korea. The accident severity was classified as light injury, severe injury, and death. The factors relating to the road and the driver were collected as independent variables. RESULTS : The result of the analysis showed that the variables of the crash severity impact are the collision location (left side), gender of the driver (female), alcohol use, collision facility (roadside trees, traffic signals, telephone poles), and type of road (rural segments). Additionally, the collision location (left side), gender of the driver (female), alcohol use, collision facility (street trees, traffic signals, telephone poles), and type of road (rural segments), in order of influence, were found to be the factors affecting the crash severity in accidents due to fixed roadside objects. CONCLUSIONS : An alternative solution is urgently required to reduce the crash severity in accidents due to fixed roadside objects. Such a solution can consider the appropriate places to install breakaway devices and energy-absorbing systems.

• Environmental Sciences Bulletin of The Korean Environmental Sciences Society
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.25-29
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• 2000

The present study evaluated the body burden of aromatic VOCs in roadside and underground storekeepers. The Method Detection Limit(MDL) of the analytical system ranged from 0.2 to 0.4$\mu\textrm{g}$/m3 for the target VOCs. The recovery of the sampling system for the compounds was above 80%. For all the target compounds, the breath concentrations of the smokes were similar to or slightly higher than those of the nonsmokers for both the roadside and underground storekeepers. For Ethylbenzene, p-Xylene, and o-Xylene, the breath concentrations of the underground storekeepers were somewhat higher than those of the roadside storekeepers. In contrast, the breath m-xylene concentration of underground storekeepers was similar to that of roadside storekeepers. For both the roadside and underground storekeepers, the breath concentrations prior to and after work were not significantly different.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.107-116
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• 2011

One of the major factors which increase urban temperature is roads. This paper is aimed to investigate the effect of urban roadside vegetation on the road surface temperature. For this, surface temperature was measured at 18 spots using the thermal imaging camera in terms of road components including use of roadside land use, roadway, sidewalk, roadside vegetation and vegetation median barrier. The size of the roadside vegetation and related urban road characteristics were also measured. In terms of the effect of roadside vegetation on a decrease in road surface temperature, the roadside land use as a green area or open space was the highest, followed by the size of vegetation median barrier and the size of roadside vegetation. Besides road surroundings, an increase in the green zone such as roadside vegetation and median strip vegetation has a significant impact on lowering road surface temperature. Therefore, a good solution for reducing urban heat island effects would be to increase the area of roadside vegetation and green areas along roads.