• Explosives and Blasting
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.75-82
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• 2006

Most of limestone mines in Korea have been developed by a open-cut mining method in consideration of a deposited condition of ore, ore recovery, safety, economic efficiency, etc.. But it has produced environmental problems such as dust flying, blasting noise & vibration, and spoil of farmlands due to slope failure of waste rock mass caused by access road construction, fragmentation & crush of rocks, blasting, transportation, and mineral processing. In this study, it has been suggested for measures to reduce mine hazards caused by open- cut mining of limestone nines.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.91-101
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• 2020

Stormwater runoff is known as a major non-point water pollution source that transports heavy metals, which have accumulated in road surface, to stream and coastal area. Dissolved and particulate metals in stormwater runoffs have been investigated to understand the outflow characteristics of heavy metals during rainfall events and to identify their pollution sources. The concentration of dissolved Co and Ni decreased after the outflow with high concentrations at the beginning of the rainfall, and other metals showed different characteristics depending on the rainfall and rate of discharge. Particulate metals showed a similar trend with the temporal variation of suspended solids concentration in stormwater runoffs. The results of geo-accumulation index (I_geo) indicated that the stormwater runoffs from industrial region were very highly polluted with Cu, Zn and Cd. As a result of comparing the metal concentrations of <125 ㎛ for road dust near the study area, Cu, Zn and Cd were originated from inside of metal manufacturing facilities rather than traffic activities at road surface and these metals accumulated on the surface area of facilities were transported to the water environments during stormwater event. The average discharged amounts of heavy metals for one rainfall event were Cr 128 g, Co 12.35 g, Ni 98.5 g, Cu 607.5 g, Zn 8,429.5 g, As 6.95 g, Cd 3.7 g, Pb 251.75 g, indicating that metal runoff loads in the stormwater runoffs are closely related to surrounding industry types.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.143-157
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• 2021

International organizations such as the World Health Organization, the Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation, and major developed countries recognize the seriousness of air pollution. International organizations such as the International Maritime Organization have also implemented various regulations to reduce air pollution from ships. In line with this international trend, the government has also enacted a special law on improving air quality in port areas, and is making efforts to reduce air pollution caused by ports. The purpose of the Special Act is to implement comprehensive policies to improve air quality in port areas. This study sought to identify the emissions of each source of air pollutants originating from the port and prepare basic data on setting the policy priorities. To this end, the analysis was conducted in six categories: ships, vehicles, loading and unloading equipment, railways, unloading/wild ash dust, road ash dust, and the methodology presented by the European Environment Agency(EEA) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency(EPA). The pollutants subject to analysis were analyzed for carbon monoxide(CO), nitrogen oxides (NOX), sulfur oxides(SOX), total airborne materials(TSP), particulate matter(PM10, PM2.5), and ammonia(NH3). The analysis showed a total of 7,122 tons of emissions. By substance, NOX accounted for the largest portion of 5,084 tons, followed by CO (984 tons), SOX (530 tons), and TSP (335 tons). By source of emissions, ships accounted for the largest portion with 4,107 tons, followed by vehicles with 2,622 tons, showing high emissions. This proved to be the main cause of port air pollution, with 57.6% and 36.8% of total emissions, respectively, suggesting the need for countermeasures against these sources.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.34-46
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• 2021

In order to accelerate the commercialization of self-driving cars, it is necessary to accurately identify the causes of deteriorating the driving safety of the current self-driving cars and try to improve them. This study conducted a questionnaire survey of experts studying autonomous driving in Korea to identify the causes of problems in the driving safety of autonomous vehicles and the level of autonomous driving technology in Korea. As a result of the survey, the construction section, heavy rain/heavy snow conditions, fine dust conditions, and the presence of potholes were less satisfied with the current technology level than their importance, and thus priority research and development was required. Among them, the failure of road/road facilities and the performance of the sensor itself in the construction section and the porthole, and the performance of the sensor and the absence of an algorithm were the most responsible for the situation connected to the weather. In order to realize safe autonomous driving as soon as possible, it is necessary to continuously identify and resolve the causes that hinder the driving safety of autonomous vehicles.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.154-166
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• 2009

In this study, 1-hour integrated $PM_{2.5}$ mass and chemical composition concentrations were monitored at the St. Louis-Midwest Supersite in Illinois. Time-resolved samples were collected one week in each of June 2001 (22 June to 28 June), November 2001 (7 November to 13 November), and March 2002 (19 March to 25 March). A total of 427 samples were collected by CAMM (continuous ambient mass monitor) and 15 compounds were analyzed by AAS, PILS (particle-into-liquid sampler), and TOT (thermal optical transmittance) method. PMF was applied to identify the sources and apportion the $PM_{2.5}$ mass to each source for highly time resolved data. In addition, the nonparametric regression (NPR) was applied to identify the predominant directions of local sources relative to wind direction. Also, this study performed compare the NPR analysis and location of actual local point sources at the St. Louis area. The PMF modeling identified nine sources and the average mass was apportioned to gasoline vehicle, road dust, zinc smelter, copper production, secondary sulfate, diesel emission, secondary nitrate, iron+steel, and lead smelter, respectively. These results suggested that this study results will be help for $PM_{2.5}$ source apportionment studies at similar metropolitan area, establish $PM_{2.5}$ standard, and establish effective emissions reduction strategies in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.219-236
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• 2009

Particle-phase organic tracers (molecular markers) have been shown to be an effective method to assess and quantify the impact of sources of carbonaceous aerosols. These molecular markers have been used in chemical mass balance (CMB) models to apportion primary sources of organic aerosols in regions where the major organic aerosol source categories have been identified. As in the case of all CMB models, all important sources of the tracer compounds must be included in a Molecular Marker CMB (MM-CMB) model or the MMCMB model can be subject to biases. To this end, the application of the MM-CMB models to locations where reasonably accurate emissions inventory of organic aerosols are not available, should be performed with extreme caution. Of great concern is the potential presence of industrial point sources that emit carbonaceous aerosols and have not been well characterized or inventoried. The current study demonstrates that emissions from industrial point sources in the St. Louis, Missouri area can greatly bias molecular marker CMB models if their emissions are not correctly addressed. At a sampling site in the greater St. Louis Area, carbonaceous aerosols from industrial point sources were found to be important source of carbonaceous aerosols during specific time periods in addition to common urban sources (i.e. mobile sources, wood burning, and road dust). Since source profiles for these industrial sources have not been properly characterized, method to identify time periods when point sources are impacting a sampling site, needs to avoid obtaining biases source apportionment results. The use of real time air pollution measurements, along with molecular marker measurements, as a screening tool to identify when point sources are impacting a receptor site is presented.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.163-176
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• 1998

In this study, airborne particle samples were obtained to determine the concentrations of particulate air pollutants in indoor and outdoor air of public facilities in Taegu area. Total of 12 public facilities, regulated by the Public Sanitary Law, were selected as sampling sites, which include three underground arcades, one railway and two bus terminals, three general hospitals, and three department stores. In each place, sampling was carried out seasonally during the period of October 1994 to July 1995, and four samples per each site per season were collected both indoors and outdoors simultaneously. After determination of suspended particulate matter (SPM) mass concentrations, the particle samples were divided into two parts for subsequent chemical analysis: one for the analysis of trace elements and the other for water soluble ions. Seasonal levels of SPM appeared to be the highest in spring and the lowest in summer both indoors and outdoors, while locational variations of highest in statioyterminals, and lowest in department stores . SPM concentrations indoors and outdoors did not show any significant differences each other in most places . However, there were significant correlations between indoor and outdoor levels of SPM and other chemical species . These results indicates that indoor SPM levels are likely to be significantly affected by outdoor sources in many places. The most significant source of SPM was estimated to be the resuspension of soil/road dust both indoors and outdoors . The concentrations of toxic heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu) in underground arcades appeared to be very much lower than the established air quality guidelines for underground environments. In addition, it is likely that micro-environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, and air velocity, play a less significant role than outdoor air quality as a factor affecting the levels of particulate pollutants in indoor environments of public facilities in Taegu area.

• Advances in Energy Research
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.179-205
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• 2017

This research presents an in-depth analysis of location planning of the solar-hydrogen power plants for electricity production in different cities situated in Kerman province of Iran. Ten cities were analyzed in order to select the most suitable location for the construction of a solar-hydrogen power plant utilizing photovoltaic panels. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) methodology was applied to prioritize cities for installing the solar-hydrogen power plant so that one candidate location was selected for each city. Different criteria including population, distance to main road, flood risk, wind speed, sunshine hours, air temperature, humidity, horizontal solar irradiation, dust, and land costare used for the analysis. From the analysis, it is found that among the candidates' cities, the site of Lalezar is ranked as the first priority for the solar-hydrogen system development. A measure of validity is obtained when results of the DEA method are compared with the results of the technique for ordering preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS). Applying TOPSIS model, it was found that city of Lalezar ranked first, and Rafsanjan gained last priority for installing the solar-hydrogen power plants. Cities of Baft, Sirjan, Kerman, Shahrbabak, Kahnouj, Shahdad, Bam, and Jiroft ranked second to ninth, respectively. The validity of the DEA model is compared with the results of TOPSIS and it is demonstrated that the two methods produced similar results. The solar-hydrogen power plant is considered for installation in the city of Lalezar. It is demonstrated that installation of the proposed solar-hydrogen system in Lalezar can lead to yearly yield of 129 ton-H2 which covers 4.3% of total annual energy demands of the city.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.523-533
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• 2011

This study had the aim of characteristics of $PM_{10}$ in subway cabins. $PM_{10}$ was measured by times of day (rush and non rush hours) and seasons with real time $PM_{10}$ sampler on the subway cabins of line 7. Filter samples were collected for evaluation of their elemental composition as well as identification of major sources of $PM_{10}$ using a receptor model, PMF. $PM_{10}$ concentration were the highest in the winter season both in the rush and non rush hours at 152.8 ${\mu}g/m^3$, 90.2 ${\mu}g/m^3$ respectively. The $PM_{10}$ concentrations in rush hour were 30% higher compared to non rush hours. Based on the chemical information, the composition rare of inorganic elements was 52.5%, anions were 10.2% and others were 37.3%. Fe was the most abundant element and significantly correlated (p.0.01) with Mn (r=0.97), Ti (r=0.91), Cr (r=0.88), Ni (r=0.89) and Cu (r=0.88). Characterized $PM_{10}$ sources by PMF in the cabin were soil and road dust related sources (27.2%), railroad related sources (47.5%), secondary nitrate sources (16.2%) and a Cl-factor mixed with a secondary sulfate source (9.1%).

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.201-213
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• 2002

Chemical analyzes were carried out the samples from roadsides of the Gwangju city. The purpose of this research is to investigate the concentrations and distribution patterns of heavy metals due to urbanization and industrialization in the Gwangju city This study area is not significantly contaminated based on the concentrations of Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn. However, the concentrations of the chemical elements analyzed are locally higher than those of serious contamination level indicated by Ministry of environment. The dust pH is in the rage of 5.60-7.09 and was generally neutral, and there are no difference in pollution area and nonpollution area. Chemical analyses utilized are dilution by 0.1N HCl. In result of analysis by the method using 0.1N HCl, concentrations of Cd and Cu are a little high in Gwangchondong of Seo-Gu. Concentrations of Mn and Pb are a little high in Buk-Gu and Nam-gu, and Concentrations of Zn are generally higher than average of soils. Zn, in the study area, keeps polluting greatly as Zn concentration of average is 150.9ppm. All of P.I values are lower than 1, it means heavy metal pollution is not serious.