• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.139-144
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• 2016

When, Software is developed, Applying development methods considering security, it is generated the problem of additional cost. These additional costs are caused not consider security in many developing organization. Even though, proceeding the developments, considering security, lack of ways to get the cost of handling the vulnerability throughput within the given cost. In this paper, propose a method for calculating the vulnerability throughput for using a security vulnerability processed cost-effectively. In the proposed method focuses on the implementation phase of the software development phase, leveraging static analysis tools to find security vulnerabilities in CWE TOP25. The found vulnerabilities are define risk, transaction costs, risk costs and defines the processing priority. utilizing the information in the CWE, Calculating a consumed cost in a detected vulnerability processed through a defined priority, and controls the vulnerability throughput in the input cost. When applying the method, it is expected to handle the maximum risk of vulnerability in the input cost.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.133-138
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• 2010

Conceptual cost is estimated with insufficient information at an early stage of a building construction project, resulting in an inevitable gap between conceptual estimated cost and real constructed cost. For a project to be successful, this gap must be managed to be lower than a reliable level. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to propose a structural process for managing the reliability of conceptual cost estimates at an early stage of a building construction project. In researching this study, conceptual cost estimate experts were interviewed,and a risk management process was studied. Reliability assessment and a review process for improving the quality of conceptual cost estimate and the planning strategy of reliability management based on previous similar projects were added to the present estimate process. The proposed reliability management process will improve the chances of a successful project, by helping to decrease the risk of conceptual estimated cost.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.52-60
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• 2021

Due to the significant size of overseas construction projects, the cost overrun has enormous impacts on the financial status of construction companies. The managers' appropriate perception and identification of key risk factors in the construction phase notably affect the performance of projects. However, the actual impacts of risk factors and local manager' s perception of them could be deviated. For this reason, we aim to compare the performance of actual cases and general opinions of responsible practitioners in terms of risk factors relevant to cost overruns in order to present a practical strategy for risk management. Firstly, factors classified from literature review were used to simulate 290 cost overruns data sets from 20 cases by introducing Monte-Carlo Simulation and were ranked by standardized coefficients through multiple regression analysis. Secondly, a survey was conducted against 42 local managers to rank their perception of impact on cost overrun with identical factors by using Stepwise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA). Comparison results show that conflicts such as 'conflict with subcontractors' and 'conflict with the local community' have caused excessive cost overrun. However, managers' perception of these as less significant than the actual influences and consider other risks such as 'material price fluctuation' and 'construction quality errors', as relatively serious. Therefore, education for local managers on conflict risks needs to be presented.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.162-167
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• 2011

Construction projects are full of risks. This is particularly the case in civil construction projects that are often featured with large scale, complexity and involving a large number of participating parties. The eventuation of risks typically results in extended project durations leading to an increase in the total project budget. The consequence can be amplified considering the significant impacts of civil construction projects on the society, from economical, environmental and social perspectives. This research investigates the significance of risks within civil construction projects and approaches to deal with risks. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with local industry practitioners in South Australia on this matter. It is found that the industry is fairly aware of risks associated with civil construction projects and subsequently has procedures in place to attempt to minimize the impacts of these risks on the project outcomes. The interview results also indicate that there is limited utilization of software for the risk management purpose from the cost estimation perspective.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.69-77
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• 2009

Recently, a research of the urban regeneration has been performed very actively. This is one of the efforts to resolve various social and economic problems coming from the existing deteriorated building and facilities by new urban development or redevelopment. However, an urban regeneration has a characteristic to be unable to ensure the project performance due to the exposed numerous risks coming from the various and complex stake-holders, and its mega sizes. This paper proposes the method of risk performance index in order to improve an efficiency of performance measurement expanding to the risk view point from the existing integrated cost/schedule performance measurement. A risk performance index is compatible with the existing EVMS, and can make the performance measurement in 3 dimensions of the integrated cost/schedule/risk with 18 sub-indexes and variables.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.123-132
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• 2012

PURPOSES: This study is to investigate the consideration which relates with a disaster from route alignment process and proposed the method it will be able to evaluate a disaster danger fixed quantity. METHODS: Use the landslide disaster probabilistic map of GIS based and in about landslide occurrence of the route alignment at the time of neighboring area after evaluating a risk fixed quantity, it compared LCC expense in about each alternative route. It developed the system it will be able to analyze a LCC and a disaster risk in about the alternative route. In order to verify a risk analytical algorithm and the system which are developed it selected national road 59 lines on the demonstrative route and it analyzed a disaster risk. RESULTS: Demonstrative route not only the disaster risk to be it will be able to compare a disaster risk fixed quantity like the economical efficiency degree in compliance with LCC expense productions it compared and there being the designer will be able to decide the alternative route, it confirmed. CONCLUSIONS: Roads can be designed by considering occurs repeatedly landslides and debris flow caused by disasters in advance and expect to be able to effect that can reduce the overall cost to recover losses caused by the disaster, and temporally loss is expected.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 1992

Proper resource allocation is also a very important topic in power system problems, especially in operation and planning. One such is optimal maintenance problem in operation and planning. Least cost and highest reliability should be the subjects to be pursued. A probabilistic operation simulation model developed recently by authors is applied to the proboem of optimal maintenance scheduling. Three different methods are compared, marginal maintenance cost, levelized risk and maintenance space. The method by the marginal maintenance costs shows the least cost, the highest reliability and the highest maintenance outage rates. This latter characteristics may considerably influence the results of genetation planning, because the usual maintenance outages obtained from the other methods have shown to be lower.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.84-92
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• 2020

Most facilities in chemical plants operate in environments that are outside the range of temperature and pressure that can be encountered on a daily basis, and are vulnerable to aging due to these stresses and environmental conditions. The facilities exposed to these conditions are not only likely to fail due to cumulative damage, but also lead to accidents if maintenance and replacement are not performed.Recommendation guidelines called risk-based inspection are widely used around the world-wide. However, limits exist for facilities that have already elapsed for a certain. As a result of the survey on the aging of Ulsan industrial complex in Korea, which carries out proper inspection, many of the facilities have been used for 20 years. Also, most of the facilities where the accident occurred have been in operation for more than 20 years. Therefore, this study suggested criteria for classifying devices that have exceeded a certain period of use as obsolete facilities. In addition, quantitative risk assessment was conducted. The safety investment method using the cost-benefit analysis method was proposed in order to calculate the loss cost and reduce the risk by expressing the risks of the corresponding aged facility as an Economic index. By utilizing the method of cost-benefit analysis of old facilities using the quantitative risk assessment presented in this study, it can be expected to improve the performance and life of old facilities, improve production efficiency and reliability of the system of facilities, change the recognition of safety management costs, increase employee stability, and reduce loss costs.

• Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.398-406
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• 2018

Objective: Hospitalization of patients with delirium after visiting the emergency department (ED) is often required. However, the readmission risk after discharge from the ED should also be considered. This study aimed to explore whether (i) immediate hospitalization influences the readmission risk of patients with delirium; (ii) the readmission risk is affected by various risk factors; and (iii) the healthcare cost differs between groups within 28 days of the first ED visit. Methods: Using the National Health Insurance Research Database, the data of 2,780 subjects presenting with delirium at an ED visit from 2000 to 2008 were examined. The readmission risks of the groups of patients (i.e., patients who were and were not admitted within 24 hours of an ED visit) within 28 days were compared, and the effects of the severities of different comorbidities (using Charlson's comorbidity index, CCI), age, gender, diagnosis and differences in medical healthcare cost were analyzed. Results: Patients without immediate hospitalization had a higher risk of readmission within 3, 7, 14, or 28 days of discharge from the ED, especially subjects with more severe comorbidities ($CCI{\geq}3$) or older patients (${\geq}65years$). Subjects with more severe comorbidities or older subjects who were not admitted immediately also incurred a greater healthcare cost for re-hospitalization within the 28-day follow-up period. Conclusion: Patients with delirium with a higher CCI or of a greater age should be carefully considered for immediate hospitalization from ED for further examination in order to reduce the risk of re-hospitalization and cost of healthcare.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.400-403
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: By the year 2050, thirty-eight percent of the Korean population will be over the age of 65. Health care costs for Koreans over age 65 reached 15.4 trillion Korean won in 2011, accounting for a third of the total health care costs for the population. Chronic degenerative diseases, including coronary heart disease (CHD), drive long-term health care costs at an alarming annual rate. In the elderly population, loss of independence is one of the main reasons for this increase in health care costs. Korean heath policies place a high priority on the prevention of CHD because it is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This evidence-based study aims to the estimate potential health care cost savings resulting from the daily intake of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation. Potential cost savings associated with a reduced risk of CHD and the medical costs potentially avoided through risk reduction, including hospitalizations and physician services, were estimated using a Congressional Budget Office cost accounting methodology. RESULTS: The estimate of the seven-year (2005-2011) net savings in medical costs resulting from a reduction in the incidence of CHD among the elderly population through the daily use of omega-3 fatty acids was approximately 210 billion Korean won. Approximately 92,997 hospitalizations due to CHD could be avoided over the seven years. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that omega-3 supplementation in older individuals may yield substantial cost-savings by reducing the risk of CHD. It should be noted that additional health and cost benefits need to be revisited and re-evaluated as more is known about possible data sources or as new data become available.