• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.293-299
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• 2007

Intelligent pipeline inspection gauges (PIGs) are inspection vehicles that move along within a (gas or oil) pipeline and acquire signals (also called sensor data) from their surrounding rings of sensors. By analyzing the signals captured in intelligent PIGs, we can detect pipeline defects, such as holes and curvatures and other potential causes of gas explosions. There are two major data access patterns apparent when an analyzer accesses the pipeline signal data. The first is a sequential pattern where an analyst reads the sensor data one time only in a sequential fashion. The second is the repetitive pattern where an analyzer repeatedly reads the signal data within a fixed range; this is the dominant pattern in analyzing the signal data. The existing PIG software reads signal data directly from the server at every user#s request, requiring network transfer and disk access cost. It works well only for the sequential pattern, but not for the more dominant repetitive pattern. This problem becomes very serious in a client/server environment where several analysts analyze the signal data concurrently. To tackle this problem, we devise a fast in-memory cache manager, called T-Cache, by considering pipeline sensor data as multiple time-series data and by efficiently caching the time-series data at T-Cache. To the best of the authors# knowledge, this is the first research on caching pipeline signals on the client-side. We propose a new concept of the signal cache line as a caching unit, which is a set of time-series signal data for a fixed distance. We also provide the various data structures including smart cursors and algorithms used in T-Cache. Experimental results show that T-Cache performs much better for the repetitive pattern in terms of disk I/Os and the elapsed time. Even with the sequential pattern, T-Cache shows almost the same performance as a system that does not use any caching, indicating the caching overhead in T-Cache is negligible.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.25-44
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• 1974

In the present paper I described the results of the observations made on the visual characteristics such as the annual ring width and summerwood percentage of Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc. grown at out university forest. The results of the study are as follows: Characteristics of annual ring width and summerwood percentage 1. The range of dispersion of annual ring width and summerwood percentage are respectively 0.5-6.5mm and 5-50% on the normal wood and its arithmetic mean values are each 3.0mm and 24% on all sample trees. 2. The values of annual ring width of heart wood are larger than that of sapwood but on the contrary the values of summerwood percentage of heartwood are smaller than that of sapwood. On the other hand variations of these values are distingushed on the heartwood. 3. The values of annual ring width due to the parts of stem with crown. with clear length and at bottom showed that the largest values are given at the parts of stem with crown. But on the contrary the summerwood percentage values are largest at the parts of stem at bottom on all sample trees. 4. The values of annual ring width and summerwood percentage depending on the stand sides are not obvious. Horizontal and vertical variations of annual ring width and summerwood percentage 5. It was recognized that horizontal (radial direction) variations of annual ring width and summerwood percentage indicated two different patterns (the region of large fluctuation and that of small fluctuation) in a tree stem. These boundaries are seemed to appear at the parts of 12-15 annual rings from pith. 6. According to the increase of height in tree the values of annual ring width increase but the values of summerwood percentage gradually decrease. 7. But vertical variations of annual ring width and summerwood percentage on the sapwood are divided into two different parts (region of increased or decreased upwards and that of remained constant in successive height) in a tree stem and these limits are seemed to appear at the 7m of height in trees. Relations between annual ring width and summerwood percentage 8. The modes of summerwood percentage related with annual ring width are seemed to appear almost in the definite range (10-25%). 9. The relations between annual ring width and summerwood percentage show a highly negatine correlation on all sample trees.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.463-471
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• 2016

A shear strength model for the high-shear ring anchor consisting of a steel ring and a rod was developed based on the shear tests on single high-shear ring anchors. The shear strength was found to be proportional to $f_{ck}{^{0.75}}$ which is a similar characteristic to the strength of shear connectors used in composite structures. The effects of the compressive strength of concrete, edge distance, and embedment length of rod are included in the proposed model. Comparison with 22 tests shows that the average and the coefficient of variation of test-to-prediction ratios are 1.01 and 7.57%, respectively. Push tests on the specimens having four high-shear ring anchors at each face were conducted and the measured shear strengths were compared with the predictions by the proposed model. For the specimen with an edge distance of 100 mm, a splitting failure occurred and for the specimens with an edge distance of 150 mm, a failure mode mixed with splitting and bearing occurred, which were very similar to the failures of shear tests on single high-shear ring anchors. In case of a splitting failure, the overlap of failure surfaces could be prevented by providing the longitudinal spacing of 400 mm which is four times of the edge distance. In case of a bearing failure, the failure area is less than 150 mm from the center of the anchor and therefore the overlap of failure surfaces could be prevented by providing the longitudinal spacing of 200 mm. The average of the test-to-prediction ratios of Push tests is 98%, which means that the proposed mode can be applied to predict the shear strength of the multiple high-shear rings.

• Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.31-40
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• 2019

We study the internal structure under the artificial mountain of Heumkyeonggak-nu, a Korean water-powered clock in the early Joseon dynasty. All the puppets on the artificial mountain are driven by the rotational force generated by the water wheel at their designated time. We design a model that work with three parts of the artificial mountain. At the upper part of the artificial mountain to the east, west, north and south, there are four puppets called the Four Mystical Animal Divinity and four ladies called the Jade Lady respectively. The former rotates a quarter every double hour and the latter rings the bell every hour. In the middle part of this mountain is the timekeeping platform with four puppets; the Timekeeping Official (Hour Jack), the Bell-, Drum-, and Gong-Warriors. The Hour Jack controls time with three warriors each hitting his own bell, drum, and gong, respectively. In the plain there are 12 Jade Lady puppets (the lower ladies) combined with 12 Oriental Animal Deity puppets. In his own time a lady doll pops out of the hole and her animal doll gets up. Two hours later, the animal deity lies down and his lady hides in the artificial plain. These puppets are regularly moved by the signal such as iron balls, bumps, levers, and so on. We can use balls and bumps to explain the concept of the Jujeon system. Iron balls were used to manipulate puppets of the timekeeping mechanism in Borugak-nu, another Korean water-powered clock in Joseon dynasty, which was developed earlier than Heumgyeonggak-nu. According to the North Korea's previous study (Choi, 1974), it is obvious that bumps were used in the internal structure of Heumgyeonggak-nu. In 1669, The armillary clock made by Song, I-young was also utilized bumps. Finally we presented mock-ups of three timekeeping systems.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.119-127
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• 1991

The protonation and the metal ion complexation of 15 to 18 membered diaza crown ether such as 1,12-diaza-3, 4 : 9, 10-dibenzo-5, 8-dioxacyclopentadecane(NtnOenH$_4$), 1,13-diaza-3,4 : 10,11-dibenzo-hydroxy-5,9-dioxacyclohexadecane(NtnOtnH$_4$), 1,13-diaza-3,4 : 10,11-dibenzo-15-hydroxy-5,9-dioxacyclohexadecane(Ntn(OH)OtnH$_4$), 1,15-diaza-3,4 : 12,13-dibenzo-5,8,11-trioxacycloheptadecane (NenOdienH$_4$) and 1,15-diaza-3,4 : 12,13-dibenzo-5,8,11-trioxacyclooctadecane(NtnOdienH$_4$) were studlied by potentiometry and NMR spectroscopy. The protonation constants were used to predict basicity of crown ethers. The sequence of the basicity was NenOdienH$_4$ < Ntn(OH)OtnH$_4$ < NtnOenH$_4$ < NtnOtnH$_4$ < NtnOdienH$_4$. Changes on the basicity were explained in terms of the effects of substituents and the degree of twistness of the macrocyclic ring. The sequence of the complex stabilities were Co(II) < Ni(II) < Cu(II) < Zn(II) for the transition metal complexes and Cd(II) < pb(II) < Hg(II) for the post-transition metal complexes. These changes on the stabilities were dependent on the basicity of the ligand and cavity size of the ring. For the heavy post-transiton metal complexes and Zn(Ⅱ) complex, the former factor was predominent and for the other transition metal complexes, the latter was affected on the stabilities. $^1$H and $^{13}$C-NMR studies for heavy post-transition metal complexes indicated that the nitrogen atom has greater affinity on metal ions than oxygen atom and the planarity of the rings was losed by the complexation with metal ions.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.161-166
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• 2003

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of treatment of living-related liver transplantation (LRLT) with the parental heterozygote carrier graft in children with Wilson disease. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 7 children with Wilson disease who had received liver transplantation from 1994 to 2002 at Asan Medical Center. All the donors were parental. Liver functions, Kayser-Fleischer ring, and other factors regarding to copper metabolism were analyzed. Results: Of the 7 children, 5 had fulminant hepatitis and 2 had decompensated liver cirrhosis irresponsive to medical therapy. All donors being parental, all grafts came to be heterozygote carrier grafts. Survival rate was 100% in those 7 children, 87% in all children with liver transplantation in the same period, and 84% in children with non-metabolic liver disease. After liver transplantation, all 7 children could stop low copper diet and penicillamine therapy and their AST, total bilirubin and prothrombin time were recovered to normal. After liver transplantation, ceruloplasmin and serum copper levels were also recovered to normal. A marked reduction in 24 hr-urinary copper excretion was observed in all recipients after transplantation. During follow-up, Kayser-Fleischer rings resolved completely after LRLT in 5 children and partially in 1 child. Conclusion: We concluded that living-related liver tranplantation in children with Wilson disease with parental heterozygote carrier graft is an effective treatment modality.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.1615-1634
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• 2004

A review was undertaken to obtain information on the sustainability of pig free-range production systems including the management, performance and health of pigs in the system. Modern outdoor rearing systems requires simple portable and flexible housing with low cost fencing. Local pig breeds and outdoor-adapted breeds for certain environment are generally more suitable for free-range systems. Free-range farms should be located in a low rainfall area and paddocks should be relatively flat, with light topsoil overlying free-draining subsoil with the absence of sharp stones that can cause foot damage. Huts or shelters are crucial for protecting pigs from direct sun burn and heat stress, especially when shade from trees and other facilities is not available. Pigs commonly graze on strip pastures and are rotated between paddocks. The zones of thermal comfort for the sow and piglet differ markedly; between 12-22$^{\circ}C$ for the sow and 30-37$^{\circ}C$ for piglets. Offering wallows for free-range pigs meets their behavioural requirements, and also overcomes the effects of high ambient temperatures on feed intake. Pigs can increase their evaporative heat loss via an increase in the proportion of wet skin by using a wallow, or through water drips and spray. Mud from wallows can also coat the skin of pigs, preventing sunburn. Under grazing conditions, it is difficult to control the fibre intake of pigs although a high energy, low fibre diet can be used. In some countries outdoor sows are fitted with nose rings to prevent them from uprooting the grass. This reduces nutrient leaching of the land due to less rooting. In general, free-range pigs have a higher mortality compared to intensively housed pigs. Many factors can contribute to the death of the piglet including crushing, disease, heat stress and poor nutrition. With successful management, free-range pigs can have similar production to door pigs, although the growth rate of the litters is affected by season. Piglets grow quicker indoors during the cold season compared to outdoor systems. Pigs reared outdoors show calmer behaviour. Aggressive interactions during feeding are lower compared to indoor pigs while outdoor sows are more active than indoor sows. Outdoor pigs have a higher parasite burden, which increases the nutrient requirement for maintenance and reduces their feed utilization efficiency. Parasite infections in free-range pigs also risks the image of free-range pork as a clean and safe product. Diseases can be controlled to a certain degree by grazing management. Frequent rotation is required although most farmers are keeping their pigs for a longer period before rotating. The concept of using pasture species to minimise nematode infections in grazing pigs looks promising. Plants that can be grown locally and used as part of the normal feeding regime are most likely to be acceptable to farmers, particularly organic farmers. However, one of the key concerns from the public for free-range pig production system is the impact on the environment. In the past, the pigs were held in the same paddock at a high stocking rate, which resulted in damage to the vegetation, nutrient loading in the soil, nitrate leaching and gas emission. To avoid this, outdoor pigs should be integrated in the cropping pasture system, the stock should be mobile and stocking rate related to the amount of feed given to the animals.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.62-79
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• 2020

The rock-carved seated Avalokiteśvara statue at Ganghwa Bomunsa Temple is a giant rock-carved Buddhist statue that was built in 1928 during the Japanese colonial era. Although it is a year-recorded Buddhist statue that occupies a prominent place in modern Korean Buddhist sculpture history, it has not been the subject of in-depth discussion due to weak research on modern Buddhist sculptures. In this study, to examine the various significant aspects of the rock-carved Seated Avalokiteśvara statue at Bomunsa Temple as a modern Buddhist sculpture, I have managed to determine its construction year, artificers, and patrons by deciphering the inscription around the rock-carved statue; in addition I have researched the effects of the rock shapes and landforms on the formation of the Buddhist statue by comparing and analyzing the points of view of both artificers and worshipers. I have also identified the specific circumstances of the time of construction from interviews with the descendants of artificers. A monk from Geumgangsan Mountain, Lee Hwaeung, took the role of sponsor and chief painter to construct the rock-carved seated Avalokiteśvara statue at Bomunsa temple. In the beginning of its construction in 1928, more than 100 donators jointly sponsored the construction of the statue. Gansong Jeon Hyoungphil sponsored alone at the time of the place of worship's expansion in 1938. Bomunsa Temple has been regarded as one of the top-three sacred places of Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva together with Naksansa Temple in Yang Yang and Boriam in Nam Hae, due to the construction of the rock-carved statue. It took about three months to construct the statue. Lee Hwaeung drew a rough sketch and then Un Songhag and five masons from Ganghwa Island took part in the carving process. We can observe the line drawing technique around the rock-carved statue because the statue was carved based on the rough sketch of the monk painter. The aspect of Lee Hwaeung as a painter is revealed; therefore, we can identify the clue of painting pattern leading to Seogongchulyou- Hwaunghyoungjin- Ilonghyegag. The rock-carved seated Avalokiteśvara statue at Bomunsa Temple is a typical Avalokiteśvara that wears a jeweled crown and holds Kundica. It makes a strong impression as it has a big square-shaped face and a short neck and is unsophisticated in general. The artificers solved the issue of visual distortion of the rock-carved statue caused by carving on a 10-meter high and 40-degree sloping rock by controlling motion to its maximum, omitting detailed expression by emphasizing symmetry, and adjusting the head-to-body proportion to be almost one-to-one. In this study, especially, I presume the unified form of sacred sculptures and Buddhist altars, without making a Buddhist altar like the rock-carved seated Avalokiteśvara statue at Bomunsa Temple, to be a key characteristic of modern Buddhist sculptures. Furthermore, I make newly clear that the six letters of Sanskrit carved on nimbus, which had been interpreted as a Six-Syllable Mantra, are a combination with Jeongbeopgye and Sabang Mantras. In addition, three iron rings driven on eaves rock were used as a reference point, and after construction they were used as a decoration for the Bodhisattva with hanging wind chimes.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.45-57
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• 2017

Two single crystals of fully dehydrated $Cd^{2+}$-exchanged zeolites Y were prepared by the exchange of ${\mid}Na_{75}{\mid}[Si_{117}Al_{75}O_{384}]-FAU$ ($Na_{75}-Y$, Si/Al = 1.56) with aqueous $0.05M\;Cd(NO_3)_2$ (pH = 3.65) at 294 K, followed by vacuum dehydration at 723 K (crystal 1) and a second crystal, similarly prepared, was exposed to zeolitically dried benzene for 72 hours at 294 K and evacuated (crystal 2). Their structures were determined crystallographically using synchrotron X-rays and were refined to the final error indices using $F_o$>$4{\sigma}(F_o)$ of $R_1/wR_2=0.040/0.121$ and 0.052/0.168, respectively. In crystal $1({\mid}Cd_{36}H_3{\mid}[Si_{117}Al_{75}O_{384}]-FAU)$, $Cd^{2+}$ ions primarily occupy sites I and II, with additional $Cd^{2+}$ ions at sites I', II', and a second site II. In crystal $2({\mid}Cd_{35}(C_6H_6)_{24}H_5{\mid}[Si_{117}Al_{75}O_{384}]-FAU)$, $Cd^{2+}$ ions occupy five crystallographic sites. The 24 benzene molecules are found at two distinct positions within the supercages. The 17 benzene molecules are found on the 3-fold axes in the supercages where each interacts facially with one of site IIa $Cd^{2+}$ ions. The remaining 7 benzene molecules lie on the planes of the 12-rings where each is stabilized by multiple weak electrostatic and van der Waals interactions with framework oxygens.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.593-612
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• 1996

This study concern with the changes of street from the Choseon Dynasty to present days around Old-Boundary in Taegu, analyzing the backgrounds of change factors and development trends of the Taegu City. The basis element of a city structure is the street. Therefore, in this study, a chage of street space of a city was investigted. Historically, Taegu was a walled city and had a Mono-nucleus which was restricted by the castle, and served as a starting point of formation of spatial structuure. The form of the artery street took a "T" pattern, othe streets were formed in irregular shapes. As the city grew gradually, the castle was removed on account of diversification in traffic network, change of socio-economic organization in traffic network, change of socio-economic organization, formation of industrial bases and functional distribution. CBD of this city has been located within the area surrounded by these streets. This is a kind of general pattern of traditional walled cities through the world in both Western and Oriental societies. A s the begining of this centry, a 'Dark Ages' descended upon Korea because the country was under the Japanese-Korean Annexation, and, throughout this period, the urban planning was planned exclusively for Japanese. The street pattern within residential areas of Korea took the maze type, in contrast with Japanese residential areas which showed grid pattern of streets. This is another general pattern of almost of all colonial cities especially in Asia. High class residential areas were planned and built by Japanese, and they were located within 5-10 minutes' on-foot distance from the CBD hard core. This high prestige has continued until the 1980s when it occurred land use succession which commerical functions invaded into residential areas. Back in the colonial period, there was a between two hetrogeneous groups due to the fact that the Japanese lived mainly oriented the new railway system but that Koreans still lived along the old highway system which ran through the Korea Peninsula. Street netwook formed in the above process has maintained its shape without great changes after the liberation form the Japanese Colony. Taegu has, accordingly, developed ring-radial network system which has been a combination of radial and ring facilities. The present conditions of street patterns in Taegy mainly depend on 4 rings and 8 radius, with grid pattern street able to be found in Old Boundary.