• 대한기관식도과학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.174-177
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• 2001

Previously, we used a rigid bronchoscope in removal of endotracheal granulation tissue and foreign body. But these method has poor visual field and difficulty in handling of the instruments, therefore there were restriction in removing the endotracheal granulation tissue and foreign body. Recently we underwent one case each of endotracheal granulation tissue and foreign body causing dyspnea and removed them by right angled forceps under visualization via nasal rigid endoscope inserted through the tracheal stoma. We suggest this method for removal of tracheal foreign body, granulation tissue and excision of tumorous condition in patients with tracheocutaneous fistula.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.67-73
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• 2009

Objective : Although endoscopic procedures for lumbar disc diseases have improved greatly, the postoperative outcomes for high grade inferior migrated discs are not satisfactory. Because of anatomic limitations, a rigid endoscope cannot reach all lesions effectively. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of endoscopic transforaminal suprapedicular approach to high grade inferior-migrated lumbar disc herniations. Methods : Between May 2006 and March 2008, a suprapedicular approach was performed in 53 patients with high grade inferior-migrated lumbar disc herniations using a rigid endoscope and a semi-rigid flexible curved probe. One-to-four hours after surgery, the presence of remnant discs was checked with MRI. The outcomes were evaluated with the visual analogue scale (VAS) score and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) one week after surgery. Results : The L2-3 level was involved in 2 patients and the L3-4 level was involved in 14 patients, while the L4-5 level was involved in 39 patients. There were single piece-type in 34 cases and a multiple piece-type in 19 cases. Satisfactory results were obtained in all cases. The mean preoperative VAS for leg pain was $9.32{\pm}0.43$ points (range, 7-10 points), whereas the mean ODI was $79.82{\pm}4.53$ points (range, 68-92 points). At the last follow-up examination, the mean postoperative VAS for leg pain was $1.78{\pm}0.71$ points and the mean postoperative ODI improved to $15.27{\pm}3.82$ points. Conclusion : A high grade inferior migrated lumbar disc is difficult to remove sufficiently by posterolateral endoscopic lumbar dscectomy using a rigid endoscope. However, a satisfactory result can be obtained by applying a transforaminal suprapedicular approach with a flexible semi-rigid curved probe.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.314-321
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• 2002

An endoscope is usually inserted into the human body for the inspection of the gullet, stomach, and large intestine (colon) and this may cause discomfort to patients and damage to tissues during diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. This situation necessitates a self-propelling endoscope. There are many kinds of mechanism to move in a rigid pipe. However, these methods are difficult to apply directly to the endoscope. The main reason is that human intestine cannot be considered as a uniform, straight, and rigid pipe. This paper proposes a flexible loop wheel mechanism, which is adaptable to the human intestine. This mechanism is designed and fabricated by a simple modeling, and tested by an experiment. Finally, the actuator is inserted into the pig colon.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.433-436
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• 2010

Objective : Arachnoid cysts (ACs) can be cured by making the definite and wide communication between the cyst and arachnoid space using endoscopy, but often it is impossible only through the usual working-channel (intra-channel) procedures. We discuss and propose a more valuable endoscopic technique with the presentation of our series of cases. Methods : We treated 9 patients with cortical AC in various locations with extra-channel endoscopic techniques. The patients ranged in age from 3 years to 60 years (mean age, 37.2 yrs). The follow-up period ranged from 12 to 26 months (mean follow-up duration, 17.2 months). All patients had large AC compressing the adjacent brain with clinical symptoms or signs. The authors performed extensive fenestration via single burr hole with the aid of endoscope. Being bypassed the rigid endoscope, through the space between the shaft of endoscope and guiding cannula (extra-channel method), fenestration procedures were done in the dry fields. Results : Eight (88.9%) patients had been treated successfully with endoscope. One patient required shunt procedure. Among the eight patients who were treated with endoscopic procedure, 6 patients (66.7%) showed cyst reduction, and two (22.2%) showed disappearance of cyst. Conclusion : We suggest that extra-channel method will be simple and easy to perform using more valuable instruments with wider working area, and may promise better results compared to the conventional intra-channel endoscopic procedures.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.225-230
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• 2022

Purpose: This report presents the first known use of a rigid endoscope with augmented reality technology for the removal of an odontogenic cyst that penetrated the maxillary sinus and illustrates its practical use in a patient. Materials and Methods: In the preoperative period, cone-beam computed tomography was performed in a specially designed marker holder frame, and the contours of the cyst and the nearest anatomical formations were segmented in the 3D Slicer program. During the operation, a marker was installed on the patient's head, as well as on the tip of the endoscope, which made it possible to visualize the mass and the movement of the endoscope. The surgical intervention was performed with the support of augmented reality in HoloLens glasses (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA). Results: The use of this technology improved the accuracy of surgical manipulations, reduced operational risks, and shortened the time of surgery and the rehabilitation period. Conclusion: With the help of modern technologies, a navigation system was created that helped to track the position of the endoscope in mixed reality in real time, as well as to fully visualize anatomical formations.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.93-98
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• 1997

The vaginal endoscopy was performed in two Labrador Retrievers from onset of vaginal bleeding until metestrus accompanying with vaginal smear and blood progesterone concentration to investigate estral changes, and the intrauterine infusion of radiopaque fluid using vaginal endoscope (rigid 25-degree endoscope, Karl Storz) was detected by radiogrphy to determine if theis technique is feasible for future artificial insemination in the dogs. During the proestrus vaginal mucous membrane folds were edematous and a large amount of clear red discharge was present. In the beginning of estrus, the mucous membrane folds was present and the amount of the red discharge was decreased. In the estrus there were obbvious shrinkage, angulation of the membrane folds and decreasing of the discharge. In metestrus the vaginal folds started to round out and the surface appeared moist and sticky. The endoscope used for endoscopic monitoring of the vaginal mucosa was advanced until the external os of the cervix could be visualized. A plastic catheter, 8Fr guage was manupulated into the cervical os and then advanced through into the uterus. The radiopaque fluid was injected into the uterus through the catheter and radiographs taken to detect the site of insemination using the endoscopic technique revealed the exact infusion of the fluid in the uterus, consequentlyto prove that this technique is usable for more successful artificial insemintion tn the bitch.

• 대한두경부종양학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.114-117
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• 2012

Background and Objectives : To assure the surgical completeness of the gasless endoscopic thyroidectomy via single incision axillary approach using flexible videoscope which provide wide angle and working space, we compared single incision axillary approach and axillo-areolar approach by means of clinical, surgical outcomes. Materials and Methods : From March 2011 to July 2012, 24 patients who had underwent endoscopic thyroidectomy via transaxillary approach were enrolled. Of total, 17 patients underwent single incision axillary approach(group I) and the other 7 underwent axillo-areolar approach(group II). Results : Patient demographics, surgical indications were similar between the two groups. The operating time(group I 144.6min, group II 153.6 min ; p=.29), blood loss(group I : 55.4cc, group II : 35.7cc : p=.64), hospital stay(group I : 4.2days, group II : 4.4 days ; p=.65) were similar in the two groups. Overall, two patients in group I(2/17, 11.8%) experienced postoperative complications, including one hematoma and one seroma. Due to narrow working space, one patient was change to axillo-areolar approach during single incision axillary approach with $30^{\circ}$ rigid endoscope. Conclusion：Single incision axillary approach is safe and effective similar to other endoscopic thyroidectomy methods using flexible videoscope. Different with $30^{\circ}$ rigid endoscope, 10-mm flexible videoscope can put inside the axillary inicision site in different axis with endoscopic instruments. This difference in endoscopic axis help to prevent crash with endoscopic instrument.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.555-561
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 중 소형견에서 1개의 복강경 통로를 통한 내시경적 담낭 제거술을 실시함으로써, 개에서 최소 침습적 수술로 담낭 절제술을 실시할 수 있는 방법을 확립하기 위하여 실시하였다. 실험 동물로 총 3마리의 수컷 비글견 ($10.3{\pm}0.62$ kg)을 이용하였으며 배꼽 주위에 하나의 절개창을 만든 후 단일 통로 내시경 시스템을 장착하였다. 이 시스템을 통해 내시경과 Maryland 복강경용 겸자로 담낭을 견인, 제거하였다. 3마리 모두 성공적으로 담낭 절제술을 실시하였으며, 수술 후 감염과 같은 합병증은 발생하지 않았다. 또한 술전, 술후를 비교한 혈액, 혈청 검사상에서도 특이적인 소견은 관찰되지 않았다. 술후 7일 후에 이루어진 부검 소견에서도 출혈 및 담즙의 유출 및 복막염 등과 같은 부작용은 관찰되지 않았다. 따라서 본 연구를 통해, 단일 통로를 이용한 내시경 유도하 담낭 절제술은 중소형견에서 실시할 수 있는 복강 수술 방법 중 최소한의 절개를 통해 비침습적으로 이루어질 수 있는 유용한 수술 방법이라 할 수 있다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제65권6호
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• pp.846-852
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• 2022

Objective : Traumatic intracranial hematomas have been rarely evacuated by endoscopic surgery. The frontal lobe is the usual location for the traumatic intracerebral hematoma (TICH). Endoscopic evacuation for the frontal TICHs via an eyebrow incision is to be presented as minimally invasive surgery. Methods : Thirteen patients with frontal TICHs were managed with endoscopic hematoma evacuation via eyebrow incision. After making the incision in the lateral eyebrow, a small frontal craniotomy was made, and the hematoma was evacuated under direct visualization of a rigid endoscope. No catheter was placed. Orbital rim resection, hematoma evacuation rate, surgical complications, and outcome at discharge were analyzed. Results : Men were 11 and the mean age was 54 years old (range, 27-86). Orbitotomy was performed in four patients, and no effect on the hematoma evacuation rate was observed. More than 80% of the hematoma volume was successfully removed in 10 cases. Hematoma configuration was not related to the hematoma evacuation rate. None of the patients underwent revision operation or decompressive craniectomy. Conclusion : Endoscopic evacuation of the TICHs with the supraorbital approach may be a good method to evacuate the hematoma located in the frontal base.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.459-465
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• 2002

목 적 : 식도 이물의 내시경적 적출의 최근 경향과 내시경적 적출의 유용성에 대해 알아보고 소아에서 유연형 내시경을 통한 식도 이물 제거술이 정착되기를 바라는 마음으로 이 연구를 시작하였다. 방 법 : 1987년 1월부터 2001년 7월까지 14년 6개월간 경상대학교병원 소아과와 이비인후과에서 식도 이물로 진단하여 유연형 내시경과 강직형 내시경으로 치료하였던 127례를 대상으로 하였다. 유연형 내시경의 경우는 소아과에서 Olympus사의 XP-20, XQ-240과 Pentax사의 2731와 다양한 보조 기구를 사용하고 전신마취나 midazolam이나 diazepam 등의 약제는 사용하지 않았다. 결 과 : 1) 연도별 분포 : 1998년까지는 이물의 제거에 강직형 내시경이나 유연형 내시경이 비슷하게 이용되어 왔다. 1999년 이후부터 유연형 내시경에 의한 이물의 제거가 활발히 이루어졌다. 2) 연령별, 성별 분포 : 유연형 내시경을 사용한 경우는 1세 미만의 경우 4례(6%)였고, 1-5세의 경우 43례(65.1%), 5-10세의 경우 17례(25.7%), 10-15세의 경우 2례(3.2 %)로 총 66례였다. 강직형 내시경을 사용한 경우는 1세 미만의 경우 8례(13.5%), 1-5세는 42례(68.8%), 5-10세는 7례(11.5%), 10-15세는 4례(6.6%)로 총 61례였다. 두 경우 모두 1-5세가 호발 연령이었다. 남녀 비를 보면 유연형 내시경을 사용한 경우 1.64 : 1이었고 강직형 내시경을 사용한 경우에는 1.13:1로 남아에서 다소 많았다. 3) 이물의 종류, 증상, 제거까지 걸린 시간 및 합병증 : 이물의 종류로는 유연형 내시경으로 제거한 경우는 54례, 강직형 내시경으로 제거한 경우 42례로 동전이 제일 많았고 임상 증상은 유연형 내시경의 경우에는 무증상이, 강직형 내시경의 경우에는 연하 곤란이 제일 많았다. 식도 이물을 제거까지 걸린 시간은 대부분 이물을 삼킨 후 24시간 이내였다(108례, 85%). 24시간 이후에 이물을 제거 한 경우는 병원에 늦게 온 경우이며 17례(5%)였다. 이중 합병증이 발생한 경우는 11례로 미란이 7례, 궤양소견을 보인 1례, 출혈 2례, 천공 소견을 보인 1례가 있었다. 4) 동반 질환 : 동반된 질환아 있었던 8례(7.5%)였으며 식도 협착이 5례, 뇌성 마비가 3례였다. 결 론 : 본 병원에 소아 내시경실이 생긴 이후 과거 10년 동안 소아 내시경에 의한 이물의 제거가 많이 이루어졌지만 뚜렷한 이점을 발견 할 수 없었던 강직형 내시경을 이용한 이물의 제거가 최근 2-3년 전까지도 활발히 이루어져 왔다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 유연형 내시경은 전신 마취의 불편함 없이도 쉽게 할 수 있는 안전하고 효과적인 방법이며, 최근 2-3년 간 유연형 내시경에 의한 식도 이물의 제거가 빈번해졌다. 앞으로도 내시경의 발달과 그 보조 기구의 발달로 인하여 전신 마취 없이 유연형 내시경을 사용한 이물의 제거는 활발히 이루어져야 할 것이고 처음에 시도하는 치료 방법으로 선택되어져야 할 것이다.