• 대한수학회보
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• 제60권5호
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• pp.1321-1334
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• 2023

An idempotent e of a ring R is called right (resp., left) semicentral if er = ere (resp., re = ere) for any r ∈ R, and an idempotent e of R∖{0, 1} will be called right (resp., left) quasicentral provided that for any r ∈ R, there exists an idempotent f = f(e, r) ∈ R∖{0, 1} such that er = erf (resp., re = fre). We show the whole shapes of idempotents and right (left) semicentral idempotents of upper triangular matrix rings and polynomial rings. We next prove that every nontrivial idempotent of the n by n full matrix ring over a principal ideal domain is right and left quasicentral and, applying this result, we can find many right (left) quasicentral idempotents but not right (left) semicentral.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.11-24
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to obtain the basic data for sound wear design. The objects' of this study were 331 women's university students. The eight items were the shoulder length, shoulder slope, height, weight, chest girth, neck girth, back length, and back shoulder width. The shoulder length and slopes were measured, compared with the right, the left, and other items. The results were as follows; The difference between the right and left shoulder length did not nearly appear. The mean of the right shoulder slopes was $21.3^{\circ}$, and that of the left was $21.9^{\circ}$. According to increase of the age, the right and left shoulder slope tends to be higher. The maximum distribution was $20.7^{\circ}$. According to increase of the age, the maximum distribution tends to be higher. The left compared with the right shoulder length, the right shoulder length of 90.3% objects' was longer than that of the left. The right and left shoulder length of 4.2% objects' were same. The left shoulder length of 5.4% objects' was longer than that of the right. The left compared with the right shoulder slopes, the right shoulder slopes of 12.7% objects' were higher than those of the left. The both size of 20.5% objects' were equal. The left slopes of 66.8% objects' was higher than those of the right.

• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.423-431
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• 2012

There have been some study characterizing monoids by homological classification using the properties around projectivity, injectivity, or regularity of acts. In particular Kilp and Knauer([4]) have analyzed monoids over which all acts with one of the properties around projectivity or injectivity are regular. However Kilp and Knauer left over problems of characterization of monoids over which all regular right S-acts are (weakly) at, (weakly) injective or faithful. Among these open problems, Liu([3]) proved that all regular right S-acts are (weakly) at if and only if es is a von Neumann regular element of S for all $s{\in}S$ and $e^2=e{\in}T$, and that all regular right S-acts are faithful if and only if all right ideals eS, $e^2=e{\in}T$, are faithful. But it still remains an open question to characterize over which all regular right S-acts are weakly injective or injective. Hence the purpose of this study is to investigate the relations between regular right S-acts and weakly injective right S-acts, and then characterize the monoid over which all regular right S-acts are weakly injective.

• 의료법학
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.167-193
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• 2007

Medical demand has been increased explosively since health insurance was introduced in 1977. Person has taken a growing interest in increase of medical service supply while that period. We must understand the legal aspects of medical quality management. There have been many legislative efforts for securing the right of patient. Patient's legal right is secured through the declaration of patient's right and all hospital person deal with patients according to the standard and criterion of the declaration of patient's right. The patient's right is set up on a basis of the right to live and the expectation right of patient. It is important to prevent medical accidents because the right of patient's health is violated by medical accident. We must manage well the medical quality to prevent the medical accident. The effort to escalate the medical quality is the best method to decrease the medical dispute. Nowadays a person take a growing interest medical quality. Our government make an effort to secure the medical quality through the legal system to be contained health organization evaluation system.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제28권
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• pp.3-36
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• 2005

Most legal systems provides the aggrieved buyer with a right to put an end to the contract. Unlike Civil Law systems, the right is rather complicated and uncertain in Common Law systems because they do not sharply distinguish between a refusal which amounts merely to a defence in the nature of the exceptio non adimpleti contractus, and one which is intended to abrogate the aggrieved party's obligations completely and to seek restitution of what he has already performed. That is, they do not draw any sharp distinction between the right of rejection or revocation and the right to put an end to the contract. This explains why the right to put an end to the contract under Civil Law systems are often compared with the right of rejection or revocation under Common Law systems in most academic papers. Having said that, this article describes and analyzes in detail the relevant UCC rules to the buyer's right of rejection and revocation, particularly the rules on the requirements for the right of rejection or revocation. This is for the purpose of providing legal advice to our sellers residing either in U.S.A. or in Korea who plan to enter into U.S.A markets and take academics' interest in the buyer's right which is deemed to be unique compared to the Civil Law systems. In addition, the study attempts to compare the rules as to the right of rejection and revocation under the UCC with those of English law which are stipulated mainly in the Sale of Goods Act (1979) in a statutory form. This may help one better to understand the rules of the UCC which are mostly originated with English law and to find in what way the rules of the UCC depart from those of English law.

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.79-89
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• 2017

본 연구의 목적은 국내 신호교차로에서의 우회전 운영에 관한 문제점을 분석하고, 적절한 우회전 운영 방안을 정립 및 제시하는데 있다. 현장 조사 결과 국내 우회전 전용 신호등은 다양한 종류 및 형태로 운영되고 있으며 관련 규정이나 기준도 명확하지 않다. 또한 우회전 신호등에서 사용하는 적색신호의 의미가 도로교통법 상에 명시된 적색 원형 등화의 의미에 위배되는 문제점이 있다. 이는 운전자에게 혼란을 줄 수 있고 이에 따른 사고 발생의 위험도 존재한다. 국내는 기존에 적신호시 우회전을 허용함으로서 우회전 운영에 관한 연구가 활발하게 이루어지지 않았으나 최근 우회전 교통류에 대한 제어의 필요성이 증가함에 따라 이에 관한 제도 및 운영 방안 정립이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 우회전 운영과 관련한 기존 연구를 고찰하고 해외 여러 국가의 우회전 운영 관련 지침을 검토하여 국내 우회전 운영방안을 정립하고 제시한다. 우회전 비보호 운영시에는 적색 신호의 의미를 우회전 차량에 대하여 일단 정지 후 진행할 수 있도록 명시하는 것이 필요하다. 우회전 보호 운영을 위한 우회전 신호등 설치 시 우회전 전용차로가 하나 이상 확보된 경우에만 설치할 수 있도록 규정해야 한다. 기존 신호등과 우회전 신호등의 차별성을 위하여 삼색 화살표 신호등을 우회전 전용 신호등으로 사용할 것을 제안한다. 또한 우회전 운영방안을 비보호, 보호, 보호 비보호의 세 가지 유형으로 구분하여 각 유형별 구체적인 운영 방안을 제시한다.

• 의정연구
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.35-67
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• 2019

본 연구는 유럽의회 선거에서 극우정당들이 거둔 성과를 논하거나 지지세 추이를 확인하기 위해서 유럽의회 정치그룹이 확보한 의석수를 중심으로 분석하는 기존의 방법을 지양하고, 그 대신 EU 회원국들 국내 정치에서의 극우 동종정당(far-right party family) 분류를 통하여 그들이 유럽의회 선거에서 거둔 의석수를 합산하는 방식으로 분석한다. 이러한 극우 동종정당에 기반한 선거 결과 분석이 필요한 이유는 두 가지이다. 첫째로 유럽의회 선거에서 선출된 극우성향의 유럽의회의원들 중 일부는 극우성향의 정치그룹에 가입하지 않기 때문이며, 둘째로 극우성향으로 분류되는 일부 정치그룹의 경우에 소속 의원들의 성향이 균질하지 않아 오히려 다수는 중도우파성향의 의원들로 구성된 경우도 있기 때문이다. 이러한 문제의식에서 출발한 본 연구는 구체적으로 2019년 유럽의회 선거에서 극우정당이 거둔 성과를 극우 동종정당 분류에 기반하여 분석해 보았다. 그 결과, 유럽의회 정치그룹이 확보한 의석수 중심 분석에 기반하여 극우정당들이 이번 유럽의회 선거에서 그다지 약진하지 못했다는 평가를 내린 서구 주요 언론들의 분석에 명확한 한계가 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 극우 동종정당 분류에 기반한 선거 결과 분석에 따르면, 2019년 유럽의회 선거에서 극우정당들이 확보한 의석수는 선거 전 여론조사 결과를 오히려 크게 상회하는 것으로 나타났음은 물론, 2014년 유럽의회 선거와 비교하더라도 극우정당들의 의석수가 큰 폭으로 증가한 것인 바, 본 연구는 2019년 유럽의회 선거에서 극우정당은 크게 약진했다고 평가하는 것이 타당하다고 주장한다.

• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.117-122
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• 2002

In this paper, we give some properties of left(right) semi-regular and $g$-regular $po$-semigroups.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.15-25
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• 1994

Based on Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) data, safety belt effect- tiveness in preventing fatalities is investigated for the following five types of crashes: frontal, left, rear, right, and rollover. Passenger cars containing two occupants, a driver and a right front passenger, are included in this analysis. For each crash type, these cars containing the two occupants are classified into four categories according to the safety belt usage categories for the two front seat occupants, namely, both belted, both unbelted, and either one was belted but not both. Relative risks of driver and right front passenger fatalities are compared among these four cases. For each crash type, two independent estimates of safety belt effectiveness are obtained for drivers and for right front passengers. The weighted average of the two estimates is calculated for drivers and for right front passengers for the five crash types. Using FARS data starting 1978 throught 1983, safety belts are more effective in rollover accidents than in frontal collisions. In rollover accidents, safety belt effectiveness estimate for drivers is $68%{\pm} 6% $ and that for right front passengers is $71%{\pm}6% $ , in which the error limits indicate one standard error. Sfety belt effectiveness estimates for drivers and right front passengers involved in frontal collisions are $41%{\pm} 9% $ and $37%{\pm} 10% $ , respectively. For left and right sided collisions and for both drivers and right-front-passengers, none of the four estimates are significantly different from 0%, statistically : however, when left and right sided collisions are combined with far sided occupants(drivers involved in right sided collisions and right front passengers involved in left sided collisions) safety belt effectiveness is significant, $38%{\pm} 12% $ . For rear collisions, the estimate for drivers shows statistically significant positive effect, $60%{\pm}23% $ . while for right-front-passengers the estimate is not significantly different from 0%. These results show that a safety belt is an effective restraint system not only in frontal crashes but also in a variety of crashes.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.118-121
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• 2003

25세 여자 환자가 우측 하흉부 및 좌측 상복부의 불쾌감을 주소로 입원하였다. 흉부 X-선 및 흉부 전산화 단층촬영 소견상 우폐 하엽에 위치하며 횡격막과 접하고있는 4$\times$4$\times$4cm 크기의 둥근 종괴가 관찰되고, 우폐하엽과 우폐 중엽에서 전이성 병변들이 관찰되었나. 시험적 개흉술 결과 우측 횡격막에서 기시한 종괴가 우폐 하엽에 직접 침범되어있었으며. 우폐 하엽과 우폐 중엽의 흉막하에 전이성 병변들이 발견되었다. 종괴에 대한 냉동 절편 조직 검사상 육종으로 진단되어 종괴 기시부의 횡격막 및 종괴에 의해 침범된 부위의 우폐 하엽을 일괄 절제하고 우폐 하엽과 우폐 중엽의 전이성 병변들을 쐐기 절제하였다. 최종 조직 검사상 횡격막의 악성 섬유성 조직구종이었고, 보조적 항암 약물 치료를 추가로 시행하였다. 저자들은 횡경막에서의 발생이 극히 드문 악성 섬유성 조직구종 1례를 문헌고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다.