• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.1041-1048
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• 2015

This study was performed to produce quality vinegar using different types of nuruk, which is the most effective in making traditional brown rice vinegar. The vinegar was produced with 20% vinegar starter, and pears were added to reduce the nuruk aroma. Three different types of Nuruk that were prepared were rice, wheat, and a rice+wheat (1:1) combination. The total acidities of brown rice pear vinegar made from rice-nuruk, wheat-nunuk, and rice+wheat-nuruk were 8.1%, 7.5%, and 6.4%, respectively. Free sugars, including glucose, galactose, and fructose, were highly detected from all three vinegar samples. Acetic acid and lactic acid were the major organic acids in all three vinegar samples. For free amino acids, alanine, glutamic acid, and arginine were mainly detected in all three vinegar samples. Total phenolic compounds were higher in brown rice pear vinegar made of rice-nuruk than in that made of wheat-nuruk, whereas total flavonoids showed the opposite pattern. DPPH-radical scavenging activity was higher in brown rice pear vinegar made of wheat-nuruk than in that made of rice-nuruk.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.99-105
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• 2008

Laver-wrapped rice and laver-wrapped rice containing a vinegar blend (vinegar:sugar:water:salt = 5:2:2:1) were prepared and their degrees of aging from 10 to $30^{\circ}C$, total cell numbers, and total coliforms were examined and compared. The total cell numbers of the laver-wrapped rice increased to 1 log cfu/g at 36 hours, and the total cell numbers of the laver-wrapped rice with vinegar had increased to within 48 hours. At $20^{\circ}C$ for 24 hrs, the total cell numbers for the laver-wrapped rice had increased to 5 log cfu/g: whereas trhe total cell numbers of the laver-wrapped rice with vinegar(5ml of vinegar marinade mixed into 100g of steamed rice), stored at the same conditions had not increased. In the vinegar-marinated rice (2ml/100g rice), microorganisms appeared at 18 hours. However, at the concentration of 5ml/l00g of rice, microorganisms were not observed at 24 hours. Coliforms did not appear in the laver-wrapped rice nor in the laver-wrapped rice with vinegar(prepared at 10ml/100g) until 48 hours. When stored at 10 and $20^{\circ}C$, no microorganisms were found in the laver-wrapped rice with vinegar until 48 hours, respectively. However, at $30^{\circ}C$, microorganisms were observed in the laver-wrapped rice from 24 hours, and from 48 hours in the laver-wrapped rice with vinegar. These results suggest that laver-wrapped rice should be consumed within one day. The number of microorganisms inside the laver-wrapped rice reached 6 log cfu/g by 24 hours, but the increase in the laver-wrapped rice with vinegar was slower. The aging(% damaged starch) of the laver-wrapped rice with vinegar(5ml/100g the rice) stored at $20^{\circ}C$ was reduced, with 3% damaged starch at 24 hours. Consumer evaluations revealed that the laver-wrapped rice prepared with 5ml of the vinegar blend received higher scores for flavor, taste, texture, and overall acceptance as compared to the control. In particular, significantly higher scores were given for taste, texture, and overall acceptability. In summary, the laver-wrapped rice with vinegar had an extended shelf-life(more than 1 day) at storage temperatures of $20-30^{\circ}C$, as well as reduced retrogradation. In addition, based on consumer evaluations, adding vinegar to laver-wrapped rice laver is effective for increasing overall acceptability.

• 한국유기농업학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국유기농학회 2009년도 하반기 학술대회
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• pp.315-315
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• 2009

Component analysis and physico-chemical properties of wood and rice hull vinegars were conducted in order to promote the utilization of these environment-friendly materials. Results showed that wood vinegar had higher specific gravity (2.5) and tar content (0.3%), but lower acid content (1.0%) than rice hull vinegar (1.7, 0.05% and 4.4%, respectively). GC-MS component analysis revealed that rice vinegar had higher phenol content (34%) than wood vinegar (11.49%). Acetic acid and propionic acid were also higher in rice hull vinegar. On the contrary, wood vinegar had higher Furancarboxyl aldehyde content (41.6%) than rice hull vinegar (0.67%). Thus, different results in DPPH radical electron donating-abilities were obtained due to different percent composition of each vinegar.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.33-39
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• 2009

누룩을 이용한 전통발효 현미식초와 효모를 이용한 상업적인 현미식초의 원료 함량에 따른 품질변화를 조사하기 위하여, $120{\sim}360\;g/kg$의 원료함량 조건에서 현미식초를 제조하였고, 총질소, 유리당, 유기산, 무기질 및 아미노산 함량을 비교하였다. 누룩을 이용하여 제조한 현미식초는 원료함량 200 g/kg이하에서 초산발효가 이루어 지지 않은 반면, 효모를 이용하여 제조한 현미식초의 경우 원료함량 120 g/kg 이하에서 초산발효가 이루어지지 않았다. 총질소함량의 경우, 누룩을 이용하여 제조한 현미식초가 $350{\sim}460\;mg/100g$의 범위를 나타내어, 효모를 이용하여 제조한 현미식초의 $100{\sim}140\;mg/100g$의 범위보다 $2.0{\sim}4.6$배 이상의 높은 값을 나타내었다. 유리당, 유기산, 무기질 및 아미노산 함량의 경우에서도 총질소와 유사한 경향을 나타내어, 누룩을 이용하여 제조한 전통발효 현미식초가 효모를 이용하여 제조한 현미식초보다 높은 함량을 나타내었으며, 원료함량이 증가할수록 그 함량은 더욱 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 유리당의 경우, 원료 함량 36%인 전통 발효 현미식초의 glucose 함량이 3.45 g/100 g으로 효모를 이용한 발효 식초에 비하여 2배 이상 높은 값을 나타내었으며, 유기산에서도 2.5배 이상 높은 값을 나타내었다. 또한, 아미노산 함량의 경우, 원료함량 36%인 전통 발효 현미식초의 총 아미노산 함량이 $6088.22\;{\mu}g/mL$로서 효모를 이용한 현미 식초의 $1194.05{\mu}g/mL$보다 5배 이상 높은 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제39권9호
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• pp.1366-1372
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• 2010

알코올 발효 효모 종류를 달리하여 현미탁주를 제조하고 이를 이용한 현미식초(정치배양 및 교반배양)의 품질 특성을 조사하였다. 효모 종류에 따른 알코올 함량은 B가 14.3%로 가장 높았으며 적정산도는 모든 구간에서 0.6% 이하로 나타났다. 이를 이용한 교반 및 정치배양 현미식초의 품질특성을 비교한 결과, 교반배양구간에서는 초기산도 1.0%, 초기 pH는 3.9~4.0에서 발효 7일째 DV구간에서 산도가 6.05%로 가장 높았고 AV, CV 및 BV가 5.64, 5.55 및 5.32% 순으로 나타났다. 또한 정치배양구간에서도 산도는 발효 14일째까지 꾸준히 증가하여 5.01~5.31%로 나타났고 발효 16일째부터 조금씩 감소하는 경향이었다. 효모 종류에 따른 현미식초의 산도 및 pH 차이는 크게 나타나지 않았다. 현미식초의 유리아미노산 함량을 비교한 결과, 교반배양구간에서 총 유리아미노산 함량은 BV, DV, AV 및 CV 순으로 높게 나타났고 필수 유리아미노산 함량은 BV에서 100 mg% 이상으로 가장 높았다. 정치배양구간에서 유리아미노산 함량은 모든 구간에서 교반배양구간보다 높은 함량을 나타내었으며 serine, alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine 및 $\gamma$-aminobutyric acid 등이 교반배양구간에 비하여 높았으며 특히 $\gamma$-aminobutyric acid는 45.69~52.27 mg%로 약 10배 이상 높게 나타났다. 현재까지의 결과는 현미식초의 품질특성은 효모 종류보다는 초산발효 방법에 따른 품질 차이가 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 향후 숙성과정에서 변화를 거치면서 향기성분, 관능적 특성에 차이가 있을 것으로 예상되어 다양한 식초의 품질인자에 관한 연구가 요구된다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.357-366
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• 2022

Biochar can be obtained by using various types of biomass under an oxygen-limited condition. Biochar can be utilized for various applications such as soil improvement, waste management, growth promotion, and adsorption. Wood vinegar is produced by the process of pyrolysis wood biomass and is used as a growth promoter, for soil improvement, and as a feed additive. When wood vinegar is treated on soil, it acts to control soil pH, improve nutrient availability, and alleviate N₂O and NH₃ volatilization. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of biochar and wood vinegar on the growth of perilla and soil quality. The experiment was conducted by using a Wagner pot (1·5,000 a^-1) in a glass greenhouse. The biochar was produced by pyrolysis at 450℃ for 30 minutes using rice husk and rice straw. Wood vinegar was diluted to 1 : 500 (v·v^-1) and used in this experiement. In the results of a cultivation experiment, co-application of biochar and wood vinegar enhanced the growth of perilla. In particular, rice husk biochar affected the leaves of the perilla, and rice straw biochar influenced the stems of the perilla. In addition, soil quality after treatment with biochar and wood vinegar applied together was highest compared to other units. Therefore, it is anticipated that co-application of biochar and wood vinegar will be more productive and improve soil quality compared to individual utilization of biochar and wood vinegar.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.387-392
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• 2007

The effect of mixed treatments of wood vinegar and sulfonylurea-based herbicides on weed control, yield and yield components, and quality of rice was investigated. Two herbicides were tested namely: imazosulfuron-ethyl+thiobencarb[ethyl-1-(2-chloroimidazo[1,2-$\alpha$]pyridin-3-ylsulfonyl)-3-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl) urea+S-4-chlorobenzyl diethyl(thiocarbamate)], and bensulfuronmethyl+butachlor [methyl $\alpha$-[(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-ylcarbamoyl)sulfamoyl]-o-toluate+N-butoxymethyl-2-chloro-2',6'-diethylacetanilide]. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications and 5 treatments. Treatments used were recommended(RH: 100%) and half-recommended(HRH: 50%) application rates of each herbicide. Half-recommended application rates were combined with 1 mL wood vinegar $500mL\;water^{-1}$(500) and 1 mL wood vinegar $1000mL\;water^{-1}$(1000) wood vinegar. Plots for no herbicide treatments were also prepared and used as control. Results showed that wood vinegar significantly increased efficacy of HRH in bensulfuron-methyl+butachlor while high efficacy was already obtained in HRH treatment of imazosulfuron-ethyl+thiobencarb. Wood vinegar did not improve the efficacy of imazosulfuron-ethyl+thiobencarb but improved rice yield. Significantly similar rice yields were obtained in the HRH+1000 WV and RH treatments of both herbicides. There were no significant variations in the yield components among the treatments; however, differences in yield can be attributed to the variations in the spikelet number and ripening ratio. Data on rice quality analysis did not show clear trend on the effects of the treatments on grain appearance and nutritional quality.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.301-307
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• 2012

정치배양 현미식초(A)와 시판 국내산 현미식초 3종(B, C, D) 및 일본산 현미식초 3종(E, F, G)의 품질특성을 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과, 적정산도는 (A)가 6.39%로 가장 높게 나타났고 시판 국내산 현미식초가 4.52~6.32%, 일본산 현미식초가 4.51~4.89%로 나타났다. pH는 (A)가 3.28로 가장 높게 나타났고 시판 국내산 현미식초가 2.58~2.97, 일본산 현미식초가 3.03~3.27로 나타나 (A)의 pH는 일본산 현미식초와 비슷한 수치를 나타내었다. TN값을 측정한 결과, (A)는 0.24로 가장 높았고 시판 국내산 현미식초는 0.03~0.16로 나타나 제품간의 함량차이가 많았으나, 일본산 현미식초는 0.12~0.17로 비슷한 함량을 나타내었다. 유리당은 (A) 및 일본산 현미식초에서는 glucose만 소량 검출되었거나 불검출 되어 완전발효 되었고 시판 국내산 현미식초에서는 glucose 및 maltose 등 잔당함량이 높았다. 유기산 함량에서도 (A)와 일본산 현미식초가 유사한 경향으로 검출되었다. 따라서 정치배양 현미식초(A)는 총산함량, TN값 및 관능적 특성이 우수하며 시판 국내산 및 일본산 현미식초들과 비교하였을 때도 품질면에서 우수한 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국유기농업학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국유기농학회 2009년도 하반기 학술대회
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• pp.317-317
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• 2009

The effects of environment-friendly materials carbonized rice hull and wood vinegar on the improvement of rice quality and soil fertility were investigated. Combined application of carbonized rice hull and chemical fertilizer resulted in lower protein in rice, similar amylose content and generally higher palatability values. Combined application of wood vinegar and chemical fertilizer obtained high protein and amylose contents, and palatability values. However, both carbonized rice hull and wood vinegar did not exhibit weed control. In the carbonized rice hull treatments, soil K was high during heading stage while soil pH during harvest stage was low. In the case of wood vinegar treatments, clear distinction between total K and Ca was observed. K was high during tillering stage while Ca was high until harvest stage.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제20권9호
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• pp.1322-1330
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• 2010

Three types of nuruk were made from rice, wheat, and a rice-glasswort (6:4) mixture. Nuruk, makgeolli, and vinegar were manufactured with rice nuruk (RN), wheat nuruk (WN), and rice-glasswort nuruk (RGN). The variable region of 18S or 16S rDNA amplified with genomic DNA extracted directly from nuruk-, makgeolli-, and vinegar-making cultures was analyzed via temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE). The sequence of the 18S rDNA variable region extracted from the TGGE gel for nuruk was 99% homologous with Aspergillus sp. and that for the makgeolli-making culture was 99% homologous with Saccharomyces sp. and Saccharomycodes sp. The sequence of the 16S rDNA variable region extracted from TGGE gel for the vinegar-making culture was 98% homologous, primarily with the Acetobacter sp. The eukaryotic and prokaryotic diversities in the nuruk-, makgeolli-, and vinegar-making cultures was not significantly altered by the addition of glasswort. Prokaryotic diversity was higher than eukaryotic diversity in the nuruk, but eukaryotic diversity was higher than prokaryotic diversity in the makgeolli-making culture, on the basis of the TGGE patterns. No 18S rDNA was amplified from the DNA extracted from the vinegar-making culture. The diversity of the microbial community in the process from nuruk to vinegar was slightly affected by the type of raw material utilized for nuruk-making. The saccharifying activity and ethanol productivity of nuruk, polyphenol content in makgeolli, and acetic acid and polyphenol content in the vinegar were increased as a result of the addition of glasswort. In conclusion, the glasswort may be not simply an activator for the growth of microorganisms during the fermentation of nuruk, makgeolli, or vinegar, but also a nutritional supplement that improves the quality of vinegar.