• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.701-709
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• 2006

The Rhus verniciflua Stokes (乾漆-RVS) has been used in traditional East Asia medicine for the therapy of gastritis, stomach cancer, although the mechanism for the biological activity is unclear. In the present study aims to investigate RVS extract contributes to growth inhibitory effect and it's the molecular mechanism on the human gastric cancer cells. AGS (gastric cancer cells) and RIEI (normal cells) were treated to different concentrations and periods of RVS extract $(10{\;}{\sim{{\;}100{\;}ug/mil)$. Growth inhibitory effect was analyzed by measuring FACS study and MTS assay. Cell cycle inhibition was confirmed by measuring CDK2 kinase activity by immunoprecipitation and kinase assay. And apoptosis was confirmed by surveying caspase cascades activation using a pan caspase inhibitor Exposure to RVS extract (50 ug/mll) resulted in a synergistic inhibitory effect on cell growth in AGS cells. Growth inhibition was related with the inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis. The extract induces Gl -cell cycle arrest through the regulation of cyclins, the induction of p27kip1, and the decrease CDK2 kinase activity. And upregulated p27kip1 level is caused by protein stability increment by the reduction of S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2), a key molecule related with p27kip1 ubiquitination and degradation, and do novo protein synthesis. Besides, 乾漆 extract induces apoptosis through the expression of Bax, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and activation of caspase-3. RVS extract induces Gl -cell cycle arrest via accumulation of p27kip1 and apoptosis in human gastric cancer cells but not in normal cells, therefore we suggest that the extract can be used as a novel class of anti-cancer drugs.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.28-34
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• 2011

Deep coloration of cotton fabrics with concentrated Rhus verniciflua extract was carried out using large amount of Glauber's salt and a mordant in order to improve dyeability and functional properties such as deodorizing and antimicrobial activity. With increasing in the salt addition upto 80% in the dyeing liquor containing 0.45% extract concentration, K/S value and exhaustion increased threefold from 1.2 to 3.5, indicating that the salt reduced the electrostatic repulsion between the dyes and the cotton fibers. Also the concentrated extract solution to 8% can increase the color build up upto a K/S of 11.1. In addition the combined pre- and post-mordanting methods with potassium alum enhanced the dyeability upto a K/S of 22.2. The ammonia deodorizing property increased with increased color yield of the dyed fabrics. Also the dyed and post-mordanted fabrics with 8% extract concentration showed antimicrobial activity against both Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.67-76
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• 2017

Fermented Rhus verniciflua (FRV) as feed additives act as excellent anti-diarrheal drugs as they increase the intestinal absorption rate therefore being indirectly associated with enhancing growth performance and increasing digestibility in livestock. A total of 80 weaned pigs with an average initial body weight (BW) of $6.82{\pm}1.11kg$ were used to evaluate a diet supplemented with FRV meal in a 6 week feeding trial with two dietary treatments [CON - basal diet; TRT - CON + 0.2% FRV] on growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD), blood profiles, fecal microflora, and fecal score. Our results showed that the dietary supplementation of FRV improved (p < 0.05) average daily gain and gain : feed (G : F) ratio during days 15 - 42 and the overall experiment period and also increased the ATTD of dry matter (p < 0.05) at days 14 and 42. On the contrary, there was no effect (p > 0.05) on average daily feed intake, ATTD of nitrogen and energy, and blood profiles during the entire experiment. Moreover, dietary inclusion of FRV significantly increased fecal Lactobacillus (p < 0.05) counts and reduced the diarrhea during days 22 - 42. Thus, the results suggest that FRV can be used as a potential additive to improve growth performance and dry matter and to reduce diarrhea while having beneficial effects on fecal microflora in weanling pigs.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.365-371
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• 2017

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of lacquer tree (Rhus verniciflua) extract on ganodermanondiol (GN), tyrosinase and melanin biosynthesis inhibitor, biosynthesis in Ganoderma lucidum mycelia. In HPLC analysis, GN contents were significantly increased in G. lucidum mycelial extracts supplemented with of 1, 5, 10, and 15% lacquer tree extracts (LTE). In addition, G. lucidum mycelial extracts supplemented with LTEs which had no cytotoxicity activity against B16F10 cells, significantly inhibited melanogenesis in B16F10 cells. GN biosynthesis was facilitated by LTE. Taken together, we propose that G. lucidum mycelial extracts supplemented with LTE can be used as an effective ingredient of skin care products in the future.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.181-189
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• 2014

The aim of this was to evaluate the effects of Rhus Verniciflua Stoke (RVS) extract powder on the endurance capacity for the forced swimming mice. Thirty mice were divided into 3 groups including negative control, 250 (RVS-250) and 500 (RVS-500) mg/kg RVS extract powder groups for 4-times swimming exercises. The swimming times to exhaustion in RVS-250 and RVS-500 mice were prolonged 1.6- and 2.0-fold at 4 weeks compared with negative control mice, respectively. Blood biochemical parameters for AST, ALT, T-CHO and TG were not significantly different between RVS fed or negative control mice. However, blood concentration of creatinine was significantly increased in RVS-250 mice, but not in RVS-500 mice. During the longer swimming exercise in RVS group, blood glucose and lactate levels were significantly decreased, but free fatty acid not changed. And also LDH levels were significantly decreased in RVS groups compared to negative control mice. Hepatic lipid peroxidation was not affected by RVS, but SOD and catalase activity were significantly increased in RVS groups. Interestingly, the levels of testosterone and free testosterone were significantly increased in RVS groups before swimming exercise, but they were not significantly changed among groups after swimming exercise. The present results suggest that RVS extract powders may enhance swimming exercise performance by recovering the exercise-fatigue via reduction of blood LDH activity and by burning blood glucose as an energy source. These results imply that RVS-produced testosterone may act as an energy buster to enhance physical activity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.11
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• pp.1776-1782
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• 2013

Rhus verniciflua was extracted at different temperatures and times, and the extracts were evaluated for contents of total phenolics and flavonoids, and antioxidant activities using DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities. Extraction temperatures and times were 80, 100, 120, 140 and $160^{\circ}C$, and 1, 3 and 5 hr. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as antioxidant activities by DPPH and ABTS increased as the extraction temperature increased. The total phenolic contents did not significantly increase at less than $100^{\circ}C$ with different extraction times. However, they were increased at 3 hr and decreased at more than $120^{\circ}C$. The total flavonoid contents reached a high value of 8.04 mg CE/g at $140^{\circ}C$. The antioxidant activity by DPPH increased as the extraction temperature increased and reached high values of 34.28 mg TE/g at $140^{\circ}C$. The total antioxidant activity by ABTS was similar to DPPH. These results presumed that the optimum extraction temperature and time in the process of Rhus verniciflua extraction are $140^{\circ}C$ for 3 hr.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.1
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• pp.116-125
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• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of CEPA(2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid) on bark physiology and anatomy of lactree(Rhus verniciflua Stokes). Sample trees of similar size and growth rate were selected from 7-year-old lactree plantation located in Hyengsung-kun, Kangwon-do. Lanolin pastes containing 0.1, 1, or 10% CEPA were put into the bark-removed hole made by corer(${\phi}1cm$) on the main stem at 1.2m above the ground on June 16, 1995. Five weeks after application of CEPA, bark thickness was markedly increased as a result of the increase in the amount of phloem and intercellular spaces, and correlated with the increased production of urushiol. By the application of 10% CEPA, bark thickness was increased approximately 2.5 times, and the urushiol content within bark was increased 2.8 times compared to that of untreated trees because CEPA stimulated the accumulation of urushiol within bark. Treatment of 10% CEPA also increased the size and the total number of secretory canals, and induced an increase in ray width. The phloem parenchyma cells of CEPA-treated trees were well-developed and closely packed with little intercellular space.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.189-195
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the antioxidant effect of Rhus verniciflua Stokes (RVS) extracts. The antioxidant activity of ethanol and water extract from RVS was examined on model systems and cooked beef, respectively. As concentration of RVS ethanol extract increased (1, 10, 100, and 1,000 ppm), the reductive activity of DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) was significantly increased (14.79, 75.08, 82.02, and $83.97\%$ respectively) (p<0.05). The RVS ethanol extract (10 ppm) was showed higher antioxidant activity than control in liposome and meat homogenate (p<0.05). It had more antioxidative effect in 10 ppm RVS ethanol extract with 2 ppm $\alpha-tocopherol$ treatment The maximum antioxidant activity appeared at pH 6.0 in meat homogenate and at pH $5.0\~6.0$ in liposome. Cooked beef mixed with Rhus verniciflua Stokes water extract showed significantly lower TBARS value, POV during storage for 4 days at $4^{\circ}C$ (p<0.05). And the RVS water extract also showed strong antioxidant activity in cooked beef which accelerated NaCl-catalyzed oxidation. Therefore, the results suggest that RVS extract may be used in commercial meat products as natural antioxidant in the near future.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.173-178
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• 2012

The water extract of the fermented $Rhus$ $verniciflua$ stem bark (FRVSB) was prepared by hot water extracting at $100^{\circ}C$ for 8 h. The urushiol content of the FRVSB water extract was determined by HPLC. The urushiol was not contained in FRVSB water extract, whereas $Rhus$ $verniciflua$ stem bark (RVSB) water extract contained 3.4 mg%. At the lab scale size, suitable water extraction condition for a total solid, polyphenol and flavonoid from FRVSB was at over $100^{\circ}C$ for 6-8 h. The total solid contents was reduced in pilot scale processing system, with 5.7% of the extraction yield. The proximate composition (%) of FRVSB water extract obtained from industrial installation was moisture 4.34, crude fat 1.69, crude protein 10.21, and crude ash 15.80. Gallic acid (1,090.5 mg%) was the most abundant compound in phenolic acids, while fisetin (135.7 mg%) was the predominant flavonoid. The free sugar content was mannitol of 3.48%, glycerol of 0.19%, and glucose of 0.19%. Alanine (244 ppm), serine (231 ppm), and leucine (218 ppm) were predominant amino acids.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.825-831
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• 2016

This study was carried out to investigate the quality characteristics of fermented milk containing Rhus verniciflua seed (RVS) extracts (0.0%, 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5%) and antioxidant activity of RVS extracts. The proximate composition of RVS was moisture (4.76%), crude ash (1.40%), crude fat (5.33%) and crude protein (11.10%). A total polyphenol content of 70% ethanol extract of RVS ($554{\pm}2.64mg/g$) was higher than that of RVS water extract ($145{\pm}3.47mg/g$). 70% ethanol extract ($1103{\pm}6.42mg/g$) of RVS showed higher content in the total flavonoids ($37{\pm}2.30mg/g$) and activities on DPPH free radical scavenging (73.23%) and ABTS free radical scavenging (83.47%) when compared with water extracted of RVS. The quality characteristics, such as pH, titratable acidity, and the number of lactic acid producing bacteria were not remarkably different between the fermented milk samples subjected to treatments with and without the addition of RVS extracts.