• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.320-325
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• 1992

For natural antioxidant test, the Rhus javanica $Linn\'{e}$ was extracted by 75% ethyl alcohol and fractionated it by chloroform and ethyl acetate using separatory funnel and column chromatography. In the Rhus javanica L. extract, the effective material was disolved easily in ethyl acetate and chloroform. When 600 ppm of ethyl acetate fraction of the extract was added to palm oil and lard, AI(antioxidant index) of each oil was 1.60 and 3.90 respectively. The $CHCl_3$ and EtOAc fractions were more effective than whole extract of Rhus javanica L. The palm oil, lard and soybean oil containing different levels of the Rhus javanica L. extract were stored at $60^{\circ}C$ to compare their antioxidative activity. Peroxide value, acid value and TBA value of each oil were monitored. The Rhus javanica L. extract was very effective to retard oxidation of palm oil and lard. This result coincided with Ranimat test.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.270-280
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• 2012

This study examined the dyeing characteristics of five oriental herbs, namely Gardenia jasminoides, Sophora japonica L., Rheum coreanum, Rhus javanica L., Ginkgo biloba L., on fabrics with traditional fermentation using malt. And the properties of Hwangsu (mineral water) of Yeongcheon (Korea)as a mordant in the post-treatment of textile were evaluated. The dyeability and fastness of cotton fabric and silk to light and washing as well as different fermentation periods and temperatures were investigated, and the following results were obtained. The dyeability of the fermented and non-fermented material did not show a significant difference. Fabrics mordanted with Hwangsu generally exhibited a reddish color due to the presence of iron. The dyeing of cotton fabric and silk by fermentation and Hwangsu mordanting were found to be effective on Rhus javanica L. and Rheum coreanum. These results were confirmed through fastness to light 3 of cotton on Rheum coreanum and 3-4 of silk on Rhus javanica L., respectively. The washing fastness of both fabrics dyed with fermented Rhus javanica L. and Rheum coreanum was improved, showing higher K/S value after washing than before washing.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.1020-1033
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• 2020

This study attempted to investigate the usefulness of Rhus javanica L., Cinnamomum verum and Rosmarinus officinalis extracts which have antimicrobial and antioxidant effects without any harm on human health as natural preservatives. In terms of extraction, extraction by 70% ethanol and hot-water extraction were used for Cinnamomum verum and Rhus javanica L. respectively. For Rosmarinus officinalis, a mixed method (70% ethanol and hot-water extraction) was adopted. In terms of experimental methods, antimicrobial effects, antioxidant activity through DPPH and safety and stability of cosmetics were assessed, and a challenge test was performed, and the results found the followings: According to an antimicrobial test, good antimicrobial effects were found in bacteria (Rhus javanica L. extract) and fungi (Cinnamomum verum extract). In contrast, the Rosmarinus officinalis extract was set aside because of poor antimicrobial activity. In the mixed extract (Rhus javanica L. + Cinnamomum verum), antimicrobial effects were observed in 'complex C (mixed in a 1:1 ratio)' while both inhibitory and sterilizing effects were found in 5 different test strains at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). In addition, antioxidant effects were detected in non-mixed extract and mixed extract ('complex C'). Furthermore, a test on cosmetics which adopted '10% complex C' instead of synthetic preservative revealed safety and stability. Therefore, this study has confirmed the potential of the Rhus javanica L., Cinnamomum verum and Rosmarinus officinalis extracts as materials for natural preservatives.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.142-148
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• 1992

Certain parts of 95 species of edible and medical plants were extracted with water and 75% of ethyl alcohol. After addition of those extracts to palm oil, lard and soybean oil at different level, their antioxidative activities were compared by Rancimat test. Six species among them seemed to have rather strong antioxidative activity and high extracting yields(i.e. Taraxacum platycarpum, Plantago asiatica, Rhus javanica L., Lycopus lucidus, Astragalus membranaceus, Taraxacum platycarpumH). Among them, the Rhus javanica L. ethanol extract retarded greatly the induction period of palm oil and lard. When 600 ppm of Rhus javanica L. extract were added to palm oil and lard, AI(antioxidant index was expressed as induction period of oil containing various plant extracts/induction period of control oil) of each was 1.35 and 3.03 respectively. This result indicated that the Rhus javanica L. extract was more effective on lard than the other oils.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.62 no.2
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• pp.195-202
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• 2019

Rhus javanica L. is Anacardiaceae plant distributed in East Asia. We evaluated the antioxidant activity and antiinflammatory effect of leaf, branch, root of ethyl acetate fraction from R. javanica. To confirm effective each extraction, The antioxidant activity was evaluated using 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) scavenging activity assays, and the anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated based on inhibitory activities on the protein and mRNA expression of iNOS and COX-2 in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. The phenolic compounds content of each extract was analyzed with Folin reagents and HPLC/PDA method. The gallic acids were identified and quantified. The roots of R. javanica showed strong antioxidant activity. Its total phenolic compounds content were higher than the orders. In addition, anti-inflammatory activity inhibited the protein and mRNA expression of nitric oxide production factor, following the same pattern as contents of phenolic compounds included gallic acid and its antioxidant activity. In conclusion, R. javanica showed effective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Especially, the roots were evaluated to be highly valuable as a natural resource for reducing inflammation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.261-269
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• 2012

In this study, 18 kinds of Korean medicinal herb extracts were examined for anti-microbial activities against pathogenic microorganisms. The methanol (MeOH) extracts from Schizandra chinensis, Rhus javanica and Caesalpinia sappan exhibited antimicrobial activities against most pathogenic microorganisms at concentrations of 5 mg/mL, whereas the other 15 extracts exhibited anti-microbial activities at concentrations of 30 mg/mL. The minimum concentration at which Schizandra chinensis extracts inhibited for S. epidermidis and Bor. bronchiseptica was 0.6 mg/mL. The MeOH extracts from Schizandra chinensis, Caesalpinia sappan, Rhus javanica and Seutellaria baicalensis which had higher anti-microbial activities were subsequently fractionated using 5 different solvents, and further screened for anti-microbial activities. The inhibitory effects of ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extracts on microbial growth were greater compared to any other solvent extracts. In order to investigate the inhibitory effect of Korean medicinal herbs with high anti-microbial activities on microbial proliferation, the MeOH extracts at concentrations of 0, 100, 300 and 500 ppm were added to the media. No addition of extracts caused rapid growth of microbes after 12 hours incubation. As the concentration of extracts from Rhus javanica and Caesalpinia sappan increased, the growth-inhibiting effect on gram-positive bacteria including S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and L. monocytogenes was prominent. Rhus javanica extracts exhibited growth-inhibiting activity for gram-negative bacteria including Sal. Pullorum and Sal. Choleraesuis. The low concentration of extracts from Rhus javanica and Caesalpinia sappan exhibited the growth of Bor. bronchiseptica and E. coli serotype $O_8$. However, the higher concentration of extracts from Rhus javanica and Caesalpinia sappan exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on microbial proliferation.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.44-54
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• 2013

To determine the potential function of Rhus javanica in Korean medicine, it was fermented with each strain of Lactobacillus spp. Each strain of Lactobacillus spp. was inoculated in lactobacilli MRS broth, and 5 mg/ml of methanol extract of Rhus javanica was added. In mouse hippocampal HT22 cells, ethyl acetate extract of R. javanica fermented with L. brevis KCTC 3498 induced heme oxygenase-1 expression and showed a significant cytoprotective effect on glutamate-induced oxidative damage. The cytoprotective effect was related to the transcription of the nuclear factor E2-related factor2 (Nrf2), which is responsible for the induction of heme oxygenase-1 within the nucleus. The antimicrobial, antioxidant, and heme oxygenase-1 expression activities of fermented R. javanica were measured after extraction with ethyl acetate. R. javanica fermented with L. plantarum subsp. plantarum KCTC 3108, L. fermentum KCTC 3112, and L. brevis KCTC 3498 had higher antioxidant activity than nonfermented R. javanica. The fermented R. javanica with L. plantarum subsp. plantarum KCTC 3108, L. casei KCTC 3109 after ethyl acetate extraction showed antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis PCI 219, Escherichia coli KCTC 1682, Shigella flexneri KCTC 2517, Vibrio parahaemolyticus KCTC 7471, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa KCTC 2004. An ethyl acetate extract of the fermented R. javanica with Lactobacillus brevis KCTC 3498 exhibited stronger antibacterial activity than a nonfermented one against strains of B. subtilis PCI 219, E. coli KCTC 1682, S. flexneri KCTC 2517, and V. parahaemolyticus KCTC 7471.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.150-155
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• 2004

The free radical scavenging activities and the protective effects of Rhus javanica extracts against oxidative damage induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) were investigated. n-Hexane, ethyl acetate and water fractions were prepared from a methanol extract. DPPH radical, superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities were estimated. Intracellular ROS formation was quantified using fluorescent probes, 2', 7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) for hydroxyl radical and dihydroethidium (DHE) for superoxide anion. The oxidative DNA damage was investigated by the comet assay in HepG$_2$ cells exposed either to $H_2O$$_2$ or to menadione. The highest $IC_{50}$/ values for DPPH radical scavenging activity was found in the ethyl acetate fraction with a value of 5.38 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL. Cells pretreated with $\geq$ 1 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL of the ethyl acetate extract had significantly increased cell viability compared to control cells, which were not pretreated with the extract. Intracellular ROS formation and DNA damage in HepG$_2$ cells, which were pretreated with the various concentrations of Rhus javanica ethyl acetate extract and then incubated either with $H_2O$$_2$ or with menadione, reduced in a dose-dependent manner. These findings suggest that Rhus javanica might have biologically active components which have strong protective effects against ROS induced oxidative damages to the biomolecules, such as cell membranes and DNA.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.231-238
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• 2009

The present study was conducted to investigate the antimicrobial activities of extracts from approximately 40 different traditional Korean medicinal herbs against S. gallinarum and S. epidermidis. The extracts from Schizandra chinensis Baill., Melia azedarach Linn$\acute{e}$, Caesalpinia sappan Linn$\acute{e}$. and Rhus javanica Linn$\acute{e}$. exhibited high antimicrobial activities against S. gallinarum, whereas the extracts from Melia azedarach Linn$\acute{e}$ and Rhus javanica Linn$\acute{e}$. exhibited high antimicrobial growth for S. epidermidis. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of Melia azedarach Linn$\acute{e}$, Caesalpinia sappan Linn$\acute{e}$. and Rhus javanica Linn$\acute{e}$. for S. gallinarum were 1.2 mg/mL, whereas MIC of exracts from Rhus javanica Linn$\acute{e}$. extract for S. epidermidis were 0.6 mg/mL. Heat treatment of the extracts from Schizandra chinensis Baill. and Rhus javanica Linn$\acute{e}$. caused a significant reduction in antimicrobial activities against S. gallinarum. but didn't affect antimicrobial activities against S. edidermidis. Alkaline treatment of the extracts from Schizandra chinensis Baill. caused a significant reduction in antimicrobial activities against S. gallinarum, while similar treatment of the extracts from Rhus javanica Linn$\acute{e}$. caused a significant increase in antimicrobial activities against S. edidermidis. Since extracts from Rhus javanica Linn$\acute{e}$. and Caesalpinia sappan Linn$\acute{e}$. exhibited the highest antimicrobial activities, these extracts at the concentrations of 100, 300 or 500 ppm were added and then bacterial growth-inhibiting activities for S. gallinarum and S. epidermidis by these two extracts were further examined. Optical density at 620 nm ($OD_{620}$) after 24 hours incubation in the absence of Rhus javanica Linn$\acute{e}$. extract ranged from 0.30 to 0.45 compared with $OD_{620}$ value ranging from 0.06 to 0.18 in the presence of 100, 300 or 500 ppm of the extract, indicating that growth of all bacteria was significantly inhibited within 24 hours by the addition of at least 100 ppm of Rhus javanica Linn$\acute{e}$ extract. Value of $OD_{620}$ after 24 hours incubation in the absence of Caesalpinia sappan Linn$\acute{e}$. extract ranged from 0.30 to 0.55 compared with $OD_{620}$ value ranging from 0.05 to 0.15 in the presence of 300 or 500 ppm of the extract, indicating that growth of all bacteria was also significantly inhibited within 24 hours by the addition of at least 300 ppm of Caesalpinia sappan Linn$\acute{e}$. extract. In conclusion, these findings suggest that extracts from Rhus javanica Linn$\acute{e}$. and Caesalpinia sappan Linn$\acute{e}$. may play important roles in antimicrobial activities against S. gallinarum and S. epidermidis.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.18-22
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• 2014

The antibacterial activities of methanol extracts of 19 commercial herbal medicines were measured against the fish pathogens Vibrio ichthyoenteri and Streptococcus iniae, which cause several fish diseases. Rhus javanica showed the strongest antibacterial activity against V. ichthyoenteri and S. iniae. The methanol extract of R. javanica was extracted further using several organic solvents with different polarities. The extract from the ethyl acetate fraction showed strong activity against both fish pathogens. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the R. javanica extract was $32{\mu}g/mL$ for V. ichthyoenteri and $128{\mu}g/mL$ for S. iniae. Further purification and isolation of the active compound (s) responsible for these activities and further study of the synergistic effect using combinations of antibiotics against pathogenic bacteria are needed.