• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
• /
• 2006.11a
• /
• pp.350-352
• /
• 2006

전류가 0.5 A에서 1.0 A로 변할 때 RhB 농도 감소가 크게 나타났으나 1.0 A 이상에서는 더 이상의 농도 감소가 없어 1 A가 최적 전류라고 사료되었다. 전극 간격을 1-3 cm로 변화시켜 RhB 농도감소를 고찰한 결과 전극간격에 따른 RhB 농도감소는 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으나 전력량을 감안하면 전극 간격이 좁을수록 유리하다고 사료되었다. 양극과 음극 모두 철 전극을 사용한 것이 RhB 농도가 감소가 가장 높았으며 전극 모양에 따른 RhB 농도 감소는 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.39 no.1
• /
• pp.85-93
• /
• 1995

Acidic and alkaline hydrolysis of diol-type ginseng saponins produced a new glycoside, (20E)-ginsenoside Rh$_{3}$, and its stereoisomer (20Z)-, which were further subjected to alkaline by drolysis to give their aglycones, (20E)- and (20Z)-3$\beta$, 12$\beta$-dihydroxy-dammar-20(22),24-diene. The ratio of stereoisomeric mixtures was estimated to be ca. 5:1 from intensities of the peaks in $^{1}$H- and $^{13}$C-NMR spectra. The $^{1}$H- and $^{13}$C-NMR signals of ginsenoside Rh$_{3}$, which have remained unclarified, were completely assigned by the extensive application of modern NMR techniques.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
• /
• v.5 no.6
• /
• pp.715-722
• /
• 1995

Vinylbenzyl triphenyl phosphonium chloride (VTPC) was prepared for the humid membrane. The humidity sensitive memo)lane was composed of copolymers, which have differnet content of VTPC and styrene (VTPC : ST=1 : 0.7 : 3, 5 : 5, 3 : 7). The changes in electrical properties of copolymers with relative humidity were measured. It was found that the impedance decreased with an increase of the content of VTPC in the humid membrane, and the Impedance also decreased with an increase of thickness of humid membrane. The copolymer derived from same equip of VTPC and ST showed 12M$\Omega$-100M$\Omega$ at 70%RH-90%RH, which was required for the current humidity sensor operating at high humidity or dew point. The temperature dependence coefficient at a temperature range 15$^{\circ}C$∼35$^{\circ}C$ was found to be -0.5%RH/$^{\circ}C$ and the hysterisis fabled within the range ${\pm}$2%RH. The response time was found to be 40seconds for varing relative humidity from 75% RH to 95%RH and vice versa.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
• /
• v.28 no.4
• /
• pp.265-270
• /
• 2001

Objective : The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome the GnRH antagonist (Cetrotide) short protocol in controlled ovarian hyperstimulation comparing with GnRH agonist long protocol. Materials and Method: From July 2000 to November 2001, 26 patients, 28 cycles were performed in controlled ovarian hyperstimulation by GnRH antagonist and GnRH agonist. GnRH antagonist (Cetrotide) was administered in 12 patients (14 cycles, Group 1) and GnRH agonist (Lucrin, Sub Q, Group 2) in 14 patients (14 cycles). Ovulation induction was performed by hMG (Pergonal) in group 1, and by Combo (Metrodine HP + Pergonal) in group 2. We compared the fertilization rate, good quality embryo, and clinical pregnancy rate between the two groups. Student-t test and Chi-square were used to determine statistical significance. Statistical significance was defined as p<0.05. Results: Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome did not occurred in which estradiol (E2) level was $3874{\pm}809\;pg/ml$ and the number of retrieved oocytes was $18.4{\pm}2.4$. The number of used gonadotropin ampules was significantly decreased in Group 1 (26.0 vs. 33.1, p<0.04). There were no significant difference in the number of preovulatory oocyte ($10.6{\pm}6.9$ vs. $10.0{\pm}6.1$), fertilization rate ($74.8{\pm}23.4$ vs. $72.2{\pm}21.8$), good quality embryo ($58.7{\pm}23.6$ vs. $38.7{\pm}36.6$), and embryo transfer ($4.3{\pm}1.6$ vs. $4.4{\pm}1.6$). Although the age of the group 1 was older than the group 2 (34.4 vs. 30.8), there was no significant difference in clinical pregnancy rate (50.0% vs. 57.1%). Conclusions: We suggest that GnRH antagonist was a safe, effective, and alternative method in the controlled ovarian hyperstimulation, especially in PCOD patients who will be develop the ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.

• Animal cells and systems
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.429-437
• /
• 2009

The control mechanism of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) on gonadotropin (GTH) release was studied using cultured pituitary cell or cultured whole pituitary obtained from Testosterone (T) treated and control immature rainbow trout. The release of FSH was not changed by salmon type GnRH (sGnRH), chiken-II type (cGnRH-II), GnRH analogue ([des-$Gly^{10}D-Ala^6$] GnRH ethylamide) and GnRH antagonist ([Ac-3, 4-dehydro-$Pro^1$, D-p-F-$Phe^2$, D-$Trp^{3,6}$] GnRH) in cultured pituitary cells of T-treated and control fish. Indeed, FSH release was not also altered by sGnRH in cultured whole pituitary. All tested drugs had no effect on the release of LH in both culture systems of control fish. The levels of LH, in contrast, such as the pituitary content, basal release and responsiveness to GnRH were increased by T administration in both culture systems. In addition, the release of LH in response to sGnRH or cGnRH-II induced in a dose-dependent manner from cultured pituitary cells of T-treated fish, but which is not significantly different between in both GnRH at the concentration examined. Indeed, LH release was also increased by sGnRH in cultured whole pituitary of T-treated fish. GnRH antagonist suppressed the release of LH by sGnRH ($10^{-8}\;M$) and GnRH analogue ($10^{-8}\;M$) stimulation in a dose-dependent manner from cultured pituitary cells of T-treated fish, and which were totally inhibited by $10^{-7}\;M$ GnRH antagonist. These results indicate that the sensitivity of pituitary cells to GnRH is elevated probably through the T treatment, and that GnRH is involved in the regulation of LH release. GnRH-stimulated LH release is inhibited by GnRH antagonist in a dose-dependent manner. The effects of gonadal steroids on FSH levels are less clear.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.188-191
• /
• 1991

The mild hydrolysis of ginsenosie Re with 50% acetic acid gave a prosapogenin mixture, 20(R)- and 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg2. The products were acetylated to give the peracetates, which were further converted into 20(R)- and 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh1 by the alcoholic alkaline treatment.

• Proceedings of the Korea Crystallographic Association Conference
• /
• 2002.11a
• /
• pp.30-30
• /
• 2002

Heating [Cp＊Rh(η²-NO₃)(OTf) (1) and PhC≡CPh in EtOH for 3 h gave a η⁴-cyclobutadienerhodium complex, [Cp＊Rh(η⁴-C₄Ph₄)] (2). Complex 1 reacted with HC=CPh in acetone at room temperature for 3 h to give a (η⁴-cyclobutadiene)-rhodium complex, [Cp＊Rh(η⁴-C₄HPhC=CPh)] (3). Whereas, the reactions of 1 with HC=CCH₂Cl in acetone at room temperature for 3 h gave the triply halide-bridged dinuclear rhodium complex, [Cp＊Rh(μ₂-Cl)₃RhCp＊](OTf) (4). Complexes 2-4 have been structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.57-66
• /
• 1981

An effective method for isolation of the major components of ginseng saponin such as $ginsenoside-Rb_{1},\;-Rb_2,$ -Rc, -Rd, -Re and $-Rg_1$, and the minor components such as ginsenoside-Rf, $-Rg_2,\;and-Rh_1$, was developed and reported in previous papers (J. Korean Agr. Chem. Soc., 23(4), 199 and 206(1980) The conditions and procedures used for isolation and identification for ginsenosides described in the previous papers were not sufficient enough for clean separation of minor components, $ginsenoside-Rh_1,\;and-Rh_2$. In this work, modifications in extraction method and in mobile phase for HPLC were attempted. It was found that application of ethyl acetate extraction at $60^{\circ}C$ for 3 hr on crude saponin resulted in a removal of diol group saponin from crude saponin which made it possible for using higher portion of acetonitrile in mobile phase. The mixed solvents of acetonitrile : water (92 : 8 and 94 : 6) gave excellent resolution of $ginsenoside-Rh_1\;and\;-Rh_2$.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.28 no.8
• /
• pp.988-994
• /
• 2005

The purpose of the present study was to prepare multivesicular liposomes with a high drug loading capacity and to investigate its potential applicability in the oral delivery of a peptide, human epidermal growth factor (rhEGF). The multivesicular liposomes containing rhEGF was prepared by a two-step water-in-oil-in-water double emulsification process. The loading efficiency was increased as rhEGF concentration increased from 1 to 5mg/mL, reaching approximately $60\%$ at 5 mg/mL. Approximately $47\%$ and $35\%$ of rhEGF was released from the multivesicular liposomes within 6 h in simulated intra-gastric fluid (pH 1.2) and intra-intestinal fluid (pH 7.4), respectively. rhEGF-loaded multivesicular liposomes markedly suppressed the enzymatic degradation of the peptide in an incubation with the Caco-2 cell homogenate. However, the transport of rhEGF from the multivesicular liposomes to the basolateral side of Caco­2 cells was two times lower than that of the rhEGF in aqueous solution. The gastric ulcer healing effect of rhEGF-loaded multivesicular liposomes was significantly enhanced compared with that of rhEGF in aqueous solution; the healing effect of the liposomes was comparable to that of the cimetidine in rats. Collectively, these results indicate that rhEGF-loaded multivesicular liposomes may be used as a new strategy for the development of an oral delivery system in the treatment of peptic ulcer diseases.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.95-103
• /
• 2003

Objective : To assess and compare the clinical outcomes between GnRH agonist long protocol and GnRH antagonist short protocol in oocyte donation program. Materials and Methods: Of total 18 oocyte donation cycles, controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) were performed with GnRH agonist long protocol and GnRH antagonist short protocol in initial 9 cycles and later 9 cycles, respectively. Oral estradiol valerate and progesterone in oil we re administrated to all recipients for endometrial preparation. Oral estradiol administration was started from donor cycle day 1 after full shut down of gonadal axis with GnRH agonist in patients with ovarian function. Progesterone was injected from oocyte retrieval day of donor initially, then continuously till pregnancy 12 weeks if pregnancy was ongoing. We compared the parameters of clinical outcomes, such as number of the retrieved oocytes, fertilization rate, high grade embryo production rate, clinical pregnancy rate, implantation rate, ongoing pregnancy rate, COH duration, total gonadotropin dose for COH between GnRH agonist long protocol group and GnRH antagonist group. Statistical analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney test, p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The number of retrieved oocytes, fertilization rate, high grade embryo production rate, clinical pregnancy rate, implantation rate, ongoing pregnancy rate were $14.89{\pm}7.83$, 81%, 64%, 78%, 31%, 78%, respectively in GnRHa long protocol group and $11.22{\pm}8.50$, 79%, 64%, 67%, 34%, 56%, respectively in GnRH antagonist group. There was no significant differences in parameters of clinical outcomes between 2 groups (all p value >0.05). Duration and total gonadotropin dose for COH were $10.94{\pm}1.70$ days and $43.78{\pm}6.8$ vials in 18 cycles, $12.00{\pm}1.73$ days and $48.00{\pm}6.93$ vials in agonist group, $9.88{\pm}0.78$ days and $39.55{\pm}3.13$ vials in antagonist group, respectively. In GnRH agonist long protocol group, significantly longer duration and higher gonadotropin dose for COH were needed (p=0.012). Conclusion: In oocyte donation program, clinical outcomes from controlled ovarian hyperstimulation with GnRH antagonist were comparable to those from GnRH agonist long protocol group, so controlled ovarian hyperstimulation with GnRH antagonist may be effective as GnRH agonist long protocol. At least there may not be harmful effects of GnRH antagonist on oocyte development and quality.