• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.458-463
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• 2009

In this study, white ginseng water extract (WGWE) solutions were analyzed to set up the functional saponin content and quality optimization condition. The highest saponin content among the total white ginseng extracts was 8.32 mg/10 ml which was extracted at $75^{\circ}C$ for 18 hours. In addition, the saponin content decreased according to the increased extraction temperature and time. The highest content of $Rb_2$ and Re was 0.89 mg/10 ml, 0.82 mg/10 ml at $75^{\circ}C$ for 18 hours which decreased according to the increased extracted temperature and time. The highest content of $Rg_3$ was 1.67 mg/10 ml at $95^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours which decreased according to the increased time. The turbidity, sweetness and reducing sugar content were increased according to the increased extracted time at $75^{\circ}C$, $85^{\circ}C$, $95^{\circ}C$, but pH were decreased according to the increased extracted time. Therefore, the most appropriate white ginseng extracting method have to extracted the proper temperature for saponin content at first time in combination with raise the temperature for taste at second time.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.166-172
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• 2001

In order to increase ginsenoside content, to reduce chemical change, to shorten extracting procedure, new methods of extraction and fractionation of crude ginseng saponin were established and compared for their chemical composition. Those are hot MeOH extraction/n-BuOH fractionation (BuOH method) and hot MeOH extraction/Diaion HP-20 adsorption/MeOH elution (HP-20 method), which are already known methods, and additional three new methods: hot MeOH extraction/cation AG 50W $adsorption/H_2O$ elution/n-BuOH extraction (AG 50W method), cool MeOH extraction/Diaion HP-20 adsorption/MeOH elution (cool extraction method) and direct extraction with EtOAc/n-BuOH (direct extraction method). AG 50W method provided a crude saponin showing the highest content of ginsenosides of 61.5% and the lowest contents of protein and free amino acids of 0.93% and 0.19%, respectively. The protein content was the highest as 14.18% in the crude saponin by HP-20 method, while free sugar content was the highest as 13.5% by BuOH method, indicating that these are factors that lower the rate of ginsenoside in crude saponins by those methods. On the other hand, it was revealed that AG 50W method produced large amount of prosapogenins during the pass through the cation exchange resin (AG 50W) column being strongly acidic. Crude saponin from direct extraction method showed relatively higher composition of ginsenoside $Rg_1$ and Re. The results suggest that contents and composition of ginsenosides and other chemical components in crude ginseng saponin greatly depend on the condition of the extraction and fractionation.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.106-116
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• 2023

Background: Pirarubicin (THP) is an anthracycline antibiotic used to treat various malignancies in humans. The clinical usefulness of THP is unfortunately limited by its dose-related cardiotoxicity. Ginsenoside F1 (GF1) is a metabolite formed when the ginsenosides Re and Rg1 are hydrolyzed. However, the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of GF1 on THP-induced cardiotoxicity remain unclear. Methods: We investigated the anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidative stress effects of GF1 on an in vitro model, using H9c2 cells stimulated by THP, plus trigonelline or AKT inhibitor imidazoquinoxaline (IMQ), as well as an in vivo model using THP-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent test, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), creatine kinase (CK-MB), cardiac troponin (c-TnT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) were determined. Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and the expression of Nrf2 target genes, including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), glutathione-S-transferase (Gst), glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit (GCLM), and expression levels of AKT/Bcl-2 signaling pathway proteins were detected using Western blot analysis. Results: THP-induced myocardial histopathological damage, electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities, and cardiac dysfunction were reduced in vivo by GF1. GF1 also decreased MDA, BNP, CK-MB, c-TnT, and LDH levels in the serum, while raising SOD and GSH levels. GF1 boosted Nrf2 nuclear translocation and Nrf2 target gene expression, including HO-1, Gst, and GCLM. Furthermore, GF1 regulated apoptosis by activating AKT/Bcl-2 signaling pathways. Employing Nrf2 inhibitor trigonelline and AKT inhibitor IMQ revealed that GF1 lacked antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects. Conclusion: In conclusion, GF1 was found to alleviate THP-induced cardiotoxicity via modulating Nrf2 and AKT/Bcl-2 signaling pathways, ultimately alleviating myocardial oxidative stress and apoptosis.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.33-43
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• 2013

Objectives: Osteoporosis is characterized by bone loss and morbidity with osteoporotic fracture. In this study, the author aimed to evaluate the effect of dried roots of Rehmannia glutinosa extract (RGE) on osteoblast proliferation in murine calvarial cells. Methods: The osteoblast separated from murine calvariae was cultivated for 6 days and evaluated the cell function. After the addition of RGE on the culture medium, we determined the effect of RGE on the cell viability, cell proliferation, protein synthesis, alkaline phosphatase activity, collagen synthesis and calcified nodule formation of the cultivated osteoblast. Results: The results were summarized as follows. 1. RGE did not change the survival rate of rat calvarial osteoblast. 2. RGE increased the proliferation of rat calvarial osteoblast. 3. RGE increased ALP activity of rat calvarial osteoblast., 4. RGE slightly affected protein synthesis of rat calvarial osteoblast. 5. RGE increased collagen synthesis of rat calvarial osteoblast. 6. RGE slightly affected calcified nodule formation of rat calvarial osteoblast. Conclusions: From these results, it is concluded that RG might improve the osteoporosis resulted from augmentation of osteoblast proliferation.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.8 no.5 s.39
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• pp.65-77
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• 2004

In this study, the base isolation systems for equipment in the NPP are presented and the responses of each isolation system are investigated. As for the base isolation systems, a natural rubber bearing (NRB) and a high damping rubber bearing (HDRB) are selected. As input motions, artificial time histories enveloping the US NRC RG 1.60 spectrum and the probability-based scenario earthquake spectra developed for the Korean nuclear power plant site as well as a typical near-fault earthquake record are used. Uniaxial, biaxial, and triaxial excitations are conducted with PGAs of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.25g. The reduction of the seismic forces transmitted to the equipment models are determined for different isolation systems and input motions.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.369-374
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• 2008

The effects of reaction temperature and the addition of various detergents on the enantioselective hyrolysis activity of the recombinant Escherichia coli containing the epoxide hydrolase (EH) gene of Rhodotorula glutinis were investigated for the production of enantiopure styrene oxide. The recombinant E. coli harboring the EH gene from R. glutinis exhibited the enantiopreference toward (R)-styrene oxide with the maximum hydrolytic activity of $165.04{\mu}mol/min/mg$ of dry cell weight (dcw). The addition of 0.5% (w/v) Tween 20 at $10^{\circ}C$ increased the initial hydrolysis rate and enantioselectivity by 1.45-fold and 2.0-fold, respectively. Enantiopure (S)-styrene oxide was prepared with 99% ee enantiopurity and 46.0% yield (theoretical yield=50%) from 20 mM racemic styrene oxide.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.35 no.4 s.139
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• pp.288-292
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• 2004

To evaluate the quality of the crude drugs using three kinds of Cinnamomum Cortex (CC), Vietnamese CC (VCC, the stem bark of Cinnamomum obtusifolium), periderm-peeled Chinese CC (PPCC, periderm-peeled stem bark of C. cassia), Chinese CC (CCC, stem bark of C. cassia) and a Cinnamomi Ramulus (CR, the twig of C. cassia), the four essential oils were prepared by steam distillation method. Cinnamaldehdye (CAN) and an unknown substance tentatively named hydroxy-cinnamaldehdye(HCNA) were detected in the four essential oils by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, the contents of which are significantly different one another. Vietnamese CC had the highest content of HCNA whereas CR had the highest CAN content and the lowest HCNA. Vietnamese CC exhibited the greatest cytotoxic activity against the cancer cell lines, A549, HepG-2, HL-60, P-388, U-937, and KB and CR the lowest cytotoxicity. Contents of CAN and HCNA in CCC and PPCC are positioned between VCC and CR. These results suggest that measurement of HCNA and cytotoxicity may determine the quality of CC and CR.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.87-93
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• 1997

DA-5018, a new capsaicin derivative, showed potent analgesic effect comparable to that of morphine in various experimental acute pain models. in this study, whether the analgesic mechanism of DA-5018 is related to opiate receptors or prostanoids was investigated. The affinity of DA-5018 for opiate receptor was determined by receptor binding assay. The Ki values of DA-5018 for nonspecific and specific $\mu$, $textsc{k}$, $\delta$-opiate receptor was 299$\pm$8.88, 735$\pm$215, 2930$\pm$ 163, 1550$\pm$813 nM, respectively and DA-5018 exhibited lower affinity than morphine. DA-5018 (10-"~3$\times$10-′M) inhibited electrically-evoked contractions of the guinea ply ileum and rat vas deferens, and these inhibition was not antagonized by naloxone(10 nM), an opiate receptor antagonist. Antagonism of analgesic effect of 7A-5018 by naloxone was examined by tail pinch test. Analgesic action of DA-5018(0.1 ~2 mg/kg, 5.c.) was not antagonized by naloxone(1 mg/rg, i.p.). These results indicate that pharmacological action of DA-5018 is not related with opiate receptor. Cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase activities in rat peritoneal neutrophil treated with A23187 and arachidonic acid were measured by radioimmunoassay. DA-5018 stimulated the cyclooxygenase activity and the concentration show-ing the two fold increase of activity was 124$\mu$M. DA-5018 slightly inhibited 5-lipoxygenase activity and these results together indicate that analgesic action of 3A-5018 is not mediated through inhibition of cyclooxy genase or lipoxygenase. These results suggest that the analgesic effect of DA-5018 is not due to blocking opiate receptor or to inhibiting the synthesis of prostanoids in the arachidonic acid metabolism pathway.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2016

Background : A new extraction method-heated ultrasonic extraction was qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed for the extraction of major ginsenosides from ginseng extract; this new high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was compared with the official extraction method of Korean industrial standards and standard for health functional food. Methods and Results : Ginsenoside compounds were analyzed for 35 minutes by the new HPLC analysis method using a Halo$^{(R)}$ RP-Amide column. The new HPLC analysis method was validated by the measurement of intra-day and inter-day precision, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ) of each ginsenoside. The correlation coefficients (r2) for the calibration curves of the ginsenoside compounds were over 0.9997 in terms of linearity. The heated ultrasonic extraction method using ultrasonication for 30 minutes at $50^{\circ}C$ yielded higher amount of ginsenosides than the extraction method of the Korean industrial standards owing to the enhancement of extraction efficiency. Conclusions : Compared to the other extraction methods, the heated ultrasonic extraction method yielded a higher amount of ginsenoside Rb1 than Rg1 index compounds for the quality evaluation of ginseng roots.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.87-93
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• 2010

Objectives : The oriental medicine Jangwonhwan originally described in the Korean medical text, DonguiBogam(amnesia chapter). Recently, a modified formula of Jangwonhwan(LMK02-Jangwonhwan), was shown to reduce $\beta$-amyloid deposition in the brain of Tg-APPswe/PS1dE9 mouse model for Alzheimer's disease. This experiment aimed to investigate the acute oral toxicity of LMK02 in SD rats by up-and-down procedure determinations. Methods : Quality control of tablet form of LMK02 was established by estimating indicative components, Ginsenoside Rg3 of Red Ginseng and Decursin of Angelicagigas Nakai. The toxicity of LMK02 was investigated in 6 week old, specific pathogen free(SPF), Sprageu-Dawley rats. 3 female rats received 5,000 mg/10 ml/kg of test substance and their death rate, clinical sings, weight changes and autopsy findings had been observed for 2 weeks. Results : Any specific symptoms or death were resulted in this experiment. No significant changes in rats' weight. No significant differences in atopsy. Conclusions : The minimum lethal dose(MLD) of LMK02 for female Sprauge-Dawley rats were more than 5,000mg/kg in this experiment.