• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.294-299
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• 2008

Nowadays there are numerous factors to design the structure even for simple one, but many parts of the work are similar to the existing or repeated simply. In this case, design of the structure is unnecessarily needed lots of effort and time. To solve difficulties of design, an integrated design automation system for retaining wall structures that widely used is developed. The automation system consists of following items, 1) XML data structure between modules, 2) CAD visualization system to provide drawing sheets, 3) excel solution to provide structural design sheets and bills of quantity, 4) design logic to analysis and calculate behaviors of structure, and 5) GUI to represent data and results for the program.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.329-341
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• 2024

Retaining structures are one of the most important elements in the stabilization of excavations and slopes in various engineering projects. Mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) walls are widely used as retaining structures due to their flexibility, easy and economical construction. These benefits are especially prominent for projects built on soft and weak foundation soils, which have relatively low resistance and high compressibility. For high retaining walls on weak foundations, conventional design methods are not cost-effective. Therefore, two alternative solutions for different foundation weakness are proposed in this research: optimized multi-tiered MSE walls and single tier wall with foundation improvement. The cost optimization considers both the construction components and the land price. The results show that the optimal solution depends on several factors, including the foundation strength and more importantly, the land price. For low land price, the optimized multi-tiered wall is more economical, while for high land price (urban areas), the foundation improvement is preferable. As the foundation strength decreases, the foundation improvement becomes inevitable.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.247-267
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• 2012

Calculating the displacements of retaining walls under seismic loads is a crucial part in optimum design of these structures and unfortunately the techniques based on active seismic pressure are not sufficient alone for an appropriate design of the wall. Using limit analysis concepts, the seismic displacements of retaining walls are studied in present research. In this regard, applying limit analysis method and upper bound theorem, a new procedure is proposed for calculating the yield acceleration, critical angle of failure wedge, and permanent displacements of retaining walls in seismic conditions for two failure mechanisms, namely sliding and sliding-rotational modes. Also, the effect of internal friction angle of soil, the friction angle between wall and soil, maximum acceleration of the earthquake and height of the wall all in the magnitude of seismic displacements has been investigated by the suggested method. Two sets of ground acceleration records related to near-field and far-field domains are employed in analyses and eventually the results obtained from the suggested method are compared with those from other techniques.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2006

The reinforced soil retaining wall structures of serious types with environmental are widely expanding more and more in Korea, which divided conventional type's reinforced soil retaining wall on segmental retaining wall. The causes of most crack occurred at block in reinforced soil retaining wall structure caused by the differential settlement of foundation. It is difference of settlement for significant factor that with overall slope stability. In this study, design assessment of foundation bearing capacity related to differential settlement of foundation ground was considered. And, also, through case study, the countermeasure methods and its application were suggested that the bearing capacity of foundation had to stabilize. The foundation ground in charge of bearing capacity should be affected by the resisting force of sliding, because the foundation parts of reinforced soil retaining wall were belongs to potential slope sliding area in overall stabilizing including retaining wall structures. Therefore, the analyzing or the designing of bearing capacity for foundation should be considered control capacity on the overall slope sliding.

• Explosives and Blasting
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.14-24
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• 2015

We conducted test blasting in 3 sites to identify the effect on safety of the earth retaining wall by near blasting vibration. As a test result, we confirm that underground structures(earth anchor et al.) are relatively safer than surface structures as the underground vibration is 10~52% of surface vibration at a same distance. We derived surface and underground vibration prediction equations by regression analysis of measured 3 sites' surface and underground vibration PPV. Also we calculated minimum separation distance by blasting pattern about underground and surface curing concrete. Unless any discontinuity which are unsafe on the earth retaining wall appear, blasting work using under 2.4kg per delay is not meaningful to the earth retaining wall's safety as the result of measuring near blasting vibration, confirming change the earth retaining wall's instrument, and observation of structural deformation.

• Geotechnical Engineering
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.35-44
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• 1997

A finite element computer program is developed for the specific analysis of earth retaining structures in urban excavation. Unlike the existing multi -purpose FEM programs, the newly developed program (EM) consists of very simple and easy data processing system for the urban excavation. A non-linear material model(GDHM, Generalized Decoupled Hyperbolic Models is deviloped and implemented in the program EM. The results of large scale model tests for earth retaining structures are used for the vertification of EM along whit GDHM, and the results were satisfactory, but it was found that the program EM needs minor modification for the improvement of its accuracy.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 1990.10a
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• pp.129-144
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• 1990

This paper is an introduction of measured samples of a peripheral ground displacement resulting from excavation work, and the work carried out to minimize the displacement of the earth retaining wall and the adjacent structures.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.385-392
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• 2021

In general, earth retaining work in construction works enables the construction of structures, prevents the displacement of the surrounding ground to the maximum extent, and plays an important role in ensuring the safety of the surrounding structures and field workers. The earth retaining work and the construction method differ according to the various ground characteristics, surrounding topographical characteristics, repair environment, and design conditions. In particular, in the case of Seoul city, the environments and ground conditions differ according to the area. This study analyzed the earth retaining work cost mainly for the apartment construction project in Seoul and calculated the approximate earth retaining work cost at the project planning stage. A model was developed to predict the cost of earth retaining work that matches the characteristics of Seoul City and predict the construction cost for earth retaining work. This paper presents the predicted earth retaining work cost using a multiple regression model that applies 10 project outlines as independent variables. The error rate of the prediction result of the earth retaining work cost of the apartment construction project in Seoul using multiple regression models was 10.75%.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.111-127
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• 2013

In this paper, a new version of gravitational search algorithm based on opposition-based learning (OBGSA) is introduced and applied for optimum design of reinforced concrete retaining walls. The new algorithm employs the opposition-based learning concept to generate initial population and updating agents' position during the optimization process. This algorithm is applied to minimize three objective functions include weight, cost and $CO_2$ emissions of retaining structure subjected to geotechnical and structural requirements. The optimization problem involves five geometric variables and three variables for reinforcement setups. The performance comparison of the new OBGSA and classical GSA algorithms on a suite of five well-known benchmark functions illustrate a faster convergence speed and better search ability of OBGSA for numerical optimization. In addition, the reliability and efficiency of the proposed algorithm for optimization of retaining structures are investigated by considering two design examples of retaining walls. The numerical experiments demonstrate that the new algorithm has high viability, accuracy and stability and significantly outperforms the original algorithm and some other methods in the literature.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.75-91
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• 2009

It is known that retaining walls were severely damaged as well in the most recent earthquakes having occurred in the countries in the active seismic belts of the world. This damage can be ascribed to the calculation methods used for the designs of retaining walls in the event of their constructions and employment having been accurately carried out. Generally simplified pseudo-static methods are used in the analysis of retaining walls with analytical methods and soil-structure interaction are not considered. In view of these circumstances, in this article by taking soil interaction into consideration, linear and nonlinear behaviours of retaining walls are analyzed with the assistance of LUSAS which is one of the structural analysis programs. This investigations are carried out per LUSAS which employs the finite element method as to the Erzincan (1992) Earthquake North-South component and the obtained findings are compared with the ones obtained from the method suggested in Eurocode-8, which is still effective today, and Mononobe-Okabe method. Not only do the obtained results indicate the distribution and magnitude of soil pressures are depend on the filling soil but on the foundation soil as well and nonlinear effects should be considered in designs of these walls.