• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.27.1-27.12
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• 2021

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of respiratory viral infection in infants and children. However, little is known about the contribution of monocytes to antiviral responses against RSV infection. We identified the IFN-β production of monocytes using IFN-β/YFP reporter mice. The kinetic analysis of IFN-β-producing cells in in vivo RSV-infected lung cells indicated that monocytes are recruited to the inflamed lung during the early phase of infection. These cells produced IFN-β via the myeloid differentiation factor 88-mediated pathway, rather than the TLR7- or mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein-mediated pathway. In addition, monocyte-ablated mice exhibited decreased numbers of IFN-γ-producing and RSV Ag-specific CD8⁺ T cells. Collectively, these data indicate that monocytes play pivotal roles in cytotoxic T-cell responses and act as type I IFN producers during RSV infection.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.139-143
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• 2010

A 2-month-old male Jeju native black calf with respiratory distress was died and requested to the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory of Jeju National University for diagnosis. Grossly, lungs were focally attached to the pleura and heart with fibrin. Purple red sublobar consolidations were distributed in both apical and cardiac lobes of lungs. Histopathologically, diffuse severe bronchointerstitial pneumonia characterized by multifocal necrotizing bronchiolitis, formation of numerous multinucleated syncytial cells in bronchiolar and alveolar lumens, and diffuse alveolar wall thickening were observed in lungs. Eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions were observed in bronchiolar epithelial cells and syncytial cells. According to reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) was detected in the lung of calf. Based on the histopathologic findings and RT-PCR, this calf was diagnosed as BRSV infection. In our best knowledge, this is the first case of BRSV infection in Jeju native black calf.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.205-211
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• 2010

Fifty young calves, about five to six months old purchased from nation-wide were investigated with the prevelance of neutralizing antibody (Ab) of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV), parainfluenza 3 virus ($PI_{3}V$), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV). The positive detection ratio of neutralizing Ab against IBRV was only 3% and two of positive samples showed low antibody titer (below 2). Ab against BRSV showed 48% of positive ratio and among 24 positive samples, antibody titer of 23 samples were below 3. But in the case of BVDV, 68% of samples were positive and 23 samples appeared to possess high antibody titer, above 4 and the antibody titer of five samples were above 8. The highest positive result came from $PI_{3}V$. The positive ratio in the samples investigated in this study was 72%, but the antibody titer of positive samples were generally below 3 (77.8% in positive samples).

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.114-120
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• 2014

목적: 본 연구에서는 6개월 미만의 영아를 대상으로 백일해의 기초적인 역학조사를 확인하고자 단일 기관에서 실시하였다. 방법: 2011년 10월부터 2013년 4월까지 분당 차병원에 내원한 진찰 당시 호흡기계 증상을 보여서 입원한 생후 6개월 미만의 영아들을 대상으로 비인두 흡입물로 B. pertussis PCR 또는 배양검사를 시행하였다. 또한 respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, metapneumo-virus, rhinovirus, parainfluenza virus, influenza A, B virus 포함한 호흡기 바이러스들에 대한 multiplex RT-PCR 검사를 시행 후 분석하였다. 결과: 대상 환아 수는 총 79례였으며 환아 연령 중앙값은 2개월이었고 대부분 진단은 급성 세기관지염(60%)이거나 폐렴(28%)이었다. B. pertussis 이 확인된 경우는 13례(16%)였으며 환아 연령 중앙값은 2개월이었다. B. pertussis 이 확인된 13례 중 7례(53%)에서 respiratory syncytial virus가, 1례(7%)에서 influenza A virus가 확인되었다. B. pertussis 이 확인된 13증례 중 DTaP 접종력 없는 증례는 6례(46%)이었고 DTaP 백신 1회 접종한 증례는 6례(46%)이었고 DTaP 백신 2회 접종한 증례는 1례(8%)이었다. 결론: 호흡기계 증상들을 보이는 입원한 생후 6개월 미만의 영아의 원인 병원체 중 B. pertussis 이 16%를 차지하였다. 6개월 미만의 영아들에 대한 향후 전국적인 다 기관이 포함된 역학적 감시 활동이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제54권5호
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• pp.192-196
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• 2011

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a main cause of hospitalization for bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants worldwide. Children with hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease (HS-CHD), as well as premature infants are at high risk for severe RSV diseases. Mortality rates for CHD patients hospitalized with RSV have been reported as about 24 times higher compared with those without RSV infection. Recently with advances in intensive care, mortality rates in CHD patients combined with RSV have decreased below 2%. The requirements of intensive care and mechanical ventilation for CHD patients with RSV infection were still higher than those without RSV infection or with non-CHD children. RSV infection has frequently threatened CHD infants with congestive heart failure, cyanosis, or with pulmonary hypertension. As a progressive RSV pneumonitis in those infants develops, the impairment of oxygen uptake, the breathing workload gradually increases and eventually causes to significant pulmonary hypertension, even after the operation. Preventing RSV infection as much as possible is very important, especially in infants with HS-CHD. A humanized monoclonal antibody, palivizumab, has effective in preventing severe RSV disease in high-risk infants, and progressive advances in supportive care including pulmonary vasodilator have dramatically decreased the mortality (<1%). Depending on the global trend, Korean Health Insurance guidelines have approved the use of palivizumab in children <1 year of age with HS-CHD since 2009. Korean data are collected for RSV prophylaxis in infants with CHD.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.51.1-51.17
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• 2020

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe pulmonary disease in infants, young children, and the elderly. Formalin inactivated RSV (FI-RSV) vaccine trials failed due to vaccine enhanced respiratory disease, but the underlying immune mechanisms remain not fully understood. In this study, we have used wild type C57BL/6 and CD4 knockout (CD4KO) mouse models to better understand the roles of the CD4 T cells and cellular mechanisms responsible for enhanced respiratory disease after FI-RSV vaccination and RSV infection. Less eosinophil infiltration and lower pro-inflammatory cytokine production were observed in FI-RSV vaccinated CD4KO mice after RSV infection compared to FI-RSV vaccinated C57BL/6 mice. NK cells and cytokine-producing CD8 T cells were recruited at high levels in the airways of CD4KO mice, correlating with reduced respiratory disease. Depletion studies provided evidence that virus control was primarily mediated by NK cells whereas CD8 T cells contributed to IFN-γ production and less eosinophilic lung inflammation. This study demonstrated the differential roles of effector CD4 and CD8 T cells as well as NK cells, in networking with other inflammatory infiltrates in RSV disease in immune competent and CD4-deficient condition.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.207-213
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• 2014

목적: 본 연구는 소아에서 호흡기바이러스 감염과 폐렴구균의 상기도 보균율 간의 연관성을 분석하고자 하였다. 방법: 2009년 5월부터 2010년 6월까지 서울대학교 어린이병원에 호흡기 증상을 주소로 내원한 18세 미만 소아로부터 채취한 비인두 흡인물을 대상으로 폐렴구균을 배양하고 RT-PCR을 통해 호흡기 바이러스(influenza virus A와 B, parainfluenza virus 1, 2와 3, respiratory syncytial virus A와 B, adenovirus, rhinovirus A/B, human metapneumovirus, human coronavirus 229E/NL63, OC43/HKU1)를 검출하여 호흡기바이러스 검출과 폐렴구균 보균 사이의 연관성을 분석하였다. 결과: 대상 환자의 중앙 연령은 27개월이었다. 총 1,367건의 비인두 흡인물 중 폐렴구균이 배양된 검체는 228개(16.7%)이었고, 호흡기바이러스가 검출된 검체는 731개(53.5%)이었다. 흔히 분리된 바이러스는, rhinovirus(18.4%), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) A (10.6%), adenovirus (6.9%), influenza virus A (6.8%) 순으로 나타났다. 폐렴구균 보균율은 호흡기바이러스 양성인 경우가 21.3% (156/731)로 음성인 경우 11.3% (72/636)보다 높았다(P<0.001). 검출된 호흡기바이러스의 종류에 따라서는 influenza virus A [24.7% (23/93) vs 16.1% (205/1274), P=0.001], RSV A [28.3% (41/145) vs 15.3% (187/1222), P=0.001], RSV B [31.3% (10/32) vs 16.3% (218/1335), P=0.042], rhino-virus A/B [22.6% (57/252) vs 15.3% (171/1115), P=0.010]가 양성인 소아는 음성인 소아에 비하여 폐렴구균 보균율이 높게 나타났다. 결론: 본 연구 결과, 호흡기 증상이 있는 소아에서 호흡기바이러스가 검출된 경우 폐렴구균 보균율이 높았다. 향후 호흡기바이러스와 폐렴구균의 보균에 의한 호흡기 감염병의 임상발현 기전을 밝히는 데 도움이 될 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.45-51
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• 2000

Sera from 425 Korean native and 203 Holstein cattle were collected from October 1994 to September 1995 from dairy farms and slaughterhouses in Chonnam province to study the exposure rate to bovine respiratory syncytial virus(BRSV). Serum antibody titers against BRSV were measured by neutralization test, and results were as follows: Overall prevalence of seropositive cattle to BRSV were 74.5%, and the exposure rate to BRSV was higher among the Holstein (77.3%) than among the Korean native cattle(73.2%). The serum antibody titers against BRSV ranged from 1:2~$\geq$1:256 in both species. Among Korean native cattle, the most frequent serum antibody titer was 1:4 against BRSV(19.3%), while only 1.4% of seropositive cattle had serum titer of $\geq$1: 256. Among Holstein cattle, 22.7% of examined cattle contained serum titer of 1:8, while 1.5% of seropositive cattle showed $\geq$ 1:256. Antibody titers against BRSV were higher among males than females in both Holstein (82.1% vs. 73.1%) and Korean native (74.5% vs. 69.2%) cattle. Prevalence of seropositive cattle by age in both species were evenly distributed, although the highest number (76.9%) of seropositive were at the age of 3 in Korean native cattle, while 83.5% of seropositive Holstein cattle were of 2 years old. The lowest seropositive rate was observed in cattle of less than 1 year old(25.0%). Seasonal occurrunce of BRSV was the highest in spring season in both Holstein (86.6%) and Korean native (81.0%) cattle (P<0.05).

• Neonatal Medicine
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.144-152
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• 2018

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics of Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection during the neonatal period to provide information that is useful in clinical practice and suggest extension of the palivizumab administration. Methods: Neonates admitted to the National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital neonatal intensive care unit due to respiratory symptoms and for whom multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and multiplex real time-polymerase chain reaction tests were performed between October 2011 and May 2016 were included in this study. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed, and data was collected for 156 neonates. Results: Among the 156 neonates, RSV was detected in 114 (73.1%), non-RSV in 25 (16%), and no virus in 17 (10.9%). The majority were full term infants (92.4%) and peak incidence of RSV infection was in January. Post-natal care center infection was more common in the RSV group (46.6%) than that in the other virus groups (24%, P=0.0243). Clinical symptoms were severe in the RSV group in contrast to that in the non-RSV or others groups. The RSV group frequently needed oxygen therapy (P=0.0001) and the duration of hospital stays were longer (P=0.0001). Conclusion: RSV is a significant cause of respiratory infection in neonates and the severity is higher in contrast to that with other viral causes of infection. Infants in post-natal care centers have a high-risk of developing RSV infections; therefore, palivizumab administration may be considered in this group to prevent hospitalization and reduce the duration of hospital stay.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.106-110
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• 2003

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has long been considered an important cause of severe lower respiratory tract infection in infants and young children throughout the world. Unfortunately, no effective treatment of RSV exists. Therefore, New agents are needed to reduce the impact of RSV. We have studied the anti-viral effect of traditional Chinese midicinal herbs for over ten years and find Herba Patrinea (a Chinese medicinal herb) has the anti-RSV effect in vitro. In this study, the Herba Patrinea was extracted with hot water, condensed and sterilized. The cytotoxicity of the aqueous extract was tested by adding the diluted extract directly to HeLa cells and its effect on anti-RSV was estimated by the CPEI assay. As a result, the median cytotoxic concentration $(CC_{50})$ of Herba Patrinea was 32 mg/ ml by morphological observation, the median effective concentration (50% effective concentration, $EC_{50}$) of the Herba Patrinea against replication of the Long strain of RSV in HeLa cells were 1.25 mg/ml. The selectivity index $(SI=CC_{50}/EC{50})$ is 25.6. Moreover, Herba Patrinea gave a dose-dependent response in inhibiting RSV. In time of addition experiment, Herba Patrinea inhibited replication of RSV in HeLa cells when it was added at 0h, 2h, and 4h after virus infection. In summary, the results of this study suggest Herba Patrinea may be a novel anti-RSV drug and it is worthy of further studying.