• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.511-519
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• 2008

Statement of problem: An incompatibility between the initiator systems of self-curing composite resins and light-curing adhesives was supposed recently. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the influence of activators for self/dual bonding on dentin shear bonding strengths. Material and methods: Fifty human molars were divided into 5 groups. A flat dentin surface was created for each tooth. A self-curing composite resin (Luxacore) was bonded with the following adhesives (n = 10); One-Step, Prime&Bond NT, AdheSE, Prime&Bond NT and AdheSE were also used in combination with activators. Shear bond strengths were measured after 24 hours of water storage. The specimens were loaded in shear in the Instron until failure at a 1 mm/min crosshead speed. Data were compared using one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test (${\alpha}$= 0.05). Results: The dentin adhesive systems in order of decreasing median bond strength were One-Step > Prime&Bond NT with activator, AdheSE with activator > Prime&Bond NT, AdheSE. Among adhesives, One-Step had the highest bond strength. Prime&Bond NT with activator had higher bond strengths than Prime&Bond NT that was used alone, and so was AdheSE. Conclusion: Shear bond strengths were increased in Prime&Bond NT and AdheSE when these were used with activators comparing used without activators. But using activators was not effective clinically comparing One-Step.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.570-577
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• 1999

Intuitively, higher bond strengths should result in less leakage. However, the relationship between bond strengths and microleakage value is complex and not clearly understood. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between tensile bond strengths and microleakage values in the same restorations to understand the behavior of resin bonding to tooth structure. One-hundred and twenty enamel or dentin specimens from freshly extracted bovine mandibular incisors were used. The specimen was treated with 32% phosphoric acid for 15 seconds and rinsed for 20 seconds. the teeth were divided into four groups by means of wet bonding technique or dry bonding. One-Step$^{TM}$ adhesive were applied to the specimen. The specimens were immersed in 2% methylene blue solution for 7 days, and tensile bond strength and microleakage were measured. The results were as follows: 1. Significant negative correlation was found between bond strengths and micro leakage values. Hence, higher bond strengths seem to be associated with lower microleakage, and vice versa (r=-0 50, p<0.05). 2. The Enamel/Wet group showed significantly higher bond strength than Enamel/Dry one, and Dentin/Wet group showed higher strength than Dentin/Dry one (p<0.05). 3. Microleakage was significantly less ill wet bonding than in dry one at dentin (p<0.05), however, there was no significant difference between wet and dry bonding at enamel (p>0.05).

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.8-15
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of various methods of dentin bonding agent application and air abrasion pretreatment on microtensile bond strength between dentin and resin, using a self-etching adhesive system. Material and methods: Thirty freshly extracted human molars were obtained and divided into 6 groups of 5 teeth. A 2-step self etching adhesive system (Clearfil SE Bond) was used for all groups. The control specimens were prepared using a direct immediate bonding technique. The delayed dentin sealing specimens were prepared using an indirect approach without dentin prebonding. The immediate dentin sealing specimens were prepared using dentin prebonding immediately following preparation. Immediate dentin sealing teeth and delayed dentin sealing teeth had provisional restorations using Fermit for two weeks. Then all specimens of each group were divided into two groups of three, depending on air abrasion pretreatment. Composite "crowns" were incrementally built on and specimens were stored in water for 24 hours. All teeth were prepared for a microtensile bond strength test. Bond strength data were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA test, and post hoc comparison was done using the Scheffe's test. Results: The mean microtensile bond strengths of all groups were not statistically different from each other. Conclusion: When preparing teeth for indirect restorations, IDS and DDS with Clearfil SE bond, have no difference on the microtensile bond strength between dentin and resin. Air abrasion pretreatment did not affect the microtensile bond strength when using IDS and DDS with Clearfil SE bond.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.29 no.5 s.76
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• pp.599-611
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to evaluate shear, tensile and shear/tensile combined bond strengths(SBS, TBS, S/TBS) in various orthodontic brackets bonded to human teeth with chemically cured adhesive (Ortho-one, Bisco, USA). Five types of metal brackets with various bracket base configurations (Micro-Loc base(Tomy, Japan), Chessboard base(Daesung, Korea), Non-Etched Foil Mesh base(Dentarum, Germany), Micro-Etched Foil Mesh base(Ortho Organiners, USA), Integral base(Unitek, USA)) were used in this study. Shear, tensile and shear/tensile combined bond strengths according to the direction of force were measured by universal testing machine. The bracket base surface after bond strength test were examined by stereoscope and scanning electron microscope. The assessment of resin remnant on bracket base surface was carried out by ARI(adhesive remnant index). The results obtained were summarized as follows, 1. In all brackets, SBS was in the greatest value(p<0.05), TBS was in 50% level and S/TBS was in 30% level of SBS. 2. In bond strength, Micro-Loc base bracket showed the maximum bond strength($SBS:22.86{\pm}1.37kgf,\;TBS:11.37{\pm}0.42kgf,\;S/TBS:6.69{\pm}0.34kgf$) and Integral base bracket showed the minimum bond strength($SBS:10.52{\pm}1.27kgf,\;TBS:4.27{\pm}1.08kgf,\;S/TBS:2.94{\pm}0.58kgf) (p<0.05). 3. In bond strength per unit area, Integral base bracket showed the minimum value, Micro-Loc base and Chessboard base brackets were in similar value(p>0.05). Non-Etched Foil Mesh base and Micro-Etched Foil Mesh base bracket were similar in SBS and TBS(p>0.05), but Micro-Etched Foil Mesh base bracket was greater than Non-Etched Foil Mesh base bracket in S/TBS(p<0.05). 4. Bond failure sites were mainly between bracket base and adhesive, therefore ARI scores were low.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.420-429
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to compare the micro ensile bond strength to bovine dentin of several adhesives (SM, Scotch $Bond^{TM}$ Multipurpose; SB, $Adper^{TM}$ Single Bond 2; SE, $Clearfil^{(R)}$ SE Bond; AQ, AQ $Bond^{TM}$; TS, $Clearfil^{(R)}$ tri-S Bond). Except SM and SB, they have a simplified one- or two-step application protocols in compare with the dentin adhesives conventional three-step protocols. For the microtensile bond strength test, the labial surfaces of bovine incisors were used. Following exposure of dentin layer, according to their manufacturer's directions, each dentin adhesives were applied and composite resin blocks were constructed. The teeth were sectioned for specimen and tested microtensile bond strength. Also observed the fracture mode of interface. The obtained results were as follows : 1. The microtensile bond strength values ranged from 51.34 to 24.04 MPa on dentin(in decreasing order, SE, SM, SB, AQ and TS). 2. The highest microtensile bond strength was by SE and SM on bovine dentin, and the lowest by AQ and TS. 3. SM, SB and SE showed cohesive failures and adhesive failure but AQ, TS presented almost adhesive failures. In summary, microtensile bond strengths of single-step adhesives (AQ and TS) on bovine dentin were significantly lower than those of multi-step adhesives (SM, SB and SE) (p<0.05).

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.559-571
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• 2017

This study was conducted to determine the adhesive performances of plywoods affected by layering direction and the amounts of thermoplastic films. The face and back layers of veneer were hardwood species (Mixed light hardwood) and core layer veneer was radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don). Thermoplastic film used as adhesive were polypropylene (PP) film and polyethylene (PE) film. Thermal analysis and tensile strength were investigated on each films. As a result, the melting temperature of PP and PE films were $163.4^{\circ}C$ and $109.7^{\circ}C$, respectively, and the crystallization temperature were $98.9^{\circ}C$ and $93.6^{\circ}C$, respectively. Tensile strength and elongation of each films appeared higher on the width direction than length direction. Considering the characteristics of the thermoplastic films, the test for the amount of film used was carried out by layering film to the target thickness on veneer. The effecting of layering direction of film on plywood manufacturing was conducted by laminating in the length and width directions of the film according to the grain direction of veneer. Tensile-shear strength of plywood in wet condition was satisfied with the quality standard (0.7 MPa) of KS F 3101 when the film was used over 0.05 mm of PP film and over 0.10 mm of PE film. Tensile-shear strength of plywood after cyclic boiling exceeded the KS standard when PP film was used 0.20 mm thickness. Furthermore, higher bonding strength was observed on a plywood made with width direction of film according to grain direction of veneer than that of length direction of film. Based on microscopic analysis of the surface and bonding line of plywood, interlocking between veneers by penetration of a thermoplastic film into inner and cracks were observed.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.569-578
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• 2007

This study was performed to compare the shear bond strength of self etching system and two bottle bonding system with or without laser preparation. Group I was prepared with high speed rotary instrument and $Prompt^{TM}$ L-$Pop^{TM}$, group II with Er:YAG laser and $Prompt^{TM}$ L-$Pop^{TM}$, group III with Er:YAG laser, 37% phosphoric acid and Single bond, group IV with Er:YAG laser and Single bond and group V with high speed, etching and Single bond. And also observation of the prepared and etched dentin surface were performed under scanning electro-microscope. The possibility of clinical application of laser preparation which might have an advantage to reduce pain for children with less unfavorable noise were evaluated. The results obtained are as follows; 1. Group V showed significantly higher bond strength than other groups. And group IV showed significantly lower bond strength than other groups. 2. There was no significant difference between group I and group III. 3. Group II showed significantly lower bond strength than group I, III, V, but showed significantly higher bond strength than group IV. 4. Under scanning electro-microscope, laser-preparated dentin surface showed high irregularity and no smear layer. The surface showed less irregularities and more exposed dentinal tubules with etching. Laser preparation has many advantages over conventional tooth preparation. But this method showed lower resin bonding strength. Laser preparated tooth surface differed from the conventionally preparated tooth surface. More researches are needed on suitable methods for laser preparated dentin surface.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.211-221
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• 2010

Proteoglycan is highly hydrophilic and negatively charged which enable them attract the water. The objective of study was to investigate the effects of Proteoglycan on microtensile bond strength of dentin adhesives and on architecture of dentin collagen matrix of acid etched dentin by removing the chondroitin sulphate attached on Proteoglycan. A flat dentin surface in mid-coronal portion of tooth was prepared. After acid etching, half of the specimens were immersed in 0.1 U/mL chondroitinase ABC (C-ABC) for 48 h at $37^{\circ}C$, while the other half were stored in distilled water. Specimens were bonded with the dentin adhesive using three different bonding techniques (wet, dry and re-wet) followed by microtensile bond strength test. SEM examination was done with debonded specimen, resin-dentin interface and acid-etched dentin surface with/without C-ABC treatment. For the subgroups using wet-bonding or dry-bonding technique, microtensile bond strength showed no significant difference after C-ABC treatment (p > 0.05). Nevertheless, the subgroup using rewetting technique after air dry in the Single Bond 2 group demonstrated a significant decrease of microtensile bond strength after C-ABC treatment. Collagen architecture is loosely packed and some fibrils are aggregated together and relatively collapsed compared with normal acid-etched wet dentin after C-ABC treatment. Further studies are necessary for the contribution to the collagen architecture of noncollagenous protein under the various clinical situations and several dentin conditioners and are also needed about long-term effect on bond strength of dentin adhesive.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.409-418
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• 2011

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the microshear bond strength (${\mu}$SBS) and bonding interfaces of two-step total-etching and self-etching adhesive systems to three etch types of dentin either the acid etched, laser etched or laser and acid etched. Materials and Methods: The occlusal dentinal surfaces of thirty human molars were used. They were divided into six groups: group 1, 37% $H_3PO_4$ + Single Bond 2 (3M ESPE); group 2, Er:YAG laser (KEY Laser 3, KaVo) + Single Bond 2; group 3, Er:YAG laser + 37% $H_3PO_4$ + Single Bond 2; group 4, Clearfil SE Primer + Bond (Kuraray); group 5, Er:YAG laser + Clearfil SE Bond; group 6, Er:YAG laser + Clearfil SE Primer + Bond. The samples were subjected to ${\mu}$SBS testing 24 hr after bonding. Also scanning microscopic evaluations were made on the resin-dentin interfaces of six specimens. Results: The ${\mu}$SBS of group 2 was significantly lower than that of groups 1 and 3 in Single Bond 2 (p < 0.05). There were significant differences among the uSBS of groups 4, 5, and 6 in Clearfil SE Bond (p < 0.05). Very short and slender resin tags were observed in groups 2 and 5. Long and slender resin tags and lateral branches of tags were observed in groups 3 and 6. Conclusions: Treatment of dentin surface using phosphoric acid or self-etching primer improved the adhesion of Er:YAG lased dentin.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.472-480
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• 2008

This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of the C-factor on the bond strength of a 6th generation self-etching system by measuring the microtensile bond strength of four types of restorations classified by different C-factors with an identical depth of dentin. Eighty human molars were divided into four experimental groups, each of which had a C-factor of 0.25, 2, 3 or 4. Each group was then further divided into four subgroups based on the adhesive and composite resin used. The adhesives used for this study were AQ Bond Plus (Sun Medical, Japan) and XenoIII (DENTSPLY, Germany). And composite resins used were fantasists (Sun Medical, Japan) and Ceram-X mono (DENTSPLY, Germany). The results were then analyzed using one-way ANOVA, a Tukey's test, and a Pearson's correlation test and were as follows. 1. There was no significant difference among C-factor groups with the exception of groups of Xeno III and Ceram-X mono (p<0.05). 2. There was no significant difference between any of the adhesives and composite resins in groups with C-factor 0.25, 2 and 4. 3. There was no correlation between the change in C-factor and microtensile bond strength in the Fantasista groups. It was concluded that the C-factor of cavities does not have a significant effect on the microtensile bond strength of the restorations when cavities of the same depth of dentin are restored using composite resin in conjunction with the 6th generation self-etching system.