• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.3571-3574
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• 2014

Background: Brain metastasis occurs when cancerous cells come from a known (or sometimes an unknown) primary tumor to the brain and implant and grow there. This event is potentially lethal and causes neurologic symptoms and signs. These patients are treated in order to decrease their neurologic problems, increase quality of life and overall survival. Materials and Methods: In this study we evaluated clinical characteristics of 206 patients with brain metastases referred to our center from 2004 to 2011. Results: The mean age was 53.6 years. The primary tumors were breast cancer (32%), lung cancer (24.8%), lymphoma (4.4%), sarcoma (3.9%), melanoma (2.9%), colorectal cancer (2.4%) and renal cell carcinoma (1.5%). In 16.5% of the patients, brain metastasis was the first presenting symptom and the primary site was unknown. Forty two (20.4%) patients had a single brain metastasis, 18 patients (8.7%) had two or three lesions, 87 (42.2%) patients had more than three lesions. Leptomeningeal involvement was seen in 49 (23.8%) patients. Thirty five (17%) had undergone surgical resection. Whole brain radiation therapy was performed for all of the patients. Overall survival was 10.1 months (95%CI; 8.65-11.63). One and two year survival was 27% and 12% respectively. Conclusions: Overall survival of patients who were treated by combination of surgery and whole brain radiation therapy was significantly better than those who were treated with whole brain radiation therapy only [13.8 vs 9.3 months (p=0.03)]. Age, sex, primary site and the number of brain lesions did not show significant relationships with overall survival.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.59 no.5
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• pp.205-211
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• 2016

Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) in children is characterized by massive proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia. Minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) is the most common form of INS in children. The pathogenesis of MCNS still remains unclear, however, several hypotheses have been recently proposed. For several decades, MCNS has been considered a T-cell disorder, which causes the impairment of the glomerular filtration barrier with the release of different circulating factors. Increased levels of several cytokines are also suggested. Recently, a "two-hit" theory was proposed that included the induction of CD80 (B7-1) and regulatory T-cell (Treg) dysfunction, with or without impaired autoregulatory functions of the podocyte. In contrast to the well-established involvement of T cells, the role of B cells has not been clearly identified. However, B-cell biology has recently gained more attention, because rituximab (a monoclonal antibody directed against CD20-bearing cells) demonstrated a very good therapeutic response in the treatment of childhood and adult MCNS. Here, we discuss recent insights into the pathogenesis of MCNS in children.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.132-137
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• 2012

Microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) is systemic small vessel vasculitis that is very rare in childhood. MPA is characterized by pauci-immune necrotizing small vessel vasculitis without clinical or pathological evidence of necrotizing granulomatous inflammation. Approximately 90% of patients have glomerulonephritis that is accompanied by a variety of other organ involvement. A 10-year-old girl visited our clinic with clinical manifestations suggestive Henoch-Sch$\ddot{o}$nlein purpura nephritis such as purpuric skin rash, abdominal pain, arthralgia on both knees, massive proteinuria and microscopic hematuria. So initially we suspected Henoch-Sch$\ddot{o}$nlein purpura nephritis. However, later her perinuclear-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies(p-ANCA) test was positive, and her renal biopsy was consistent with microscopic polyangiitis. We began steroid therapy, combined with cyclophosphamide, ACE inhibitor. Currently she is a 12-year old, and until now she has been regularly examined in the outpatient. We report a case of microscopic polyangiitis initially suspected with Henoch-Sch$\ddot{o}$nlein purpura nephritis.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.193-201
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• 2006

Cephalexin, one of most widely prescribed cephalosporin, has been reported to cause acute renal failure as a side effect in human and experimental animals. Although numerous animal studies have been reported for the cephalosporin nephrotoxicity, the molecular and cellular nephrotoxic mechanisms of cephalexin are still unknown. This investigation evaluated the time-dependent gene expression profile of kidney in mouse during cephalexin induced nephrotoxicity. C57BL/6 female mice were administered either saline or 1,000 mg/kg cephalexin intraperitoneally. Mice were sacrificed at 3, 6, and 24 hr after administration. Blood biochemical and histopathological results indicated cephalexin induced nephrotoxicity. Microarray experiment carried out using Affymetrix $GeneChip^{(R)}$. There were 198 informative genes that were significantly expressed >5-fold versus control at 3, 6, and 24 hr (p<0.01), of which 156 and 42 were up-and down-regulated, respectively. Major classes of up-regulated genes at 3, 6 hr included those involved in MAPK/Jak-STAT signaling pathway and immune response such as cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and complement and coagulation cascades. At 24 hr, up-regulated genes were mainly involved in regeneration/repair and immune response; down-regulated genes were generally associated with transporters and intermediary metabolism. Among the up-regulated genes at 24 hr, several potential biomarkers on nephrotoxicity such as Kim-1, Fga, Timp1, and Slc34a2 were clustered in a same category. In addition, Tnfrsf12a and Lcn2 which were consistently up-regulated (>5 fold) were also included as potential biomarkers. These results may provide clues for elucidating the mechanism of cephalexin induced nephrotoxicity and evaluating potential biomarkers to assess nephrotoxicity.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.186-190
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• 2003

Kaposi's sarcoma was first descrided by Kaposi in 1872 as an idiopathic multiple hemorrhagic sarcoma. Its clinical features revealed to be erythematous red or purple macule started out, and developing into palpable dome-shaped nodules. Etiology is not defined to detail at present. Kaposi's sarcoma is classified to 4 categories; Classical, African, Epidemic and Transplant type. Epidemic or AIDS categories is found approximately 20 % of all AIDS and has strong predilection for head and neck region. The first case of Kaposi's sarcoma observed in patients with kidney transplants was reported in 1969. Kaposi's sarcoma now accounts for 5% of all tumors associated with transplanted patients and alteration of the immunosuppression may have played a key role in these recipients. The most common site of Kaposi's sarcoma in transplanted patients are extremities but rare in head and neck area. We report a case of Kaposi's sarcoma on the hard palate in the kidney transplantation patient.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.63 no.6
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• pp.531-536
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• 2007

Wegener's granulomatosis is a systemic vasculitis of the medium and small arteries, as well as of the venules, arterioles, and occasionally large arteries, and primarily involves the upper and lower respiratory tracts and the kidneys. Renal symptoms of Wegener's granulomatosis are indistinguishable from those of vasculitis such as Henoch-$Sch\ddot{o}nlein$ purpura and microscopic polyangiitis. This case, though initially diagnosed as Henoch-$Sch\ddot{o}nlein$ purpura, was confirmed as Wegener's granulomatosis from a lung biopsy fifteen years after the initial diagnosis. We report this case with a review of the literature.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.373-378
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• 2004

To help the interpretation of causes of death, it is critical that the background incidence of factors contributing to death be recorded and archived. Information was gathered from the control groups of 19 rat carcinogenicity studies. All cases of death occurring within the 2-year period were reviewed. Out of 1124 males and 1084 females, 720 male (64.1%) and 689 female (63.6%) decedents were recorded. There was no difference in the probability of survival between two sexes. Analysis of factors contributing to death revealed that 400 males (48.7%) had neoplastic changes, 189 males (23.0%) had non-neoplastic lesions, and 232 males (28.3%) died from unknown causes. In females, these figures were 627 (76.4%), 62 (7.6%) and 132 (16.0%), for neoplastic, non-neoplastic and unknown findings, respectively. It could be suggested that the risk of death by non-neoplastic reasons was higher in the males than in the females, whereas females were more likely to be affected by tumours. In the neoplastic causes of death, pituitary tumours were the most common in both sexes, followed by mammary tumours in females, and haemopoietic tumours in males. In non-neoplastic cause of death, renal diseases were the most common in both sexes, followed by skin diseases and cardiovascular diseases in males, and skin diseases and poditis in males. A relatively large number of animals (28.3% in males and 16.0% in females) were found dead, without any significant clinical or histologically identifiable cause. Most of the animals with pituitary tumours were killed in extremis and the proportion of females (70.1%) being greater than males (46.8%). There were no case which died by accident, and also only minimal incidence which died by bleeding procedures.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.67 no.3
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• pp.234-238
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• 2009

Henoch-$Sch\ddot{o}nlein$ Purpura (HSP) is a systemic vasculitis involving small vessels with the deposition of immune complexes containing IgA and C3, which is characterized by associated skin, joint, renal, and gastrointestinal manifestations. Although there were several causes such as autoimmunity, infection, and drugs, it also can be presented as a form of vasculitidies associated with malignancies. We report a case of HSP developed during treatment for non-small cell lung cancer in a 66-year-old man. Multiple purpuric skin lesions occurred in both legs after the first cycle of chemotherapy, which was diagnosed as HSP by clinical and pathologic examinations. Due to the itching sensation, topical steroid was applied and the patient was improved 3 weeks later without a scheduled change in chemotherapy.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.554-558
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• 2007

Kimura's disease is a chronic inflammatory disorder presenting regional lymphadenopathy with painless soft tissue mass. Clinically, peripheral eosinophilia and elevated serum IgE levels are observed, and proteinuria associated with renal disease can also be present. Although its etiology is not clearly understood, it occurs predominantly in young Asian males and presents as a deep, subcutaneous mass involving salivary glands of the preauricular and submandibular regions. Spontaneous remission is very rare, and although treatments such as steroid, cytotoxic therapy and irradiation are available, chronic recurrence is very common. As such, surgical excision is regarded as the mainstay of therapy for localized lesions. Histopathologically, Kimura's disease features eosinophilic abscsesses and dense lymphoid aggregates with germinal center. Clinical differential diagnosis of Kimura's disease from other parotid diseases with accompanying lymphadenopathy is often very challenging prior to biopsy. The authors report a case of a 19-year-old male diagnosed with Kimura's disease in the parotid region who underwent surgical excision and was followed up for 6 years, along with a review of related literature.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.7-14
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• 2002

The drug therapy for rheumatoid arthritis must be maintained constantly or for the whole life but is apt to induce the adverse effects in gastrointestinal or renal system. Therefor, newer methods are paid attention to reduce adverse effects. The thirty-two rat female separated into seven groups depending on the therapy or Freund's adjuvant applied: Normal group(n=8) not received anything, Positive control group(n=8) only received adjuvant, USC group(n=8) received continuous US, USP group(n=8) received pulsed US. The physical and radiological findings by thermal and non-thermal effects of ultrasound were evaluated in groups with continuous mode at 1 MHz, $0.5\;W/cm^2$ for 6 minutes and with pulsed mode (duty cycle 1:9) at 1 MHz, $0.5\;W/cm^2$ for 6 minutes. The result summarized followings. 1. Swelling of forepaw and hindpaw was significantly reduced in USP. 2. Arthritis indices in USP group were significantly reduced than those in PCG. 3. In naked eye and radiologic findings, swelling was significantly prevented in USP group but not in PCG. The change of swelling, arthritis index, gross feature in naked eye, radiologic finding were significantly improved in all groups except for USC group, taking care for using its continuous mode.