• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.113-120
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• 1985

The pharmacokinetics of lithium carbonate were investigated in rabbits with folate-induced renal failure. The blood level, the area under the blood concentration curve (AUC) and the biological half·life were increased significantly, and the urinary excretion was decreased significantly compared with those of normal rabbits. Correlation of serum creatinine concentration and AUC, biological half-life, and correlation of creatinine clearance and renal clearance of lithium carbonate have linear relationship respectively. In short, dosage regimen of lithium carbonate is considered to be adjusted in the dose size and the dosing interval by degree of experimental renal failure.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.120-124
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• 2000

Diltiazem inhibits calcium channels and leads to vascular smooth muscle relaxation and negative inotroic and chronotropic effects in the heart. Diltiazem (DTZ) is almost completely absorbed after oral administration, but its bioavailability is reduced because of considerable hepatic first-pass metabolism. The main metabolite of DTZ is deacetyldiltiazem. The purpose of this study was to report the pharmacokinetic changes of DTZ and its metabolite, deacetyldiltiazem (DAD) after intravenous administration of diltiazem to control rabbits and rabbits with mild and medium folate-induced renal failure (FIRRs). The area under the plasma concentration-time curves (AUC) of DTZ were significantly increased in mild and medium FIRRs. The metabolite ratio of the DAD to DTZ were significantly decreased in mild and medium FIRRs. The elimination rate constant $(\beta)$ and total body clearances (CLt) of DTZ were significantly decreased in mild and medium FIRRS. These findings suggest that the hepatic metabolism of diltiazem was inhibited and CLt and ${\beta}$ of DTZ were significantly decreased in mild and in rabbits with medium folate-induced renal failure.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 1998

The pharmacokinetics of atenolol (25 mg/kg, i.v.) in the folate-induced renal failure rabbits was studied. Renal failure was induced by the i.v. injection of folate (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg). At folate dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg, the serum creatinine concentration (Scr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) increased significantly compared with control rabbits. Plasma concentrations and AUC of atenolol increased significantly at folate dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg. The elimination rate constant $(K_{el})$ and total body clearance $(CL_t)$ of atenolol decreased significantly, and half-life ($t_{1/2}$) and mean residence time (MRT) of atenolol increased significantly at folate dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg. The serum creatinine concentration $(S_{cr})$ correlated well (p<0.05) with half-life $(t_{1/2})$ and elimination rate constant $(K_{el})$ of atenolol, as well as BUN with AUC and total body clearance $(CL_t)$ of atenolol.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.43-49
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• 2005

Objectives : The present study was carried out to determine if Glycyrrhizae Radix extract exerts beneficial effect against the ischemia-induced acute renal failure in rabbits. Glycyrrhizae Radix was known to reinforce the function of the spleen and replenish Qi, remove heat and counteract toxicity, dispel phlegm and relieve cough, alleviate spasmodic pain, and to moderate drug actions. It's indications are weakness of the spleen and the stomach marked by lassitude and weakness; cardiac palpitation and shortness of breath; cough with much phlegm: spasmodic pain in the epigastrium, abdomen and limbs: carbuncles and sores. It is often used for reducing the toxic or drastic actions of other drugs. Methods : Antioxidative effect of 3% concentration of Glycyrrhizae Radix extract was measured. Rabbits were treated with Glycyrrhizae Radix extract via i.v., followed by renal ischemia/reperfusion, and the changes of urine volume, serum creatinine levels, glomerular filtration rate(GFR), fractional Na+ excretion$(FE\;Na^+)\;and\;K^+\;excretion(FE\;K^+)$ in ischemia/reperfusion induced acute renal failure were measured. Results : Renal ischemia/reperfusion caused increase of serum creatinine level, which was accompanied by a reduction in glomerular filtration rate(GFR). The fractional excretion of $Na^+\;and\;K^+$ increased in ischemia-induced animals, which was partially prevented by Glycyrrhizae Radix extract treatment. Conclusions : These results indicate that lipid peroxidation plays a critical role in ischemia-induced acute renal failure. Glycyrrhizae Radix extract exerts the protective effect against acute renal failure induced by renal ischemia/reperfusion, and its effect may be attributed to an antioxidant action.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.98-102
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• 2006

The present stuby was carried out to determine if Radix Glycyrrhizae extract exerts beneficial effect against the ischemia-induced acute renal failure in rabbits. Radix Glycyrrhizae was known to reinforce the function of the spleen and replenish Qi, remove heat and counteract toxicity, dispel phlegm and relieve cough, alleviate spasmodic pain, and to moderate drug actions. It's indications are weakness of the spleen and the stomach marked by lassitude and weakness; cardiac palpitation and shortness of breath; cough with much phlegm; spasmodic pain in the epigastrium, abdomen and limbs; carbuncles and sores. It is often used for reducing the toxic or drastic actions of other drugs. Rabbits were treated with Radix Glycyrrhizae extract via i.v., followed by renal ischemia/reperfusion. Fractional excretion of glucose and phosphate, lipid peroxidation and light microscopy were done to evaluate the beneficial effect of Radix Glycyrrhizae extract on ischemia/reperfusion induced acute renal failure. Renal ischemia/reperfusion caused increase of fractional excretion of glucose and phosphate increased in ischemia-induced animals, which was partially prevented by Radix Glycyrrhizae extract treatment. Ischemia/reperfusion increased lipid peroxidation, which was prevented by Radix Glycyrrhizae extract administration. And the beneficial effect of Radix Glycyrrhizae extract on ischemia/reperfusion induced kidney injury was shown through the light micrographic observation. These results indicate that lipid peroxidation plays a critical role in ischemia-induced acute renal failure. Radix Glycyrrhizae extract exerts the protective effect against acute renal failure induced by renal ischemia/reperfusion.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.161-165
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• 2001

Acebutolol (ABT) is almost absorbed after oral administration, but its bioavailability is reduced because of considerable first-pass metabolism in the gastrointestine and liver. The purpose of this study was to report the pharmacokinetic changes of ABT and its metabolite, diacetolol (DAT) after oral administration of acebutolol to control rabbits and rabbits with mild and severe folate-induced renal failure (FIRRs). Both of the area under the plasma concentration-time curve $(AUC^0_{\infty})$ of ABT and DAT were significantly increased in mild (p<0.05) and severe FIRRs (p<0.01), but the $AUC^0_{\infty}$ of DAT was more influenced than that of ABT in severe rabbits. There was a good correlation between serum creatinine and both of $AUC^0_{\infty}$ of ABT and DAT. The elimination half-life of ABT and DAT was significantly prolonged in mild (p<0.05) and severe (p<0.01) FIRRs, but the half-life of DAT was more influenced than that of ABT in severe FIRRs. The results suggest that the dosage of acebutolol should be adjusted according to the degree of renal disorder on the base of the serum creatinine concentration.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.111-122
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• 2001

Objectives ; This study was undertaken to determine if Salviae Radix herb-acupuncture (SRA) exerts protective effect against alterations in membrane transport function in rabbits with mercury chloride (Hg)-induced acute renal failure. Methods and Results ; The administration of Hg at a subcutaneous single dose of 10mg/kg caused a reduction in GFR to 9.4% of the basal value and an increase in fractional Na+ excretion to 10-fold, indicating generation of acute renal failure. When animals were acupunctured with $0.5m{\ell}$ of SRA extract (0.1%) in both sides of Shinsu(BL23) for 7 days prod to Hg administration, such changes were significantly attenuated. The fractional excretion of glucose and phosphate was increased to approximately 132-fold and 7-fold, respectively, in rabbits treated with Hg alone, but the fractional excretion of glucose was increased to 26-fold and that of phosphate was not different from the basal value in SRA-pretreated rabbits. Uptakes of glucose and phosphate in purified isolated brush-border membrane and $Na^+-K^+$-ATPase activity in microsomal fraction were inhibited in rabbits treated with Hg alone, suggesting that impairment in proximal reabsorption of glucose and phosphate is resulted from a direct damage of membrane transport carriers and disruption of the normal $Na^+$ gradient. Conclusions ; Such changes were prevented by SRA. Uptakes of organic ions, PAH and TEA, in renal cortical slices were inhibited by the administration of Hg, which was prevented by SRA. Pretreatment of an antioxidant DPPD attenuated the increase in the fractional excretion of glucose and phosphate induced by the administration of Hg.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.5-11
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• 2011

Objectives: The present study was undergone to determine whether Glycyrrhizae Radix pharmacopuncture intravenous injection exerts beneficial effect against the ischemia-induced acute renal failure in rabbits. Methods: Rabbits were treated with Glycyrrhizae Radix pharmacopuncture via i.v., followed by renal ischemia/reperfusion. The fractional excretion of glucose and phosphate were measured and the malondialdehyde content was also determined. The morphological changes of cortical part of kidney also observed with light microscope. Results: Renal ischemia/reperfusion caused increase of the fractional excretion of glucose and phosphate in ischemia-induced animals, which was prevented by Radix Glycyrrhizae extract treatment. Ischemia/reperfusion increased lipid peroxidation, which was prevented and morphological changes also altered by Radix Glycyrrhizae pharmacopuncture administration. Conclusions: These results indicate that lipid peroxidation plays a critical role in ischemia-induced acute renal failure and Glycyrrhizae Radix pharmacopuncture exerts the protective effect against acute renal failure induced by renal ischemia/reperfusion.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.155-166
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• 2004

Objective : The present study was carried out to determine if Semen Plantaginis Herbal-Acupuncture exerts beneficial effect against the cisplatin-induced acute renal failure in rabbits. Method : Semen Plantaginis was selected in the basis of invigorating kidney-QI which can eliminate pathogens. The oxidative stability determined by the Rancimat technique showed higher antioxidative index when compared with control. Rabbits were treated with Semen Plantaginis Herbal-Acupuncture on Shin-shu point for 3 days, followed by cisplatin injection(5mg/kg body weight). Results : Cisplatin injection caused an increase in serum creatinine level, which was accompanied by a reduction in GFR. The fractional excretion of $Na^{+}$, $K^{+}$, glucose and phosphate increased in cisplatin-induced animals, which was partially prevented by Semen Plantaginis Herbal-Acupuncture treatment. Cisplatin injection increased lipid peroxidation, which was not prevented by Semen Plantaginis Herbal-Acupuncture. Conclusions : These results indicate that lipid peroxidation plays a critical role in cisplatin-induced acute renal failure. Semen Plantaginis Herbal-Acupuncture exerts the protective effect against acute renal failure induced by cisplatin, and its effect may be attribued to an antioxidant action.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.73-80
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• 2010

Purpose: The present study was carried out to determine if Paljeong-san extract (PJS) treatment exerts beneficial effect against the glycerol-induced acute renal failure in rabbits. Material and Method: PJS was selected in the basis of invigorating kidney which can eliminate pathogens. Rabbits were treated with PJS pharmacopuncture on Shin-shu ($BL_{23}$) point for 5 days right after the injection of 50% concentration of glycerol ($5m{\ell}/kg$ body weight). Results and Conclusions: Glycerol injection caused an increase in serum creatinine and BUN level and urine glucose secretion, which were accompanied by a reduction in GFR. PJS Pharmacopuncture treatment combined with peritoneal injection showed beneficial effect on glycerol-induced acute renal failure by inhibition of serum creatinine increase and GFR decrease.