• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.141-160
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• 2006

The obtained results are summarized as follows 1. New findings are reporting year by year as for the study related to Anti-inflammatory mechanism of Bee Venom therapy. 2. The Anti-inflammatory effect of Bee Venom therapy is achieved through counterirritation, stimulations to adrenal cortex, immuno-regulation, antioxidation, removal of free radicals, modulation of AGP gene induction. 3. The chief components of Bee Venom related to Anti-inflammatory effect are Melittin, MCD peptide, Apamin, Adolapin etc. 4. Melittin binds to secretory phospholipase A2 and inhibits its enzymatic activity. 5. Melittin blocks neutophil O2-production. 6. MCD peptide(Peptide 401) stimulates the mast cell secrets histamine, Anti-inflammatory effect caused by this is 'conterirritation'. 7. Melittin & Apamin have an anti-inflammatory effect by inducing cortisone secretion. 8. MCD peptide & Apamin increase immunologic fuction by stimulating hypophysis & adrenal cortex and have an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting synthesis of prostaglandin from arachidonic acid. 9. Adolapin have an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting COX. 10. Bee Venom have an anti-inflammatory effect by suppressing AGP($\alpha$-acid glycoprotein). 11. Bee Venom have an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting NO, iNOS, PLA2, COX-2, TNF-$\alpha$, IL-1, NF-${\kappa}B$, MAP kinase.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.26 no.2 s.52
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• pp.159-167
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• 2004

This work has been conducted to select appropriate filter materials for removing carbonyl compounds in mainstream tobacco smoke. To investigate of the usability of this filter materials, two types of bead ion exchangers were synthesized and their adsorption characteristics for carbonyl compounds were investigated. Sulfonic acid group-containing cation exchanger and ammonium group-containing anion exchanger were synthesized by the suspension polymerization of glycidylmethacrylate(GMA) and divinylbenzene(DVB) followed by the subsequent functionalization, respectively. The removal efficiency of carbonyl compounds by these two ion exchangers increased in the presence of moisture. However, the amount of carbonyl compounds adsorbed on the anion exchanger was larger than that on the cation exchanger under two levels of water contents tested. This phenomenon seems to arise from the electron delocalization in carbonyl group of the anion exchangers. There was not any significant relationship between the amount of carbonyl compounds adsorbed on ion exchangers and the length of adsorption column. From the large ion exchange capacity and rapid ion exchange reaction rate of the anion exchanger, it is suggested that the anion exchanger may be a good filter material for removing carbonyl compounds in the mainstream tobacco smoke.

• Archives of design research
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.139-148
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• 2002

This study deals with the occurrence and application of 'Fun' as a linguistic function through form-giving. As a linguistic function, Fun could be defined, in a broad sense, as an emotion of desire when in relation to artifacts, and, in a narrow sense, as a physical or mental response when a person discovers unexpected information or artifacts. Hence, the occurrence of 'Fun' could be an analogy of a removal of a 'mental block' from using (or perceiving) artifacts. As an aspect of cognitive psychology, the context of form-giving, which has meanings in both artifact and design activity, will deal with an important factor of form-giving. From that, the elements of the context and the transformation of the elements are suggestive of 'Fun-oriented form-giving'. Hence, this study will show how to deal with that elements, what is required condition on it, 'Fun' in form-giving, and the Mechanism of Occurrence of 'FUN' based on this study, will be expected to apply them for product-concept effectively and Form-Giving fashionably.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.483-491
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• 2008

The filtration characteristics of $CYBAGFILTER^{(R)}$ unit with pleated filter bags were evaluated by comparing the performance of the unit with the lower part of cyclone shape with that of the unit with conventional lower part. Results from the test were also compared with those from the previous research with the $CYBAGFILTER^{(R)}$ in which round filter bags were installed. $CYBAGFILTER^{(R)}$ is the unit which combines the centrifugal separation mechanism and the fabric filtration mechanism in a single unit for efficient removal of particulate matters. The pleated filter bags are made of pleated fabric with an extension of the filtration area about 3 times compared with the conventional round filter bags. The results from the test using pleated filter bags showed an overall collection efficiency of over 99.9% regardless of the shape of lower part installed. When the lower part of cyclone shape was installed, the filter cleaning interval was over 2 times longer compared with that when the conventional lower part was installed. At the same conditions of filtration velocity and filter pressure drop, the $CYBAGFILTER^{(R)}$ with the lower part of cyclone shape, in which the pleated filter bags are installed, can be operated with a flow rate of round 3 times higher than that with conventional round filter bags.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.587-595
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• 2003

The aim of this study was to investigate trazodone's effect on vasorelaxation and blood pressure lowering and to examine its underlying mechanism of action in isolated thoracic aorta and anesthesized rats. Precontracted aortic rings with high KCl were relaxed with trazodone, at concentrations of $50{\mu}M$ or greater. However, precontracted rings with phenylephrine (PE) were relaxed with trazodone, at concentrations of $0.03{\mu}M$ or greater, in a concentration-dependent manner. These relaxant effects of trazodone on endothelium intact rat aortic rings were significantly greater than those on denuded rings. The trazodone-induced relaxations were suppressed by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors, N(G)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) and N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), guanylate cyclase inhibitors, methylene blue and 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), a $Ca^{2+}$-activated $K^+$ channel blocker, tetrabutylammonium (TBA), a $Ca^{2+}$ channel blocker, nifedipine, $Na^+$ channel blockers, lidocaine and procaine, and removal of extracellular $Na^+$, but not by aminoguanidine, 2-nitro-4-carboxyphenyl-n, n-diphenylcarbamate (NCDC), indomethacin, glibenclamide and clotrimazole. In vivo, infusion of trazodone elicited significant decrease in arterial blood pressure. Trazodone-induced decrease in blood pressure was markedly inhibited by pretreatment of intravenous injection of saponin, L-NNA, methylene blue, TBA, lidocaine or nifedipine. These findings suggest that the endothelium-dependent relaxation and decrease in blood pressure induced by trazodone is mediated by release of NO from the endothelium, activation of TBA-sensitive $Ca^{2+}$-activated $K^+$ channels or inhibition of $Ca^{2+}$ entry through voltage-gated channel.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.1832-1836
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• 2014

A deep understanding of the metallic silver catalysts formation process on oxide support and the formation mechanism is of great scientific and practical meaning for exploring better catalyst preparing procedures. Herein the thermal decomposition process of supported silver catalyst with silver oxalate as the silver precursor in the presence of ethylenediamine and ethanolamine is carefully investigated by employing a variety of characterization techniques including thermal analysis, in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The formation mechanism of supported silver particles was revealed. Results showed that formation of metallic silver begins at about $100^{\circ}C$ and activation process is essentially complete below $145^{\circ}C$. Formation of silver was accompanied by decomposition of oxalate group and removal of organic amines. Catalytic performance tests using the epoxidation of ethylene as a probe reaction showed that rapid activation (for 5 minutes) at a relatively low temperature ($170^{\circ}C$) afforded materials with optimum catalytic performance, since higher activation temperatures and/or longer activation times resulted in sintering of the silver particles.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.67-79
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• 2016

Cyanotoxins in aquatic ecosystems have been investigated by many researchers worldwide. Cyanotoxins can be classified according to toxicity as neurotoxins (anatoxin-a, anatoxin-a(s), saxitoxins) or hepatotoxins (microcystins, nodularin, cylindrospermopsin). Microcystins are generally present within cyanobacterial cells and are released by damage to the cell membrane. Cyanotoxins have been reported to cause adverse effects and to accumulate in aquatic organisms in lakes, rivers and oceans. Possible pathways of microcystins in Lake Suwa, Japan, have been investigated from five perspectives: production, adsorption, physiochemical decomposition, bioaccumulation and biodegradation. In this study, temporal variability in microcystins in Lake Suwa were investigated over 25 years (1991~2015). In nature, microcystins are removed by biodegradation of microorganisms and/or feeding of predators. However, during water treatment, the use of copper sulfate to remove algal cells causes extraction of a mess of microcystins. Cyanotoxins are removed by physical, chemical and biological methods, and the reduction of nutrients inflow is a basic method to prevent cyanobacterial bloom formation. However, this method is not effective for eutrophic lakes because nutrients are already present. The presence of a cyanotoxins can be a potential threat and therefore must be considered during water treatment. A complete understanding of the mechanism of cyanotoxins degradation in the ecosystem requires more intensive study, including a quantitative enumeration of cyanotoxin degrading microbes. This should be done in conjunction with an investigation of the microbial ecological mechanism of cyanobacteria degradation.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.165-174
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• 2004

The pore formation characteristic of Mg alloy during Lost Foam Casting(LFC) was investigated with reduced pressure test and real casting, which was compared with the results of previous work for Al alloy. Cast Mg alloys in LFC had much lower porosities in comparison with those of Al alloys. Also, the proper pouring temperature gave the minimum porosity like Al alloy although it was higher than that of Al alloys due to the worse fluidity of Mg alloy. The pore formation mechanism of Mg alloy in LFC was similar to that of AI alloy but the critical temperature showing the different mechanism is higher than that of Al alloy as much as $30{\sim}50^{\circ}C$. The result that Mg alloy in LFC had the lower porosity comparing with Al alloy was due to the extra solubility of hydrogen gas although the solubility of Al alloy was easily exceeded by the external sources like pyrolyzed polystyrene products. The mold evacuation gave the lower porosity due to the removal of polystyrene pyrolysis products, and reduced shrinkage defects. Also, there was a proper evacuation pressure that gave a porosity of almost 0vol%. But much higher vacuum degree than this proper pressure caused the severe entrapment of polymer pyrolysis products that gave the large porosity.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.175-186
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• 2009

The vasorelaxant effect of an extract of Lophatherum gracile Brongn (ELB) and its possible action mechanism were ascertained in aortic tissues isolated from rats. ELB relaxed endothelium-intact thoracic aorta in a dose-dependent manner. However, the induced vascular relaxation was abolished by removal in endothelium of the thoracic aorta. Pretreatment of endothelium-intact vascular tissues with $N^G$-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) or 1H-[1,2,4]-oxadiazole-[4,3-$\alpha$]-quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) significantly inhibited vascular relaxation induced by ELB. Moreover, ELB significantly increased cGMP production in aortic tissues, which was blocked by pretreatment with L-NAME or ODQ. The vasorelaxant effect of ELB was attenuated by tetraethylammonium (TEA), and glibenclamide. ELB-induced vasorelaxation was not blocked by atropine, propranolol, indomethacin, verapamil, and diltiazem. Taken together, the present study demonstrates that ELB dilates vascular smooth muscle via an endothelium-dependent NO-cGMP signaling pathway, which may be at least in part related with the function of $K^+$ channels.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.9-15
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• 2005

Soil aquifer treatment is a water reuse technology that secondary or tertiary treated wastewater is infiltrated into the aquifer in which physical and biochemical reactions occur. Major consideration in SAT is the removal and transport of DOC and nitrogen species. In this study, reaction mechanism in SAT was examined considering nitrification, denitrification and organic oxidation. In addition, SAT modeling system was developed as the reaction mechanism was applied to groundwater flow and transport model. In verification of the reaction module by 1-dimensional unsaturated soil column test, the experimental data of all of the species, ammonium, nitrate, DOC and DO, were well matched with the simulation results. In sensitivity analysis, ammonium partition coefficient, dissolved oxygen inhibition constant and biomass decay rate affect ammonium, DOC and DO concentration of effluent, respectively.