• Journal of Sport and Applied Science
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.7-17
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• 2020

Purpose: This study started with interest in sport culture and is meaningful as an exploratory study to help with the basic understanding of sport culture research. Research design, data, and methodology: The approach of this study is the exploratory approach by literature reviews. This study carried out exploratory research on thinking about diversity of sports culture and the development process of sports culture by human history periods. Results: First, in thinking about cultural diversity, cultural absolutism and cultural relativism were identified. The characteristics of sports culture can identify universality, individuality and diffusion, and the attributes of sports culture included sharing, learning, accumulation, whole systematic relationship and change. Second, the characteristics of sports culture were identified by the approach of each historical era. The historical stages were divided into ancient civilizations, ancient Greece and Rome, middle ages and early modern period, and late modern period. Sports have historically been found to have a British-centered European origin or popularized in the United States. Conclusions: with the characteristics of modern sports culture, the globalization of sports culture, the prominence of sports industry and sports space marketing, and the symbiotic influence relationship of sports and mass media were examined and future directions were discussed.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.37-59
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• 2021

Purpose - Although models of innovation and exporting dominate recent studies of relations between innovation and access to foreign markets, relations between innovation and foreign direct investment (FDI) are less explored. This is especially true of relations between types of innovation and FDI. We fill that gap in the literature with empirical evidence that clarifies whether firms enter foreign markets through exports or FDI. Design/methodology - In order to assess the role of innovation in firms' international engagement strategies, we develop research hypotheses and present new empirical evidence on firms' choice of entry - exports and FDI - based on firm-level data. Findings - Our empirical results suggest that the impact of product innovation is more significant in transition from being a purely domestic firm to an exporter, while process innovation more significantly affect transition from being an exporter to a multinational enterprise. Our results also support 'self-selection into FDI' rather than 'learning-by-performing FDI' in the relationship between innovation and firms' overseas expansion. Originality/value - Recent literature on the relationship between innovation and firms' participation in foreign markets is dominated by models of innovation and export behavior. However, foreign direct investment by multinational enterprises may also be associated with firms' innovative activities. We first analyze how product and process innovations influence firms' choices to initiate exports or FDI.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.31-39
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• 2023

Purpose: Over the past two years, most Korean nursing students had to go through distance learning due to the COVID-19 pandemic. During the pandemic, amental health crisis has emerged among nursing students in South Korea. The study aimed to examine the relationships among social contact, depression, loneliness, and suicidal ideation. Methods: A cross-sectional survey design was used to collect data from nursing students. The survey was conducted onlinein South Korea. A total of 184 nursing students were recruited from December 2021 to April 2022. For data analysis,the frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation of the general characteristics of the subjects were calculated using IBM/SPSS Statistics 25.0. To examine the mediating effect of depression and loneliness on the relationship between social contact and suicidal ideation, multiple linear regression was used to analyze associations among social contact, depression, loneliness, and suicidal ideation. Results: The average age was 22.69±5.66 years (range=18~54), and the sex distribution was 155 females among 184 nursing students. Lower social contact among nursing students was significantly associated with higher depression and loneliness. Loneliness significantly mediated the relationship between social contact and suicidal ideation innursing students. Conclusion: The findings suggest that strategies for enhancing social contact and reducing depression and loneliness should be considered to improve suicidal ideation among nursing students.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제57권6호
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• pp.830-844
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• 2013

이 연구의 목적은 예비화학교사들의 실습 수업을 관찰하여 특징을 분석하고, 실습 수업의 특징이 그들의 학습관과 어떠한 관련성을 갖는지를 고찰하는 것이었다. 이를 위해, 교육실습 과정 중에 촬영한 예비교사 3인의 실습수업 동영상 9편을 분석하고, 학습관과 관련한 설문과 면담을 실시하였다. 예비화학교사들의 학습관이 실습수업에 미친 영향을 분석한 결과, 학습관은 대부분 그대로 실습수업의 특징에 반영되는 모습을 보였다. 예비교사 K는 비교적 구성주의적 학습관을 지니고 있었고 실습수업에서도 구성주의적 특징이 많이 나타났으며, M은 다른 예비교사들보다 전통적 학습관을 많이 지녔고, 실습수업에서 전통적인 특징이 많이 나타났다. 그러나 몇 가지 외적 요인에 의해 예비화학교사들의 학습관은 제한적으로 반영되기도 하였다. 특히 구성주의적 학습관이 수업에 반영되지 않은 몇 가지 사례가 예비교사들의 실습수업에서 나타났고, 특히 예비교사 H에게서 많이 나타났는데, 이는 학습관의 내면화 미흡, 실습학교의 여건, 실습 지도교사의 영향 등이 큰 요인이었다. 이러한 연구 결과는, 예비화학교사들이 지닌 학습관은 실습수업의 실행에 많은 영향을 준다는 것을 보여주는 것으로써, 교육실습을 책임지는 사범대학교와 교육실습학교, 지도교수와 지도교사가 예비교사들을 이해하고 수업을 지원하는 데에 시사점을 준다.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.79-95
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• 2013

New product innovation is a process of embodying new knowledge in a product and technology licensing is getting popular as a means to innovations and introduction of new product to the market in today's competitive global market environment. Incumbents often rely on technology licensing to access new product opportunities created by other firms. Prior research has examined various aspects of technology licensing agreements such as specific contract terms of licensing agreements, e.g., distribution of control rights, exclusivity of licensing agreements, cross-licensing, and the scope of licensing agreements. This study aims to provide answers to an important, but under-researched question: why do some incumbents initiate more licensing agreement for exploratory learning while others do it for exploitative learning along the innovation process? We attempt to extend our knowledge of licensing agreements from an organizational learning perspective. Technology licensing as a specific form of interfirm linkages can be initiated with different learning objectives along the process of new product innovation. The exploratory stages of the innovation process such as discovery or research stages involve extensive searches to create new knowledge or capabilities, whereas the exploitative stages of the innovation process such as application or test stages near the commercialization are more focused on developing specific applications or improving their efficiency or reliability. Thus, different stages of the innovation process generate different types of learning and the resulting technological resources. We examine when incumbents as licensees initiate more licensing agreements for exploratory learning objectives and when more for exploitative learning objectives, focusing on two factors that may influence a firm's formation of exploratory and exploitative licensing agreements: 1) its past radical and incremental innovation experience and 2) its internal investments in R&D and marketing. We develop and test our hypotheses regarding the relationship between a firm's radical and incremental new product experience, R&D investment intensity and marketing investment intensity, and the likelihood of engaging in exploratory and exploitive licensing agreements. Using data collected from various secondary sources (Recap database, Compustat database, and FDA website), we analyzed technology licensing agreements initiated in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries from 1988 to 2011. The results of this study show that incumbents initiate exploratory rather than exploitative licensing agreements when they have more radical innovation experience and when they invest in R&D activities more intensively; in contrast, they initiate exploitative rather than exploratory licensing agreements when they have more incremental innovation experience and when they invest in marketing activities more intensively. The findings of this study contribute to the licensing and interfirm cooperation studies. First, this study lays a foundation to understand the organizational learning aspect of technology licensing agreements. Second, this study sheds lights on how a firm's internal investments in R&D and marketing are linked to its tendency to initiate licensing agreements along the innovation process. Finally, the findings of this study provide important insight to managers regarding which technologies to gain via licensing agreements. This study suggests that firms need to consider their internal investments in R&D and marketing as well as their past innovation experiences when they initiate licensing agreements along the process of new product innovation.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제16권9호
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• pp.65-77
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• 2018

Purpose - A trading area is very closely related to consumer life. A trading area is a cultural and social space that consumes culture and promotes human relationships as well as an economic space where consumers live their daily lives. In this context, a trading area research should be conducted objectively and empirically because it deals with the activities of consumer's life. The purpose of this study is to identify the intrinsic psychological motivation(push motivation) caused when consumers visit a trading area and to demonstrate how the push motivation for a trading area influence on consumer's flow, satisfaction, revisit intention. Research design, data, and methodology - In order to develop research hypotheses for this study, the development procedures for push motivation scale are as follows; (1) generating initial pool of items based on previous studies, (2) expert judgement to evaluate content and face validity, and (3) assessing convergent and discriminant validity using confirmatory factor analysis. In order to achieve these purposes, online surveys were conducted on frequent or familiar visitors to the trading areas around the Gangnam, Kunkuk University and Hongik University Station. Among the 1,343 questionnaires collected, 1,157 cases were analyzed by using SPSS 22.0 and SmartPLS 3.0 statistical package program, except for 186 responses in which responses were judged to be unfaithful. Results - The push motivation was classified into five sub-dimensions of excitement/stimulus, rest/relaxation, exit/refreshing, knowledge/learning and human relationship promotion as multidimensional and complex factors composed of individual and social-related dimensions. The excitement/stimulus and human relationship promotion of push motivation have positive effects on satisfaction. However, all dimensions of the push motivation have positive effects on flow. And flow has a positive effect on satisfaction and revisit intention. Meanwhile, the mediation test using boostrapping shows that flow plays a full mediating role in the relationship between rest/relaxation, exit/refreshing, knowledge/learning and satisfaction, but a partial mediating rol e between excitement/stimulus, human relationship promotion and satisfaction. Finally, satisfaction plays a partial mediating role between flow and revisit intention. Conclusions - This study shows that the push motivation is multidimensional and compositive depending on the situation of a consumer. In addition, it is found that the human relationship promotion(a social-related motivation) has a much more important effect on flow and satisfaction than other push motivations of individual dimensions. It also shows that satisfaction increases when consumers are being flowed at their visit and degree of revisit intention also grows as satisfaction increases. As implications of this study, a marketer should try to understand consumer's visit motivation at first and then develop factors that increase their flow, satisfaction, revisit intention. It also requires a marketer to approach subjects on a trading area more objectively and empirically based on the psychology and behavior of consumers, in order to establish a proper and efficient strategy on development of a trading area.

• 아동학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.339-353
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• 2008

This study examined how cognitive style in young children affects mathematical problem-solving performance. Findings showed that the types of patterns presented were linked to the degree of difficulty of the tasks and that disparity between field-independent and field-dependent in cognitive style was broader when subjects worked with more complicated pattern problems. Subjects' marks varied by cognitive style when dynamic assessment was conducted, but cognitive style made no difference in their mathematical learning capability. Cognitive style had an impact not only on the task performance of the learners but on the extent to which they were in need of help during the problem-solving process. Yet, it exercised no influence on how much progress the subjects made when fully assisted.

• 음성과학
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.169-186
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• 2000

This paper aims to confirm the mispronunciation of native Korean students due to the phonetic and phonological system differences between English and Korean, and to find the works-to-do by experiment. Many Korean students tend to differentiate the sounds of word-final stop consonants not by vowel duration or the allophones but by the phoneme of the consonant itself. In English, Stop sounds change through the conditions of the aspirated, unaspirated, or unreleased sounds. But in Korean they are not allophones of phonemes but distinct phonemes. Therefore, many Korean students are apt to add an extra vowel sound /i/ after the final stop consonant in the eve form due to both the unperception of the differences between the phonemes and the allophones of stop consonants, and the influence of the Korean sound-sequence relationship. Since the replacement of the allophones and extra vowel addition does not change the meaning, the importance was almost lost. Nevertheless, this kind of study is essential for the precise learning and the use of the English language.

• 한국사회복지학
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• 제57권2호
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• pp.93-118
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• 2005

본 연구는 직장인의 음주 및 음주문제에 영향을 미치는 요인을 밝히기 위해, 사무직 직장인들을 중심으로 그간 여러 연구들의 주요 이론적 근거가 되었던 긴장감소가설과 사회학습이론의 대표적인 요인인 직무스트레스와 음주하위문화가 음주 및 음주문제에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 연구결과는 직장인들의 음주율 및 음주빈도, 음주량, 폭음빈도 및 음주 문제자의 비율 등이 일반 국민에 비해 매우 높아 직장인들의 음주문제가 위험 수준에 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 직무스트레스 및 음주하위문화가 음주 및 음주문제에 미치는 영향 및 관계를 살펴본 결과, 직무스트레스와 음주 간의 관계는 유의하지 않았으며, 음주하위문화의 경우 음주 및 음주문제의 각 하위차원 모두에서 유의한 관계 및 영향력이 발견되어 직장인의 음주 및 음주문제에 대한 설명은 사회학습이론이 보다 타당한 것으로 나타났다. 이에 따라 연구자는 개인 뿐 아니라 환경을 통합한 포괄적 관심의 촉구와 함께 직장인원조프로그램(EAPs)의 도입을 제안하였다.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제19권7호
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• pp.409-417
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• 2021

본 연구는 청소년의 우울에 개인 요인, 가족 요인, 학교 요인이 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 파악하고 신체화 증상과 우울 간의 장기적 영향력을 탐색하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 한국아동·청소년패널조사(KCYPS) 중학교 1학년 패널의 4차년도(2013년)와 6차년도(2015년) 2개 연도 자료를 활용하였고 1,668명을 대상으로 구조방정식모형 분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과, 첫째, 개인 요인에서는 성별, 신체건강 상태, 자아탄력성은 청소년의 우울에 유의미하게 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 학교 요인 중 학업적응과 교우관계가 청소년의 우울에 유의미하게 영향을 미쳤다. 셋째, 신체화 증상과 우울은 동시효과와 시간에 따른 자기회귀효과를 보였다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 청소년의 신체화 증상과 우울에 대한 예방 및 개입 방안에 대해 논의하였다. 향후 청소년의 우울에 영향을 미치는 부모의 정신건강 변수 등을 포함한 연구가 필요하다.