• ALGAE
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.295-298
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• 2005

The growth of subaerial microalgae on historic buildings or various cultural properties causes discoloration and physico-chemical deterioration of the surfaces. We collected a subaerial chlorophyte, Chlorella sp., from the stone Standing Buddha statue at Jungwon Miruksazi, which is a national treasure of Korea, and found dormant, thickwalled spores with regular pentagonal ornamentation along with the vegetative Chlorella cells. The morphology of Chlorella resting spores was compared to that of the other green algal resting cells. The ornamented spores and smooth-walled vegetative cells revived in 2 weeks in a liquid freshwater medium and started reproduction by autospores. To our knowledge, the ability of Chlorella to form ornamented dormant spores in drought condition was not previously recorded. The ornamentation of spores would supplement taxonomic characteristics of this genus.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.538-548
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• 1995

Exercises are achievement oriented, the process is frequently perceived as hard and difficult Participants drop out from exercise programs in the middle of the training period. Dance movement, which is the deliberate and systematic use of movement, is enjoyable during the movement and provides opportunities for persons to express them-selves. Regular long term dance movement may in-duce a training effect with a decreased drop out rate. Dance movement could be one way to attain wellness, however, there have been few studies to evaluate both physiological and psychological aspects of dance movement. This study focused on evaluating the effects of dance movement training on body weight, resting blood pressure and heart rate, limb circumference and strength, stress response and subjective feelings. This quasi-experimental study was designed as a nonequivalent control group pre test -post test study. Ten healthy fe-male subjects, aged between 19 and 31 years volunteered for an eight week dance movement program. Ten healthy female subjects, between 19 and 21 years of age paticipated as controls. None of the subjects had performed regular physical activity for six months prior to the study. Dance movement was created with reference to Heber's movement guide. The Dance movement program consisted of approximately 30 minutes of dance, three days per week, for eight weeks. During each 30 minute work out, there were approximately 5 minutes of warm-up dancing, 20 minutes of conditioning dance and 5 minutes of cool-down dancing. The intensity for the conditioning phase was at between 60% and 65% of age-adjusted maximum heart rates. Body weight, resting blood pressure and heart rate, circumference of mid upper arm, mid thigh and mid calf, muscle strength of upper and lower limb, physical and psychological response to stress were measured prior to, and following the experimental treatment. Body weight was measured by digital weight scale(Kyung In Corp., Korea). Resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured by sphygmomanometer, Resting heart rate was measured for one minute in a relaxed sitting position using the radial artery. Circumference of mid upper arm, mid thigh and mid calf was determined by tape measure. Muscle strength of the upper extremities was measured by a grip dynamometer (Takei Corp. No.1857, Japan) and that of the extremities was measured by the length of time the leg could be held at 45° Physical and psychological responses to stress were measured using the Symptoms of Stress (SOS)Scale. Paticipants in the dance movement were interviewed by the facilitator following the eight weeks, and their thematic responses about the dance movement were recorded. Following the eight week dance movement train-ing, body weight decreased significantly, circumference of mid thigh and mid calf increased. The length of time leg - raising could be held tended to increase following the dance movement training. Resting systolic and resting heart rate showed a tendency to decrease. Total mean score of stress response tended to de-crease, and mean score of habitual patterns, do-pression, anxiety / fear, anger and cognitive disorganization decreased remarkably following the eight week dance movement. Thematic responses about the dance movement were positive following the training.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.96-101
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• 2002

Background: Aerobic training can be defined as any physical exercise that increases the heart rate and enhances the body's intake of oxygen long enough to benefit the condition of body. Running, cycling, and swimming are examples of aerobic activities. This type of exercise optimises immune functions. Recently several experimental findings suggested that the regular swimming training increase immune response, but there have been very few reports which compare warm water exercise with cold water exercise in spleen lymphocytes. Methods: This study was designed to examine the effects of regular swimming training on Index, the number of lymphocytes, proliferative activity and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by splenocytes in BALB/c mice. Thirty six mice (6 week old) were performed 10 weeks of regular swimming training and they were divided into 6 groups according to the regular swimming training (CRG: control resting group, CEG: control exercise group, WRG: warm water trained resting group, WEG: warm water trained exercise group, CORG: cold water trained resting group, COEG: cold water exercise group). Analytical items were weight change, spleen index, the number of lymphocytes, proliferative activity and production of ROS. All data were expressed as mean and standard deviation by using SPSS package program (ver. 10.0). Results: The swimming training significantly decreased body weight, and increased spleen index, the number of lymphocytes and proliferative activity in the presence or absence of Con A and LPS added conditions. For the WRG and CORG, the quantity of ROS from splenocytes was higher than CRG, whereas, ROS by spleen lymphocytes was lower following 90 min acute exercise stress. Conclusion: These results suggested that the swimming training not only increases the number of lymphocytes but also increases proliferative activity by splenocytes in vitro.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.351-356
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• 2011

Purpose: The most common symptoms of eyes on VDT syndrome and symptoms-related the factors were investigated. Methods: Self-questionnaire for VDT syndrome was done with 250 teachers from 1st to 15th October, 2010, and the data from 231 teachers (68 male, 163 female) was statistically analyzed to find the factors related to ocular symptoms. Results: The most common ocular symptom on VDT syndrome was 'feeling of eyes fatigue', and the factors which have correlation significantly to ocular symptoms were regular exercise, ages, VDT work time, and regular resting. Conclusions: Taking a rest and regular exercise contribute to relieve the ocular symptoms related to VDT syndrome.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.469-473
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• 2007

This study was performed to investigate the effects of urinary acupoint (BL-23, BL-28) by acupuncture (AP) and electroacupuncture (EA) on urinary bladder in dogs. Four healthy male dogs aged within the range of 6~8 months were used in this experiment. For Electrodes implantation on the bladder, dogs were to undergo surgical operation. The purpose of investigating the effect on urinary bladder was to evaluate electromyogram (EMG) changes according to AP or EA at Shen Shu (BL-23), Pang Guang Shu (BL-28) and non-acupoint. AP and EA (2~4 V, 10 Hz) were applied for 20 min to each point. EMG was evaluated when acupuncture began stimulation and as soon as the stimulation by electroacupuncture was gone. By the experiment of investigating the effect of urinary time it was estimated to measure time up to urination from stimulation on effective acupoint, after saline was filled with 70% of whole volumes on urinary bladder. The wave of EMG on resting stage showed simple and regular, whereas that of EMG on urination showed irregularly strong peaks before urination. Acupuncture of BL-28 had an influence on changes of EMG which had irregular peaks on urination. But the changes of EMG after acupuncture of BL-28 and control were regular like resting stage. The changes of EMG after EA at BL-23 and BL-28 showed irregularly a variety of wave forms. The interval through urination from stimulation at BL-28 and control become short as measuring time by EA (p<0.01). According to the results, AP at BL-28 was effective to urinary bladder. EA at BL-23 and BL-28 was effective to urinary bladder. Especially, the interval on stimulating at BL-28 by EA was the shortest in measuring time to urination from stimulation.

• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.72-82
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• 2006

Purpose: To analyze the health concept and health behaviors in school children through the interview on study groups. To obtain the subjective data for health concept and health behaviors in school children. Methods: This study is a qualitative study applied the interview of study groups. Participants are 12 people and two groups- each of them is 3 males and females, which are $6^{th}$grade of elementary schools located in Seoul city and Kyung-gi Province. The interviews were conducted twice on November in 2005. Results: 83 items are significantly related in health concept for school children. The results are the following; 1) the significant health concept for school children is 15 items and there are 5 areas- strength, comfort, action, compatibility and normal life. 2) the actual health behaviors are 23 items and there are 8 areas-exercising, associating, mentally resting, laughing, releasing stress, well sleeping, well eating and receivingcheck-up. 3) the needed and the wanted health behaviors are 45 items and there are 12 areas-well eating, well cleaning, exercising, playing, comforting, resting, staying in familiar environment, receiving regular check-up, abstaining, associating, enjoying hobbies, and forming environment & facilities. Conclusion: For health concepts, school children consider significantly not only physical activities but also social and mental activities and environment. They also want exercising, abstaining, eating well, checking-up, enjoying hobbies, forming environment & facilities with various activities.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.79-88
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• 1986

In an attempt to observe the effects obtained by the regular physical training, nine soldiers performed regularly the rope-skipping for nine weeks. All subjects were healthy and did not experience any special military training Programs. During the course of the training, their cardiopulmonary functions were measured in the resting and the Post-exercise recovery periods, and the values were compared with ones of the pre-trained. The test exercises loaded to the subjects were rope-skipping and step-rising & falling. The results obtained were as follows: 1) By the training, heart rates decreased very significantly in the resting and post-exercise recovery periods. And the effects began to bring out at the early stage, about the 7th day. 2) As the duration of the training increased, the systolic blood pressures decreased meaningfully in the resting and recovery periods. 3) Only in the early recovery phase after the exercise of the rope·skipping, the respiration rates decreased significantly by the training. 4) The lighter the intensity of the test exercise loaded was, the more prominent the effect of the physical training on the cardiopulmonary functions was. The above results suggest that the 9 week training of the rope-skipping would bring about the enhancement of the cardiopulmonary functions.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.97-104
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• 2011

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of smoking on aerobic physical fitness among physical education major male university students participating in regular exercise. Methods: A group of 42 healthy male students majoring physical education were divided into two groups: non-smokers (n=$26, 20.61{\pm}2.78 $yrs) and smokers (n=16, $21.25{\pm}2.29 $ yrs). Graded exercise testing for maximal oxygen consumption ($VO_2max$) was measured by Bruce protocol. Results: $VO_2max$ was not different between non-smokers and smokers, however, exercise duration time in non-smokers was more longer than smokers'. In non-smokers, ventilatory threshold (VT) time was delayed longer than smokers (p<0.01). %VT/VEmax was significantly different between non-smokers and smokers (p<0.01). Resting heart rate (p<0.01) and recovery heart rate at 80 seconds (p<0.01) in non-smokers were significantly lower than those of smokers. The decrease in heart rate recovery in non smokers was greater than in smokers at 40(p<0.05), 60(p<0.05) and 80(p<0.01) seconds. Conclusions: These results suggest that smoking has negative effects on aerobic fitness of male university students in physical education major.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.2 no.5
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• pp.411-415
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• 2000

To be able to work safely and efficiency, the Threshold Limit Values (TLV) for work in the heat are widely used. Since these TLV are only applicable to workers in regular clothing, TLV should be adjusted when applied to the asbestos removal workers who wear extra impermeable protective clothing. Although abbreviated guidelines for heat stress exposure have been proposed, literature advocating their use in the asbestos removal industry is limited. Therefore, we planed a survey to evaluate the workload of asbestos abatement workers in summer, and an experiment with climatic chambers to evaluate the effects of resting in a cool environment between work periods. From these studies, we got following conclusions. There is a high risk of suffering from heat illness by asbestos abatement work in summer in Japan. It is proposed to create a cool room inside the workplace of asbestos abatement work to reduce thermal stress.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.833-852
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• 1996

Regular long term dance movement could be one of ways to induce improvement of psychophysiological variables, resulting in improvement of quality of life. However, there have been few studies to evaluate the effect of dance movement training on both physiological and psychological variables in the elderly. This study was focused to determine the effect of Korean traditional dance movement training on psychophysiological variables-body weight, body fat, lean body mass, muscle strength, muscle endurance, flexibility, agility, resting heart rate and blood pressure, depression and life satisfaction-in Korean elderly women. Thirty four subjects, aged between 65 and 75years who have normal cognition, sensory function, cerebellum function, cardiovascular function, participated in this study. Seventeen experimental group subjects were selected from E-elderly university in Kyung Gi province, and Seventeen control group subjects were selected from N-welfare facility in Seoul City. Seventeen experimental group subjects participated for 12weeks dance movement program. Korean traditional dance movement program was developed on the basis of Korean traditional dance and music by the author. The program consisted of approximately 50minutes of dance, 3times a week for 12weeks. During 50minutes workout, there were 15minutes of warm-up dancing, 25minutes of conditioning dance and 10minutes of cool-down dancing. The intensity for the conditioning phase was at between 60% and 65% of age-adjusted maximum heart rates. The body weight, body fat, lean body mass, muscle strength(grip strength, leg strength), muscle endurance, flexibility, agility, resting heart rate and blood pressure, depression and life satis-faction were measured prior to and following the experimental treatment. The participants in dance movement were interviewed focusing on subjective feeling following 12 week's regular dance movement. Data were analyzed with mean, standard deviation, percentage of change, X²-test, t-test, and ANCOVA test using SPSS PC/sup +/ program. Subjective feeling was categorized into cognitopsy-chological and physiological responses. Results were obtained as follows : 1) The body weight (F=15.52, p=.000), body fat (F=18.33, p=.000) and lean body mass (F=7.28, p=.011) of the experimental group were significantly lower than those of the control group following the dance movement training. 2) The leg strength (F=30.96, p=.000), muscle endurance (F=9.06, p=.005), agility(F=44.92, 000), flexibility(F=6.84, p=.014) of the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group following the dance movement training. There was no significant difference of grip strength(F=.43, p=.515) between experimental and control groups. 3) The heart rate(F=26.96, p=.000), systolic (F=10.40, p=.000) and diastolic(F=3.99, p=.005) blood pressure at rest of the experimental group were significantly lower than those of the control group following the dance movement training. 4) No significant difference of score of depression (F=3.49, p=.071) was observed between experimental and control groups. 5) Score of life satisfaction of experimental group was remarkably higher than that of control group following 12weeks of dance movement training (p<0.05). 6) Thematic responses about the dance movement following the training were positive. "I feel good" was the most frequent among cognitopsychological responses and "I feel lightness of body" was the most frequent among physiological responses. The results suggest that Korean traditional dance movement training can improve psychophysiological variables of Korean elderly.