• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.115-126
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• 2006

Background and Objectives : Training of breath support and laryngeal muscles control are important components in the development of the singing voice. The purpose of this study is to compare characteristics of respiratory and phonatory control on pitch, loudness, register change with untrained males and trained male singers. Materials and Methods : The 11 untrained males and 11 trained male singers participated. Closed Quotient(CQ), fundamental frequency (fo) and relative volume contribution of the rib cage (in percentage rib cage, % RC) and relative volume contribution of abdomen (in percentage abdomen, % AB) were measured during various pitch, loudness, register tasks using /a/ vowel phonation : Legato, staccato with C3-D3-E3-F3-G3 notes and crescendo and decrescendo with C3 note as well as modal register with C3 and falsetto register with C4 note using an integrated analysis system of Respiration, EGG and Voice. Results : (1) When pitch increased with legato task, loudness also increased in untrained male group but maintained in trained male singers. CQ was also increased both untrained and trained male singers but it was not significantly different ($p>.05$). The abdomen contribution to lung volume were significantly predominant both in inhalation and exhalation in trained males singers ($p<.05$). (2) When pitch increased with staccato task, CQ was not significantly different in untrained but significantly different in trained male singers. The respiratory function of male singers were characterized by significantly predominant abdomen contribution to lung volume in exhalation except for inhalation ($p<.05$) (3) When loudness increased with crescendo, fo was significantly increased with increasing CQ in untrained males but fo was relatively consistent with increasing CQ in trained male singers. The respiratory function of male singers were characterized by significantly predominant abdomen contribution to lung volume in exhalation except for inhalation ($p<.05$). (4) Most male singers were able to change register from modal to falsetto register, but untrained males were not. Thus, CQ was significantly different between modal and falsetto register in trained male singers ($p<.05$). The respiratory function of male singers were characterized by significantly predominant abdomen contribution to lung volume in exhalation except for inhalation ($p<.05$). Conclusion : Male singers were superior to untrained males in coordination of respiratory and phonatory control on pitch, loudness, register change. Implication are offered regarding how the results might be applied to the voice therapy as well as singing training.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.21-26
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• 2004

Vocal Register Transition(Passaggio) is one of the most important vocal technique for classically trined male singers(tenor). Passaggio is that it bridges the chest register to head register without a noticeable voice break. Vocalist gest the feeling that voice is not locked a particular register. The purpose of this study was to clarify the difference between easy($B_3$) tone and non passaggio(F#_4$) & passaggio(F#_4$). We selected 6 trained singers(tenor), who had more than 12.6 years of experience and were well trained in passaggio technique. Simulataneous measurement was performed frequency(F0), mean flow rate(MFR), intensity(I), and subglottal pressure(Psub) using a phonatory function analyzer(Nagashima) and Closed Quotient(CQ), Jitter, Shimmer, NHR a Electro-glottography(EGG) of Lx. Speech Studio(Laryngogrph Lt, London, UK) and vocal efficiency was calculated by Carroll's method. For the tenor, target tone/a/was measured in three conditions : 1) easy phonation : $B_3$, 2) high tone without passaggio : F#_4$, 3) high tone with passaggio : F#_4$). The results revealed that F0 of the target tones between non-passaggio group and passaggio group were not significantly different though higher is F0, higher is subglottal pressure. And also CQ, MFR, Psub were increased in passagio than nonpssagio but these values were not statistically different. This study concluded that passaggio is the vocal technique to make the same quality of tone between chest register and head register in tenor.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:시스템및이론
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• 제35권12호
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• pp.540-551
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• 2008

오늘날 마이크로프로세서의 설계는 전력 소모 문제만이 아닌 온도 문제에서도 자유롭지 않다. 제조 공정의 미세화와 고밀도 회로 집적화가 칩의 전력 밀도를 높이게 되어 열성 현상을 발생시키기 때문이다. 이를 해결하기 위해 제안된 동적 온도 제어 기술은 냉각 비용을 줄이는 동시에 칩의 온도 신뢰성을 높인다는 장점을 가지지만, 냉각을 위해 프로세서의 성능을 희생해야 하는 문제점을 가지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 프로세서의 성능 저하를 최소화하면서 온도를 제어하기 위해 듀얼 레지스터 파일 구조를 제시한다. 온도 제어를 고려하였을 때 가장 관심을 끄는 것은 레지스터 파일 유닛이다. 특히 정수형 레지스터 파일 유닛은 그 빈번한 사용으로 인하여 프로세서 내부에서 가장 높은 온도를 가진다. 듀얼 레지스터 파일 구조는 정수형 레지스터 파일에 대한 읽기 접근을 두 개의 레지스터 파일에 대한 접근으로 분할하는데, 이는 기존 레지스터 파일이 소모하는 동적 전력을 감소시켜 열성 현상을 제거하는 효과를 가져온다. 그 결과 동적 온도 제어 기법에 의한 프로세서 성능 감소를 완화시키는데, 평균 13.35% (최대 18%)의 성능 향상을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 인터넷정보학회논문지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.35-46
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• 2000

개인 통신 서비스에서 주된 당면 문제중의 하나는 위치를 자주 이동하는 많은 이동 단말기들의 위치를 찾는 것이다. 그러한 시스템 연산을 위치 관리라 한다. 위치 관리를 성취하기 위하여 많은 네트워크 신호처리 트래픽과 데이터베이스 질의가 요구된다. 다수의 정책들은 이동 단말기의 현재 위치를 저장하기 위하여 위치 레지스터 데이터베이스를 사용하고, 그 위치 레지스터의 고장에 대해 약점을 가지고 있다. 이 논문에서, 우리는 위치 레지스터들의 고장을 포용하는 분산 홈 위치 레지스터를 갖는 결함 포용 전방 포인터 (FT-RFDHLR: Fault-Tolerant Pointer Forwarding with Distributed Home Location Register) 방법을 제안한다. 제안하는 방법의 성능을 분석적 모델로 평가하고, 하나의 홈 위치 레지스터를 갖는 전방 포인터 (PFSHLR: Pointer Forwarding with ,Single Home Location Register) 방법, 분산 홈 위치 레지스터를 갖는 전방 포인터 (PFDHLR: Pointer Forwarding with Distributed Home Location Register) 방법, Biaz의 우회 전방 정책 (BFS: Bypass Forwarding Strategy) 및 2개의 경로 전방 정책 (TPFS: Two-Path Forwarding Strategy)과 성능을 비교한다.

• 대한전자공학회논문지SD
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.36-44
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• 2003

본 논문에서는 비터비 디코더의 디코딩과정에서 trace-forward 과정이후. trace-back 동작 없이 decision bit를 결정 가능한 구조로 설계하여 사용 메모리 크기와 동작 cycle에서 이득을 가지는 변형된 레지스터 교환(modified register exchange) 방식을 제안하였다. 제안된 구조는 시뮬레이션에 의해 trace-back이 있는 기존의 방식과 동일한 결과를 나타냄을 확인하였으며, 변형된 레지스터 교환 방식과 기존의 레지스터 교환 방식, 그리고 trace-back 방식과 비교하였다. 제안한 방식은 다른 방식들에 비해 메모리를 1/(5 x constraint length)로 줄일 수 있고, trace-back 방식에 비해 throughput을 2배 향상시켰다. 변형된 레지스터 교환 방식을 적용한 비터비 디코더의 동작을 검증하기 위해 code rate 2/,3, constraint length, K가 3인 디코더를 radix-4 구조의 1 bit 디코딩 방식으로 설계하여 FPGA(field programmable gate away)를 이용하여 구현하고 측정을 통해 오류 정정 작용을 확인하였다. 또한 블록 디코딩 방식에도 적용할 수 있음을 보였다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.531-549
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• 2012

Numerous oil tanker losses have been reported and one of the possible causes of such casualties is caused by the structural failure of aging ship hulls in rough weather. In aging ships, corrosion and fatigue cracks are the two most important factors affecting structural safety and integrity. This research is about effect on hull girder ultimate strength behavior of double hull oil tanker according to corrosion after Part I: stiffened panel. Based on corrosion data of Part I (time-dependent corrosion wastage model and CSR corrosion model), when progressing corrosion of fourtypes of double hull oil tankers (VLCC, Suezmax, Aframax, and Panamax), the ultimate strength behavior of hull girder is compared and analyzed. In case of the ultimate strength behavior of hull girder, when occurring corrosion, the result under vertical and horizontal bending moment is analyzed. The effect of time-dependent corrosion wastage on the ultimate hull girder strength as well as the area, section modulus, and moment of inertia are also studied. The result of this research will be useful data to evaluate ultimate hull girder strength of corroded double hull oil tanker.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.507-530
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• 2012

Age-related problems especially corrosion and fatigue are normally suffered by weatherworn ships and aging offshore structures. The effect of corrosion is one of the important factors in the Common Structural Rule (CSR) guideline of the ship design based on a 20 or 25 years design life. The aim of this research is the clarification of the corrosion effect on ultimate strength of stiffened panels on various types of double hull oil tankers. In the case of ships, corrosion is a phenomenon caused by the ambient environment and it has different characteristics depending on the parts involved. Extensive research considering these characteristic have already done by previous researchers. Based on this data, the ultimate strength behavior of stiffened panels for four double hull oil tankers such as VLCC, Suezmax, Aframax, and Panamax classes are compared and analyzed. By considering hogging and sagging bending moments, the stiffened panels of the deck, inner bottom and outer bottom located far away from neutral axis of ship are assessed. The results of this paper will be useful in evaluating the ultimate strength of an oil tanker subjected to corrosion. These results will be an informative example to check the effect of ultimate strength of a stiffened panel according to corrosion addition from CSR for a given type of ship.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제51권5호
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• pp.755-771
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• 2014

Environmental changes, especially global climate change, are creating new challenges to the development of the Arctic regions, which have substantial energy resources. And attention to offshore structures has increased with oil and gas development. The structural impact response of an explosion-resistant profiled blast walls normally changes when it operates in low temperatures. The main objectives of this study are to investigate the structural response of blast walls in low temperature and suggest useful guidelines for understanding the characteristics of the structural impact response of blast walls subjected to hydrocarbon explosions in Arctic conditions. The target temperatures were based on the average summer temperature ($-20^{\circ}C$), the average winter temperature ($-40^{\circ}C$) and the coldest temperature recorded (approximately $-68^{\circ}C$) in the Arctic. The nonlinear finite element analysis was performed to design an explosion-resistant profiled blast wall for use in Arctic conditions based on the behaviour of material properties at low temperatures established by performing a tensile test. The conclusions and implications of the findings are discussed.

• 정보처리학회논문지A
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• 제19A권1호
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• pp.45-50
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• 2012

최근 내장형 프로세서가 다양한 휴대 기기에서 사용이 급격히 증가됨에 따라, 빠른 수행 속도와 저전력을 지원하는 내장형 프로세서를 제작하기 위해 대상 응용 프로그램에 최적환 된 설계가 요구되고 있다. 이를 위해, 프로세서들은 다중 출력 명령어형태의, 특별한 명령어들을 추가하고 있다. 여기서 다중 출력 명령어란 다수의 결과값을 병렬적으로 출력하는 명령어를 말한다. 하지만, 이러한 다중 출력 명령어들은 기존 컴파일러에서 생성하지 못하는 문제점이 있다. 그래서, 이를 위한 컴파일 알고리즘이 개발되었지만, 이 알고리즘에서는 register pressure를 고려하지 않아서 최적의 성능을 발휘할 수가 없었다. 본 논문에서는 register pressure를 고려하는 알고리즘을 새롭게 제안하고, 그 결과 기존 알고리즘에 비해서 평균 3%의 코드 사이즈 감소와 2.7% 수행 시간 향상을 더 이룰 수 있었다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.381-386
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• 2014

A highly reliable safety class controller for NPPs (Nuclear Power Plants) is mandatory as even a minor malfunction can lead to disastrous consequences for people, the environment or the facility. In order to enhance the reliability of a safety class digital controller for NPPs, we employed a diversity approach, in which a PLC-type controller and a PLD-type controller are to be operated in parallel. We built and used structured testbenches based on the classes supported by UVM for functional verification of the PLD-type controller designed for NPPs. We incorporated a UVM register model into the testbenches in order to increase the controllability and the observability of the DUT(Device Under Test). With the increased testability, we could easily verify the datapaths between I/O ports and the register sets of the DUT, otherwise we had to perform black box tests for the datapaths, which is very cumbersome and time consuming. We were also able to perform constrained random verification very easily and systematically. From the study, we confirmed the various advantages of using the UVM register model in verification such as scalability, reusability and interoperability, and set some design guidelines for verification of the NPP controllers.