• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.305-310
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• 1998

The usage or agricultural chemicals is on the increasing tendency. Methyl bromide and organophosphate are the most widely used toxic agricultural chemicals in Korea. We try to set up the methods to detect the accumulation of these chemicals in Korean farmers. Blood samples were collected for 121 farmers of slack's season in February 1998. And survey about arable acreage and usage of the gloves and masks was also performed. Serum cholinesterase activities and bromide concentrations were measured with gold chloride method and colorimetric method. The reference ranges of serum cholinesterase activity and bromide concentration were 1.6~15.9 U/mL and below $72.9{\mu}g/mL$. Serum bromide concentrations of farmers and normal controls showed no differences. Serum cholinesterase activities of farmers were significantly higher than those of normal controls. According to the arable acreages and usage of the gloves and masks, serum bromide concentrations and cholinesterase activities showed no differences. In conclusion, serum cholinesterase activities and bromide concentrations showed no differences between farmers of slack's season and normal controls.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.85 no.1
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• pp.76-83
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• 1996

Four natural Quercus stands in Kwangju, Kyonggi-Do, of which ages ranging from 32 to 38 years old, were studied to compare their growth, biomass and net production. Ten $10m{\times}10m$ quadrats were set up and ten sample trees were harvested for dimension analysis in each stand. The largest mean DBH and height were shown by Q. acutissima stand, and followed by Q. variabilis stand, Q. mongolica stand, and Q. dentata stand in descending order. Tree density was the highest at Q. variabilis stand, and followed by Q. dentata stand, Q. mongolica stand, and Q. acutissima stand in descending order. Biomass was the largest at Q. acutissima stand(122.73t/ha), and followed by Q. variabilis stand(87.03t/ha), Q. mongolica stand(72.14t/ha), and Q. dentata stand(38.56t/ha) in descending order. Net production was the greatest at Q. mongolica stand(7.49t/ha/yr.), and followed by Q. variabilis stand(6.47t/ha/yr.), Q. acutissima stand(6.06t/ha/yr.), and Q. dentata stand(3.52t/ha/yr.) in descending order. The highest net assimilation ratio was exhibited by Q. acutissima stand (3.275), and followed by Q. variabilis stand(2.898), Q. mongolica stand(2.888), and Q. dentata stand (1.840) in descending order. The difference in net assimilation ratio and net production among four stands was caused by differences in their leaf biomass. The difference in net production and biomass among four stands was due to that in the distribution of net production among stems, branches and leaves.

• Sijohaknonchong
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• v.42
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• pp.29-68
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• 2015

This article focused on the development and current status of Sijo-chang, the Korean classical vocal genre, which is the text as a fixed form of Korean classical poems. Historically, Sijo-chang has originally emerged from Hyangga鄕歌 during Silla period (BC. 57- AD. 935). However, the current Sijo-chang has been developed from the latter of Joseon朝鮮 period(AD. 1392-1910) in 1800s. Since 1800s, Sijo-chang derived from the Gyeong-je Pyeong sijo京制 平時調, which was established in Seoul, was able to accelerate its musical types and regional characteristics among the Korean peninsula. By setting a clear division of two time periods between 1800s and those periods since 1900s to today, this article mainly explains how Sijo-chang has been developed historically. First of all, in order to appraise the musical styles and characteristics of Sijo-chang in 1800s, comparing the current musical types of Sijo-chang and those printed old score books which has its historical musical characteristics during 1800s is necessary. Secondly, this paper concentrated on the transmitted lineages of representative vocalists among the regional-based Sijo-chang from 1900s to today. During those periods, the Sijo-chang has formed its particular regional-based musical characteristics among the Korean peninsula such as Yeong-je嶺制 of Gyeongsang province慶尙道, Naepo-je內浦制 of Chungcheong province忠淸道 and Wan-je完制 of Cheolla province全羅道. Although it was not a type of regional-based Sijo-chang, as a creation with reference based on certain regional types of Sijo-chang in 1960s, this paper introduced the inheritance process of Seogam-je石菴制 which was made by Jung Gyeong-tae鄭坰兌 named Seogam石菴 as his pen name. Since Seogam-je has been singing as the most influential musical types of Sijo-chang through the mainly southern region of Korean peninsula and even in Seoul, it was highly significant to research it. In addition, this paper elaborately highlighted the developments of various Sijo-chang based on its historical performances, studies, and the composed pieces from the early 1900s or the mid-1900s. In conclusion, in order to set a vigorous development of Sijo-chang, this paper raised several concerns among the future of Sijo-Chang and the significance of its traditional value.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.316-323
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different thread designs on the marginal bone stresses around dental implant. Materials and methods: Standard ITI implant(ITI Dental Implant System; Straumann AG, Waldenburg, Switzerland), 4.1 mm in diameter and 10 mm in length, was selected as control. Test implants of four different thread patterns were created based on control implant, i.e. maintaining all geometrical design of control implant except thread pattern. Four thread designs used in test implants include (1) small V-shape screw (model A), (2) large V-shape screw (model B), (3) buttress screw (model C), and (4) trapezoid screw (model D). Surface area for unit length of implant was 14.4 $mm^2$ (control), 21.7 (small V-shape screw), 20.6 (large V-shape screw), 17.0 (buttress screw) and 28.7 $mm^2$ (trapezoid screw). Finite element models of implant/bone complex were created using an axisymmetric scheme with the use of NISA II/DISPLAY III (Engineering Mechanics Research Corporation, Troy, MI, USA). A load of 100 N applied to the central node on the crown top either in parallel direction or at 30 degree to the implant axis (in order to apply non-axial load to the implant NKTP type 34 element was employed). Quantification and comparison of the peak stress in the marginal bone of each implant model was made using a series of regression analyses based on the stress data calculated at the 5 reference points which were set at 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 mm from implant wall on the marginal bone surface. Results: Results showed that although severe stress concentration on the marginal bone cannot be avoided a substantial reduction in the peak stress is achievable using different thread design. The peak marginal bone stresses under vertical loading condition were 7.84, 6.45, 5.96, 6.85, 5.39 MPa for control and model A, B, C and D, respectively. And 29.18, 26.45, 25.12, 27.37, 23.58 MPa when subject to inclined loading. Conclusion: It was concluded that the thread design is an important influential factor to the marginal bone stresses.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.15-28
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• 2009

The purpose of this paper is to show the empirical extraction way of benchmarking ports for overcoming the shortcoming which the traditional DEA method has by using 20 Korean ports in 2003 for 2 inputs (birthing capacity, cargo handling capacity) and 2 outputs(Export and Import Quantity, Number of Ship Calls). Because DEA method has produced the limited set of efficient units which are reference to inefficient units respective of their differences in efficiency scores, it is necessary to adopt the more feasible benchmarking information according to the path analysis(tier or stratification). The core empirical results of this paper are as follows. Benchmarking ports against inefficient ports according to the tier analysis are that Masan Port(Janghang$\rightarrow$Jeju$\rightarrow$Seogoipo$\rightarrow$Yeosu), Jinhae Port(Janghang$\rightarrow$Mogpo$\rightarrow$Seogoipo$\rightarrow$Wando), Pohang&DonghaePort(Janghang$\rightarrow$Samcheonpo$\rightarrow$Pyungtag$\rightarrow$Samcheog), and Sogcho Port(Janghang$\rightarrow$Mogpo$\rightarrow$Seogoipo$\rightarrow$Wando). The policy implication to the Korean seaports and planners is that Korean seaports should introduce the new methods like Tier analysis of this paper for evaluating the port performance and enhancing the efficiency in short term, mid term, and long term according to the tier 3 stage, the tier 2 stage, and the tier 1 stage with original DEA stage.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.199-236
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• 2014

This paper analyses from the perspective of distributive justice the legal mechanisms for international allocation of orbital slots, which are of co-owned nature and thereby limited natural resources in outer space. The allocative function is delegated to the International Telecommunication Union. The Radio Regulation, amongst such other legal instruments as the Constitution and Convention, by which the ITU and contracting States thereof abides, dictates how the orbital positions are distributed. Thus, the RR is thoroughly reviewed in the essay. The mechanisms are in a broad sense categorized into two systems: 'a posteriori system' where the 'first come, first served' principle prevails; and 'a priori system' designed to foster the utilisation of the slots by those who lack space resources and are, in especial, likely to be marginalised under the former system. The argument proceeds on the premise that a posteriori system places the under-resourced States in unfavourable positions in the securement of the slots. In contrast with this notion, seven factors were instantiated for an assertion that the degradation of the distributive justice derived from the 'first come, first served' rule, which lays the foundation for the system, could be either mitigated or counterbalanced by the alleged exceptions to the rule. However, the author of this essay argues for counterevidences against the factors and thereby demonstrating that the principle still remains as an overwhelming doctrine, posing a threat to the pursuit of fair allocation. The elements he set forth are as in the following: 1) that the 'first come, first served' principle only applies to assignments capable of causing harmful interferences; 2) the interoperability of the principle with the 'rule of conformity' with the all the ITU instruments; 3) the viability of alternative registrations, as an exception of the application of the principle, on the condition of provisional and informational purposes; 4) another reference that matters in deciding the priority: the types of services in the TFA; 5) the Rule of Procedure H40 proclaiming a ban on taking advantage of coming first to the Register; 6) the technical factors and equity-oriented norms under international and municipal laws along with; 7) the changes of 'basic characteristics' of registered assignments. The second half of this essay illustrates by examining the relevant Annexes to the Regulation that the planned allocation, i.e., a priori system, bear the structured flaws that hinder the fulfillment of the original purpose of the system. The Broadcasting and Fixed Satellite Systems are the reviewed Plans in which the 'first come, first served' principle re-emerges in the end as a determining factor to grant the 'right to international recognition' to administrations including those who has not the allotted portions in the Plan.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.98-110
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dietary potassium intake, Na/K intake molar ratio, consumption of 18 food groups, and foods contributing to potassium intake of Korean adults as well as the relationships among quartile of potassium intake level and blood pressure, blood biochemical index. Methods: This study was conducted using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007~2010. The total number of subjects was 20,291. All analyses were conducted using a survey weighting to account for the complex survey design. Results: Overall average intakes of potassium were 2,934.7, 3,070.6, 3,078.1, and 3,232.0 mg/day, and they significantly increased by year in Korean adults. The average dietary potassium intake was close to adequate intake (AI), whereas that of women was considerably lower than the AI. The Na/K intake molar ratio in males (2.89~3.23) was higher than in females (2.62~2.95). The major food groups contributing to potassium intake were vegetables, cereals, and fruits/meats. The two major foods contributing to potassium intake were polished rice and cabbage kimchi. The rankings of food source were as follows; polished rice > cabbage kimchi > potato > oriental melon > sweet potato > seaweed > radish > apple > black soybean. In 50~64 year old females, systolic blood pressure (SBP) significantly decreased (p < 0.01) and HDL-cholesterol significantly increased (p < 0.05) as potassium intake increased. Triglyceride (TG) was significantly higher in the other quartile of potassium intake level than in the first quartile (p < 0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, our study suggests the need for an appropriate set of dietary reference intakes according to caloric intake by sex and age groups and for development of eating patterns to increase potassium intake and decrease sodium intake.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.10
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• pp.1545-1554
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• 2010

Korean government will set up the nationwide food safety system with strict control of hazardous nutrients like sugar, fatty acids and sodium as well as advanced nutrition education system. In addition, almost one hundred percent of school food service rate forced the government to consider more effective ways to upgrade the nutritional status of school meals. The object of our study was to provide the data on content and consumption of sugar in school meal for the nationwide project. For this purpose, we surveyed the sugar content of 842 school meal menus and their intake level for 154 days in 8 schools in Daejeon and Chungcheong Province. Sugar contents, the sum of the quantity of 5 sugars commonly detected in food, were analysed with HPLC-RID (Refractive Index Detector). Sugar intakes were calculated by multiplying the intake of each menu to the sugar content of that menu. The sugar content was highest in the desserts, which include fruit juices, dairy products and fruits. Sugar content of side dish was high in sauces and braised foods. Sugar intake from one dish is high in beverage and dairy product, and one dish meals contribute greatly to sugar intake because of their large amount of meal intake. The average lunch meal intakes of second grade and fifth grade elementary school students were 244 g/meal and 304 g/meal, respectively. The meal intake of middle school student was 401 g/meal. The average sugar intake from one day school lunch was 4.22 g (4.03 g on elementary and 5.31 g on middle school student), which is less than 10% of daily sugar reference value for Koreans. The result of this study provides exact data of sugar intake pattern based on the content of sugar which is matched directly to the meals consumed by the students.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.181-187
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• 2014

The purpose of this study were to analyze the characteristic of the glow curves in order to the glow temperature of the thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) for the absorbed dose measurement of the radiation therapy. In this study, we was used the TLDs of the LiF:Mg${\cdot}$Ti, LiF:Mg${\cdot}$Cu${\cdot}$P, $CaF_2$:Dy, $CaF_2$:Mn (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., USA). The source-to-solid dry phantom (RW3 slab, IBA Dosmetry, Germany) surface distance was set at 100 cm, and the exposure dose of 100 MU (monitor unit) was used 6- and 15-MV X-rays, and 6- and 12-MeV electron beams in the reference depth, respectively. After the radiations exposure, we were to analyze the glow curves by using the TL reader (Hashaw 3500, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., USA) at the fixed heating rate of $15^{\circ}C/sec$ from $50^{\circ}C$ to $260^{\circ}C$. The glow peaks, the trapping level in the captured electrons and holes combined with the emitted light, were discovered the two or three peak. When the definite increasing the temperature of the TLDs, the maximum glow peak representing the glow temperature was follow as; $LiF:Mg{\cdot}Ti$: $185.5{\pm}1.3^{\circ}C$, $LiF:Mg{\cdot}Ti$: $135.0{\pm}5.1^{\circ}C$, $CaF_2$:Dy: $144.0{\pm}1.6^{\circ}C$, $CaF_2$:Mn: $294.3{\pm}3.8^{\circ}C$, respectively. Because the glow emission probability of the captured electrons depend on the heating temperature after the exposure radiation, TLDs by applying the fixed heating rate, the accuracy of measurement will be able to improve within the absorbed dose measurement of the radiation therapy.

• Journal of Korean Classical Literature and Education
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• no.35
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• pp.153-193
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• 2017

This study explores the creation and enjoyment of Kuwoonmong (九雲夢) using a reference system called the cultural imagination, which is related to the Yin-Yang (陰陽) and Wu Xing (五行). When Kim Manjung wrote Guwoonmong, he may have composed figures and events based on this imagination. In particular, when he designed the eight seonnyeo (팔선녀), he set the order such as Gap (甲), Eul (乙), Byeong (병), Jeong (丁), etc. and characterized them according to the celestial stem (天干). Thus it was easy to avoid overlapping of characters and to construct various stories and relationships between them. The table below shows the characters of Kuwoonmong corresponding to the celestial stem. In not only the individual person but also the narrative world, Kuwoonmon demonstrates Yin-Yang and Wu Xing's imagination. In this respect, Kuwoonmon can be considered a large symbol encompassing the abstract theory of Yin-Yang and Wu Xing. Of course, the writer, Kim, Manjung would not have tried to symbolize the principle intentionally. However, he was also present in the environment of the cultural imagination that has been formed over the years. The same is true for the contemporary recipients of Guwunmong. They would have had a pleasant experience applying the cultural imagination and strengthening their familiar world view and human view.