• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제48권6호
• /
• pp.949-956
• /
• 2006

본 연구는 육경 조직판 이식이 사슴뿔의 성장에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 육경 조직판을 육경과 전두골 정중선 부위에 각각 이식 하였을 때 조직판의 발달, 조직판을 제공한 부위의 녹용 생산량 및 이식한 조직판의 발육성적을 조사하였으며, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 사슴뿔의 조직판 이식은 육경과 전두골 정중선 중앙과 좌우 양 뿔의 정수리에 이식 시 이식 성공률은 12두 중 5두로 42％이었다. 사슴뿔의 발생 정규부위가 아닌 사슴의 전두골에서 조직판 이식으로 추가적인 사슴뿔 발생을 유도할 수가 있었다. 레드디어의 경우 대조구와 조직판을 제공한 쪽의 녹용 총생산량은 각각 716, 1,071g으로 이식을 하기 위하여 절단된 쪽의 녹용 생산량이 더 많았으며, 가짓수도 조직판을 제공한 쪽이 2.3개로 대조구 1개보다 많았다. 엘크의 경우 1두에서 이마에 조직판이 이식된 뿔에서 길이 17cm, 무게 302g 녹용을 생산하였으며, 레드디어는 다음해 낙각 된 녹각에서 길이 26cm에 무게 122g을 생산하였다. 조직판 이식시 이식부위의 피부는 진피까지 제거하여야만 두개골에 이식한 조직판이 견고하게 부착되었다.이상의 결과에서 조직판 이식으로 사슴뿔 발생의 정규부위가 아닌 전두골에서 부가적인 사슴뿔을 생산할 수 있다고 사료된다.

• BMB Reports
• /
• 제34권2호
• /
• pp.114-117
• /
• 2001

Cervi Parvum Cornu is widely used as a hemopoietic, tonifying, growth-promoting, cardiotonic, and immuno-modulating agent in Korea. In order to develop the quality control method of Cervi Parvum Cornu by the identification of the biological source or origin, the molecular approach was applied using PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and PCR-RFLF (PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism) analysis. In the PCR analysis of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene and cytochrome b gene regions, no distinctive DNA bands from Cervidae (deer) antlers and Rangifer (reindeer) antlers were observed. However, when the amplified products in the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene region were subjected to restriction digestion with TaqI, Cervidae antlers showed an undigested state of 380 by band, differently from two bands of 230 by and 1S0 by from Rangifer antlers. Based on this finding, the base sequences of amplified PCR products in the range of mitochondria) cytochrome b gene from Cervidae antlers and Rangifer antlers were determined and subjected to restriction analysis by various endonucleases. The results showed that antlers from Rangifer species could be simply discriminated with other antlers from 8 Cervidae species (Chinese deer, Russian deer, Hong Kong deer, New Zealand deer, Kazakhstan deer, elk, red deer and Sika deer) by PCR-RFLP analysis using AtuI, HaeIII, HpaII or Sau3AI(MboI) as well as TaqI in the range of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제43권2호
• /
• pp.242-251
• /
• 2019

Background: Korean Red Ginseng has been widely used in traditional oriental medicine for a prolonged period, and its pharmacological effects have been extensively investigated. In addition, Angelica gigas and deer antlers were also used as a tonic medicine with Korean Red Ginseng as the oriental herbal therapy. Methods: This study was conducted to evaluate the potential toxicological effect of KGC-HJ3, Korean Red Ginseng with angelica gigas and deer antlers, on reproductive and developmental functions including fertility, early embryonic development, maternal function, and embryo-fetal development. KGC-HJ3 was administered by oral gavage to Sprague-Dawley rats (22 animals per sex per group) at dose levels of 0 mg/kg (control), 500 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg, and 2000 mg/kg to evaluate the potential toxicological effect on fertility and early embryonic development. In addition, KGC-HJ3 was also administered by oral gavage to mating-proven Sprague-Dawley rats (22 females per group) during the major organogenesis period at dose levels of 0 mg/kg (control), 500 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg, and 2000 mg/kg to evaluate the potential toxicological effect on maternal function and embryo-fetal development. Results and conclusion: No test item-related changes in parameters for fertility, early embryonic development, maternal function, and embryo-fetal development were observed during the study period. On the basis of these results, it was concluded that KGC-HJ3 did not have toxicological potential on developmental and reproductive functions. Therefore, no observed adverse effect levels of KGC-HJ3 for fertility, early embryonic development, maternal function, and embryo-fetal development is considered to be at least 2000 mg/kg/day.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
• /
• 제11권4호
• /
• pp.91-102
• /
• 2008

This study was conducted to obtain the basic information about Siberia Musk Deer (Moschus moschiferus), and to establish a conservation area for the replacement of Siberia Musk Deer into Mt. Odea National Park, South Korea. We analyzed the main habitat for Siberia Musk Deer restoration in Mt. Odae National Park, Korea. We recorded Siberia Musk Deers' field signs (i.e., bedding sites, feeding areas, feces and tracks), and habitat variables such as nearest distance to the watercourse, trails, slope, aspect, forest type and land cover etc. from Dec. 2004 to Aug. 2007 in Mt. Jiri, Mt. Seorak, and Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). Rocky areas, ridges, mixed coniferous forest (Red pine and Mongolian oak), southern and southeastern slope, elevation of above 800m, and distance from watercourse shorter than 300m etc. were dominant habitat types of Siberia Musk Deer. Based on the significant habitat types, a proper conservation plan should be prepared for the restoration of habitats in order to reintroduce, and to increase the population of Siberia Musk Deer in Mt. Odea National Park, South Korea. Small population size, and limited ecological data are the major constraints for the establishment of conservation areas. Furthermore, other anthropogenic factors including human activities, poaching, and residential area around the park caused the difficulties to qualify as a conservation area. For the successful establishment of conservation area in the future, it is recommended to conduct a comprehensive ecological research, and to survey human disturbances including their impacts on the habitats of Siberia Musk Deer in the Mt. Odea National Park.

• Journal of Species Research
• /
• 제3권1호
• /
• pp.35-38
• /
• 2014

The article considers the influence of hunting (legitimate and uncontrolled) on the population of the Siberian roe deer, musk deer, elk, red and northern deer in Pribaikalje. The data on the forms and methods of hunting, the dynamics of the number of animals and the results of their production are given. For comparison, the acts of such a limiting factor as predators are specified. Reasons for the low number of wild ungulates are determined and main problems are formulated.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제21권2호
• /
• pp.277-290
• /
• 2008

The process of wound repair involves an ordered sequence of events such as overlapping biochemical and cellular events that, in the best of circumstances, result in the restoration of both the structural and functional integrity of the damaged tissue. An important event during wound healing is the contraction of newly formed connective tissues by fibroblasts. The polypeptide growth factors, like transforming growth factor-${\beta}$(TGF-${\beta}$, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF- I) and epidermal growth factor (EGF), play very important mediator roles in the process of wound contraction. Deer antlers, as models of mammalian regeneration, are cranial appendages that develop after birth as extensions of a permanent protuberance (pedicle) on the frontal bone. Antlers contain various growth factors which stimulate dermal fibroblast growth. They are involved in digestion and respiration and are necessary for normal wound healing and skin health. In order to investigate and evaluate the effects of red deer antlers on skin wound site, the speed of full-thickness skin wound healing and the expression of IGF-I, TGF-${\beta}$ and EGF in skin wounds, three groups of skin full-thickness rat models with a high concentration of antler ointment, a low concentration of antler ointment and without antler ointment were compared. At post-injury days 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 20, 32, 40 and 60, the skin wound area was measured, the expressions of IGF-I, TGF- ${\beta}$ and EGF mRNA were detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and collagen formation by sirius red dye and the localization of IGF-I, TGF-${\beta}$ and EGF peptides were inspected by histological immunohistochemical techniques. Wound healing was significantly more rapid in antler treated skins. In addition, the wound treated with a high concentration antler ointment, a low concentration antler ointment, and the control closed completely at post-injury day 40, day 44 and day 60, respectively. Via RT-PCR, the expressions of IGF-I (day 8 and day 16), TGF-${\beta}$(day 8, day 16 and day 20) and EGF (day 4, day 8, day 16, and day 32) were obviously up-regulated in high concentration antler-treated skins compared to control skins. Similar results could be seen in the histological detection of collagen dye and immunohistochemical methods using the corresponding polyclone antibodies of IGF-I, TGF-${\beta}$ and EGF. These results illustrate that antlers stimulate and accelerate the repair of cutaneous wounds.

• 한국산림과학회지
• /
• 제94권2호통권159호
• /
• pp.112-116
• /
• 2005

This study was conducted to obtain the information of distribution, protection and management for mammal species in fragmented forest areas around the road from June 2002 to May 2003 in 9 study sites of Baekdugdaegan mountains, Korea. Field signs of twelve mammals, moles Molera robusta, Korean hares Lepus coreanus, Manchurian chipmunk Tamias sibiricus, red squirrels Sciurus vulgaris, Korean racoon dogs Nyctereutes procyonoides, Siberian weasels Mustela sibirica, badgers Meles meles, otters Lutra lutra, Bengal cats Felis bengalensis, wild boars Sus scrofa, water deer Hydropotes inermis and roe deer Capreolus pygargus were recorded in this study. There were no differences in total number of species between 50 m areas and 50-100 m areas from road in snow and non-snow season. Number of mammals' field signs were different in non-snow season between both areas. Red squirrels and Siberian weasels were more abundant in 50 m areas, and Korean hares and Manchurian chipmunks were in 50-100 m areas. Habitat using pattern of mammal species may be affected by the road. Reasonable road construction and maintenance would be needed for protection and management of wildlife and their habitats.

• 대한수의학회지
• /
• 제37권3호
• /
• pp.463-469
• /
• 1997

This study was performed to investigate the gross anatomical features and microscopical structures of the hemal nodes and the hemolymph nodes in the water deer (Hydropotes inermis) found in Kangwon-do, Korea. The hemal nodes and hemolymph nodes were observed mainly in the periphery of the thoracic and abdominal aortae of the animals. The size of hemal nodes was generally smaller than that of the hemolymph nodes, and the shape of the both organs was spherical or ovoid. The color of the hemal nodes was red or black while that of the hemolymph nodes was gray with red bands. The hemal nodes were surrounded by a thin connective tissue capsule and there were extensive subcapsular and deep sinuses distended by a great number of erythrocytes. Although a few number of lymphatic nodules and small areas of diffuse lymphatic tissues were observed in the parenchyma, no typical cortex and medulla were defined in the hemal node. Small numbers of blood vessels were found at the connective tissue capsule but lymph vessel was not observed microscopically in this organ. The hemolymph nodes were covered by a relatively thick connective tissue capsule and there was a hilus in each node. The parenchyma was divided into cortex and medulla. The cortex was composed of a few numbers of lymphatic nodules and some diffuse lymphatic tissues. The medulla comprised medullary sinus and cords. Afferent and efferent lymph vessels were observed at the periphery of the capsule and the hilus, respectively. The subcapsular and medullary sinuses were not extensive but filled with small numbers of erythrocytes. The stroma of hemal node and hemolymph node was composed of reticular cells and fibers, and the capsule and trabecula consisted of collagenous fibers with smooth muscle fibers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제25권5호
• /
• pp.708-716
• /
• 2012

In order to investigate and evaluate the effects of red deer antlers on hair growth in the full-thickness wound healing model, Sprague-Dawley rats were given incision wounds through the full thickness of their dorsal skin and deer antler was applied for 40 days. At specified intervals thereafter (4, 8, 16, 32 and 40 days), the animals were sacrificed and the wound site skins were excised, processed, and sectioned. At post-injury days 16, 32 and 40, longer and more active new hair appeared around the healing wound of antler-treated skin. Histological studies showed that the antler extract markedly increases the depth, size, and number of hair follicles. Expression of IGF-I (insulin-like growth factor) mRNA was detected by RT-PCR and real time RT-PCR. The result showed that the expression of IGF-I (days 16, 32, and 40) was obviously up-regulated in antler-treated skins compared to control skins. Similar results were seen in the ELISA analysis to quantify the IGF-I expression. These results support the notion that wound healing can cause hair growth by enhancing the expression of IGF-I. Deer antler extract appears to have the potential to promote hair growth and could be used in hair growth products.

• 한국임상수의학회지
• /
• 제26권6호
• /
• pp.595-599
• /
• 2009

한국산 양축 엘크사슴 (Cervus elaphus)의 심장 조직에서 Sarcocystis grueneri 양 포낭을 광학 및 투과전자현미경으로 관찰하였다. 심장조직의 병리소견에서는 다수의 포낭이 관찰되었으며, 염증 및 근섬유의 변성은 관찰되지 않았다. 염증 및 근섬유의 변성은 관찰되지 않았으며 다수의 포낭이 관찰되었다. 포낭은 난형에서 난원형 이었으며, 크기는 90-170$\times$ 110-380 ${\mu}m$로 계측되었다. 투과전자현미경 소견에서 포낭은 숙주세포 유래의 sarcoplasm에 싸여 있었고 0.45-0.6 ${\mu}m$ 두께의 매우 얇은 포낭벽을 갖고 있었으며, 포낭벽은 protrusion 및 ground substance로 구성되어 있었다. 다수의 길고 가느다란 protrusion 층의 높이는 0.2-0.3 ${\mu}m$, protrusion의 길이는 최장 4.2 ${\mu}m$로 계측되었다. Protrusion은 포낭의 표면과 평행하게 주행하였다. 포낭은 중격에 의하여 소실로 나뉘어져 있었고 소실에는 크기가 약 $15\times4\;{\mu}m$인 다수의 merozoites가 존재하였다. 관찰된 모든 포낭은 같은 발육기를 갖고 있었다. Merozoite는 4개 구역(micronemes and rhoptries, amylopectin granules, 핵 및 amylopectin granules)으로 구분되었으며 7-11 개의 rhoptry가 충체의 전방에 분포하였다.