• Exercise Science
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.243-254
• /
• 2012

This study tried to suggest the applicapability of soy protein supplementation and treadmill running exercise for the replacement theraphy on negative effects to estrogen metabolism in menopause. This study was analyzed the effects of 8 week soy protein supplementation and treadmill running exercise on the changes of body composition, blood concentrations of glucose, insulin, triglycerides, C-reactive protein (CRP) and estradiol, estrogen receptor gene expression of liver in ovariectomized rats. Ovariectomized groups showed the increasing responses of body weight, body fat percentage, and blood concentration of triglycerides, but these groups showed the decreasing responses of blood estradiol level and estrogen receptor gene expression in liver. Ovariectomized groups showed the positive responses of blood concentrations of lipid markers, insulin, estradiol, and estrogen receptor gene expression of liver except bone mineral contents after 8 week soy protein supplementation and treadmill running exercise. I could find the positive effects of 8 week soy protein supplementation and treadmill running exercise on the estrogen and lipid metabolism in ovariectomized rats, but this study could not confirmed the detailed replacement program of exercise intensity, duration, and soy protein volume for estrogen metabolism in ovariectomized rats.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• v.30 no.6
• /
• pp.688-698
• /
• 2001

Objectives : Parkinson's disease is a well-known neurodegenerative disease characterized by dopaminergic cell death in the substantia nigra. The reactive gliosis by activated astrocytes and microglias is no more regarded as a simple sequel of neuronal cell death. Microglial activation takes place in a stereotypic pattern with graded morphologic and functional(resting, activated and phagocytic) changes. In Parkinson's disease animal model, the degree of microglial activation along the nigro-striatal dopaminergic tract has not been studied intensively. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the characteristics of microglial reaction and to grade its degree of activation at substantia nigra and corpus striatum using 6-hydroxydopamine induced rat model of Parkinson's disease. Methods : Using Sprague-Dawley rat, parkinsonian model was made by 6-hydroxydopamine(OHDA) induced destruction of medial and lateral substantia nigra(SN). The rat was sacrificed 3-, 5-, 7-, 14- and 21-day-after operation. For control group, we injected saline with same manner and sacrificed 3-day after operation. With immunohistochemistry, we examined dopaminergic neuronal cells and microglial expression using tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and OX-42 antibodies, respectively. Also we performed in situ hybridization for osteopontin, a possible marker of subset in activated microglia. Results : 1) In lesioned side of substantia nigra and corpus striatum, the TH immunoreactivity was markedly decreased in whole experimental groups. 2) Using optical densitometry, microglia induced immunoreactivity of OX-42 was counted at SN and corpus striatum. At SN, it was increased significantly on the lesioned side in control and all time-dependent experimental groups. At striatum, it was increased significantly in post lesion 3-day group only(p <0.05). Compared to control group, immunoreactivity of OX-42 on lesioned side was increased in groups, except post lesion 21-day group, at SN. Only post lesion 3-day group showed significance at striatum(p <0.05). Compared to SN region, immunoreactivity of OX-42 was much weaker in striatum. 3) Microscopically, the microglias showed typically different activation pattern. At SN, numerous phagocytic microglias were found at pars compacta and reticularis of lesion side. At striatum, no phagocytic form was found and the intensity of staining was much weaker. 4) At SN, the immunoreactivity of osteopontin showed definite laterality and it was markedly increased at pars compacta of lesion side with relatively short duration time. At striatum, however, it was not detected by in situ hybridization technique. Conclusion : The nigral 6-OHDA induced rat model of Parkinson's disease revealed several characteristic patterns of microglial reaction. At SN, microglias was activated shortly after direct neuronal damage and maintained for about three weeks. In contrast, despite of sufficient dopaminergic insufficiency at striatum, activation of microglias was trivial, and distinguished 3 day later. Antegrade slow neuronal degeneration is major pathophysiology in striatal dopaminergic deficiency. So, the acuteness of neuronal damage and consequential degree of neuronal degeneration may be important factor for microglial activation in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. Additionally, osteopontin may be a possible marker for several subsets of activated microglia, possibly the phagocytic form.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.38 no.3
• /
• pp.771-785
• /
• 2021

This study was performed to provide detailed and comprehensive information on inflammation-related blood indicators, joint range of motion, pain scale, and psychological indicators by patient characteristics by performing a 12-week home-based exercise program for ankylosing spondylitis patients. For the purpose of this study, 10 patients with ankylosing spondylitis were selected by age (30s vs. 40s vs. 50s), gender (male vs. female), and duration (less than 5 years vs. 5 years or more). The home-based exercise program was a combination of aerobic exercise and Pilates-based resistance exercise, and was performed 4 times a week for 12 weeks at an intensity of 50-70% of maximal heart rate (MHR). As a result, after 12 weeks of home-based exercise intervention, the blood C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration of patients with ankylosing spondylitis decreased (-35.6%, p=.002), and the blood inflammation level was improved, and each joint (hip, lumbar, cervical) improved mobility (p<.05). In addition, the bath ankylosing spondylitis disease activity index (BASDAI) was decreased by -67% (p=.001) and the visual analogue scale (VAS) was decreased by -64.8% (p=.001), stiffness and pain has been alleviated. In particular, as the degree of depression decreased by -65.5% (p=.001) and the degree of anxiety by -55.2% (p=.003), 12 weeks of home-based exercise improved not only physical changes but also psychological factors. On the other hand, there was no difference in exercise effect according to age, gender, and disease duration in ankylosing spondylitis patients (p>.05). These results suggest that the 12-week home-based exercise applied in this study can be an effective exercise program that can be universally used for ankylosing spondylitis patients regardless of patient characteristics.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.22 no.7
• /
• pp.897-903
• /
• 2012

Food allergies have become a serious health concern in the past two decades, especially in developed countries. Foods associated with allergies include vegetables, some fruits, shellfish, wheat, egg, chicken, and nuts. To describe the specific fundamentals, etiological factors, and clinical manifestations, we analyzed the different physical frequency on spleen index in sensitized and regular exercise-trained mice. We also conducted a proliferation assay of lymphocytes to OVA, ROS, ASAS, and we determined the cytokine levels. Female BALB/c mice were bred in the animal laboratory of the P and D university under controlled conditions ($22{\pm}2^{\circ}C$, RH 45-55%, and a 12-hour photoperiod). The animals were 6 weeks old at the start of the study and were fed a standard commercial chow diet from 09:00 to 15:00 for the 8-week study period. All animals had access to distilled deionized water ad libitum. They were divided into four groups: a control group (S; control sensitized, n=25), a low-frequency training group (F2, n=25), a mid-frequency training group (F3, n=25), and a high-frequency training group (F5, n=25) following the treatment of exercise time per week. The results were as follows: The mice spleen index showed the highest grade in the F5 group compared with the other groups; this level showed in an exercise frequency-dependent manner. In the proliferation assay of OVA, the F5 group showed the highest grade compared with the other groups; this level was also showed in an exercise frequency-dependent manner. Peritoneal ROS and ASAS showed a statistically significant increase in the F5 group and decreased in the F2 group compared with the S group. However, there were no significant differences in the F3 group. The highest level of IL-4 was found in the F5 group compared with the other groups. However, the highest level of INF-${\gamma}$ was in the F2 group. The results suggest that FDEIA is positively correlated with the frequency of exercise due to the direct effect of physical exercise on peritoneal ROS and the cytokine profile. Further research is needed on the specific mechanism underlying the combined effects of exercise intensity and frequency on physical-induced allergy anaphylaxis.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.128-134
• /
• 2004

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary pigment sources on the performance, color and antioxidant properties in broiler chick. Experimental diet was formulated to have isocalories and isonitrogen during the experiment period. Total xanthophylls content in the experimental diet was formulated to have 30ppm. Experimental trials were done for five weeks with six treatment groups; T1 (Control), T2 (Olo Glo, natural yellow pigment), T3 (Kern Glo, natural red pigment), T4 (canthaxanthin, synthetic red pigment), T5 (asthaxanthine, natural red pigment), and T6 (seaweed by-products). Body weight gain and feed intake were significantly lower (p＜0.05) in T6 group than in other treatments. Mortality was lower in T2, T3 and T4 than in control, but higher (p＜0.05) in T5 and T6. The sources of pigments did not have any effects on the dressed carcass and abdominal fat pad (p＞0.05). The gizzard weight was significantly lower in T6 (p＜0.05) than in others. Pigmentation of leg skin was significantly lower (p＜0.05) in control and T6. Effects of dietary pigments was greater with red pigments than with yellow pigments, and those were also greater with natural pigments than with synthetic ones. The peroxide value (POV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and pH values of chicken meat were increased (p＜0.05) in all treatments at 12 day storage, and was higher (p＜0.05) in pigments supplementation group. No differences of CIE L$\^$*/(lightness) and b$\^$*/(yellowness) were not found by storage days and xanthophylls sources. The a$\^$*/(redness) after 12 day storage was significantly (p＜0.05) decreased in all treatments, but those of T4 and T5 were higher than those of others. These results showed that feeding of xanthophylls sources to chick could improve color intensity and inhibit lipid oxidation of leg meat.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.40 no.10
• /
• pp.1353-1360
• /
• 2011

This study was performed to investigate the antimicrobial effects against food-borne pathogens and antioxidant activity of Rhododendron brachycarpum ethanol-extract. The antimicrobial activity of the extract was determined using a paper disc-diffusion method, and the diameter of the clear zone was measured. The diameter of the clear zone in the presence of 10 mg of extract was maximal against Bacillus cereus among the three tested Gram-positive bacteria and against Escherichia coli O157:H7 among the five tested Gram-negative bacteria. Analysis of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) showed that the extract exhibited a similar efficacy as that of sorbic acid, a well-known chemical preservative. The growth inhibitory effects of the extract at concentrations of 250, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/L on food-borne pathogens were determined against Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Escherichia coli O157:H7. Growth of the microorganisms was not affected by the extract at concentrations up to 250 mg/L, but it was significantly (p<0.05) inhibited by the extract at concentrations higher than 1,000 mg/L. The antioxidant effects of the extract were examined via measurement of DPPH radical scavenging activity, inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation using fluorescent dichlorofluorescien (DCF) assay, and prevention of peroxyl radical- and hydroxyl radical-induced supercoiled DNA breakage. The $IC_{50}$ of the extract for DPPH radical scavenging activity was about half that of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol, which was used as a positive control. DCF fluorescence intensity decreased as the concentration of the extract increased, demonstrating that ROS generation was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner. The ROS inhibitory effect of the extract was higher than that of ascorbic acid. The extract prevented supercoiled DNA strand breakage induced by peroxyl radical and hydroxyl radical. Thus, the results of the present study demonstrate that the extract exhibits antimicrobial effects against food-borne pathogens as well as potent antioxidant capacity, suggesting that R. brachycarpum could be used as a natural antibacterial agent and effective antioxidant in food.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.42 no.6
• /
• pp.933-940
• /
• 2013

In this study, methyl esters with different saturated fatty acids (SFA) were prepared by urea fractionation to make an oil-in-water emulsion. Emulsion characteristics (emulsion stability and oxidative stability) of the methyl ester emulsion were then studied at different percentages of methyl ester saturation (5, 28, 39, 50, and 72%, termed ${\Sigma}$SFA5, ${\Sigma}$SFA28, ${\Sigma}$SFA39, ${\Sigma}$SFA50, and ${\Sigma}$SFA72, respectively). The stability of emulsions (ES) with different SFA content was 46.0 (${\Sigma}$SFA5), 39.5 (${\Sigma}$SFA28), 32.7 (${\Sigma}$SFA39), 32.6 (${\Sigma}$SFA50), and 27.3 (${\Sigma}$SFA72). Results from Turbiscan showed that creaming or clarification, based on the backscattering intensity, was more pronounced with increases in the saturation degree of the emulsion. These results implied that the emulsions with lower saturation were more stable. During 30 days of storage, the lipid peroxide value increased for all emulsions, with the increase less pronounced with the increasing saturation of the emulsion; 1.880 (${\Sigma}$ SFA5), 1.267 (${\Sigma}$SFA28), 1.062 (${\Sigma}$SFA39), 0.342 (${\Sigma}$SFA50) and 0.153 (${\Sigma}$SFA72) mg $H_2O_2/mL$ emulsion. In addition, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values were significantly lower in emulsions with high saturation (4.419 mg for ${\Sigma}$SFA50 and 4.226 mg for ${\Sigma}$SFA72) than emulsions with low saturation (6.229 mg for ${\Sigma}$SFA5, 6.801 mg for ${\Sigma}$SFA28 and 6.246 mg for ${\Sigma}$SFA39). In conclusion, the emulsions with a higher saturation degree of methyl esters showed lower emulsion stability but better oxidation stability.