• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.119-125
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• 2014

According to the results of my study on the chromatographic analysis of fresh ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) roots, most of the contents of protopanxadiol ginsenosides $Rb_1$, Rc, $Rb_2$, and Rd are derived from the corresponding malonyl ginsenosides in fresh ginseng by a heat process. Also, I confirmed that acetyl ginsenosides are naturally occurring constituents in fresh ginseng, not decarboxylates from malonyl ginsenosides. Seven neutral ginsenosides $Rg_1$, Re, Rf, Rc, $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, and Rd were transformed to specific conversions in red ginseng preparation conditions. The conversion paths progress by three rules concluded from my study. These conversion rules are I: the ether bond is stable at positions 3 and 6 in the dammarane skeleton, II: the ether bond between sugars is stable in glycosides, and III: the ether bond to glycosides is unstable at position 20 in the dammarane skeleton.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1998.06a
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• pp.31-39
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• 1998

We have investigated the antinociceptive efficacy of ginseng saponins in mice using l% formalin, which induce two phases of pain (acute and tonic pains) and is known to induce a clinically related pain. Ginseng total saponins (GTS) relieved both phases of pain with EDso of 162 mghg for acute and 92 mg/kg for tonic pain, respectively. Both protopanaxadiol (PD) and protopanaxatriol (PT) saponins did not attenuated acute phase of pain but relieved tonic phase of pain with EDso of 45 mg/kg for PD saponins and 105 mghg for PT saponins, respectively. Moreover, ginsenoside Rc, Rd, and Re among representative ginsenosides such as Rbl, Rc, Rd, Re and Rgl relieved slightly but significantly acute phase of pain and strongly attenuated tonic phase of pain but Rf relieved only tonic phase of pain. However, PD and PT saponins, and the individual ginsenosides tested except GTS did not greatly attenuate thermal noxious pain (tail-flick test). These results suggest that single ginsenoside or mixture of various ginsenosides mainly induce differential antinociception in mice.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.485-489
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• 2000

The patterns and contents of ginsenosides were examined in normal root parts and hairy root lines of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Ginsenoside-Rb$_1$, -Rb$_2$, -Rc, -Rd, -Re, -Rf, -Rg$_1$, -Rg$_2$ were detected in normal roots and hairy roots of ginseng. The patterns and contents of ginsenosides in that were very difference each other. The contents of total ginsenoside of hairy root (KGHR-1) was 17.42 mg/g dry wt, it's highest compared to others. Ginsenoside contents of hairy root (KGHR-1) was higher on ginsenoside-Rd, Rg$_1$, KGHR-5 was higher on ginsenoside-Rb$_1$, Rg$_1$, and KGHR-8 was higher on ginsenoside-Rd, Re than others. The contents of total ginsenosides on 6 years old ginseng cultured in the field were high in the order of main root, lateral root and fine roots, and content of ginsenosides in fine roots was 3.2 times higher than that in main root. The ratio of ginsenoside-Rg$_1$to total ginsenosides were about 3.43%, 8.68% and 14.18% respectively on fine root, lateral root and main root, it's very lower than that in hairy roots. It is suggested that specific ginsenosides can be produce in cultures of ginseng hairy roots.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.21-25
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• 2001

Major saponins in ginseng were analysed using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography with binary mobile phase gradient control system instead of normal phase column. The optimum condition were as following : reverse phase column; ${\mu}{\beta}ondapak\;C_{18}$ column (Waters, $3.9mm{\times}300\;mm,\;5{\mu}m$), methyl cyanaide/water binary mobile phase gradient control system, solvent flow rate; 1.5 ml/min, and UV($203{\mu}m$ ) detector. The complete separation of ginsenoside $Rb_1,\;Rb_2,\;Rc,\;Rd,\;Re,\;Rf\;and\;Rg_1$ was achieved within 55 min. The Regression coefficients of the calibration curves for seven ginsenosides were 0.99.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.84-91
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• 2016

Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) has been used as a traditional herbal medicine in East Asia and is very popular in the world, because of its health benefits. To comparison of pharmacological components and physiochemical properties between white and red ginseng from same body, we analyzed ginsenoside and malonyl ginsenoside, ash, crude lipid/protein, fatty acid, mineral contents, total/reducing sugar, and total phenolic and acidic polysaccharide contents. The general components did not show any significant difference between white and red ginseng. Whereas, the content of neutral ginsenoside $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc and Rd were higher in red ginseng than those of white ginseng. However, malonyl ginsenoside such as $m-Rb_1$, $m-Rb_2$, m-Rc and m-Rd in white ginseng were similar to neutral ginsenoside $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc and Rd in white ginseng and far higher than those of red ginseng. These results exhibit that malonyl ginsenosides were converted to neutral ginsenosides in steaming process for red ginseng. So, we suggest that malonyl ginsenoside are necessary to applies in ginsenoside analysis of Korean ginseng.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 2014

Ginsenosides of roots in Panax ginseng were analyzed by metabolic-targeting HPLC using the partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and compared depending on sowing methods between direct seeding and transplanting method. Score plots derived from PLS-DA could identify the sowing method between the direct seeding and transplanting method in P. ginseng roots. The ginsenoside compounds were assigned as Rg1, Re, Rf, Rg2, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rb3, and Rd. Contents of Re, Rf, Rg2, Rb1, Rc, Rb3, and Rd of main roots produced from the transplanting method were relatively higher than those of samples produced from direct seeding method. Also, contents of Rg1, Re, Rf, Rg2, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rb3, and Rd of lateral roots from the transplanted samples were relatively higher than those of samples produced from direct seeding method. Therefore, HPLC with PLS-DA analysis can be a straightforward tool for identification of ginsenosides in main or lateral roots of P. ginseng obtained from two different seeding methods between direct and transplanting methods.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.366-374
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• 2016

Background: In this study, we screened and identified an endophyte JG09 having strong biocatalytic activity for ginsenosides from Platycodon grandiflorum, converted ginseng total saponins and ginsenoside monomers, determined the source of minor ginsenosides and the transformation pathways, and calculated the maximum production of minor ginsenosides for the conversion of ginsenoside Rb1 to assess the transformation activity of endophyte JG09. Methods: The transformation of ginseng total saponins and ginsenoside monomers Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Rg1 into minor ginsenosides F2, C-K and Rh1 using endophyte JG09 isolated by an organizational separation method and Esculin-R2A agar assay, as well as the identification of transformed products via TLC and HPLC, were evaluated. Endophyte JG09 was identified through DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Results: A total of 32 ${\beta}$-glucosidase-producing endophytes were screened out among the isolated 69 endophytes from P. grandiflorum. An endophyte bacteria JG09 identified as Luteibacter sp. effectively converted protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd into minor ginsenosides F2 and C-K, and converted protopanaxatriol-type ginsenoside Rg1 into minor ginsenoside Rh1. The transformation pathways of major ginsenosides by endophyte JG09 were as follows: $Rb1{\rightarrow}Rd{\rightarrow}F2{\rightarrow}C-K$; $Rb2{\rightarrow}C-O{\rightarrow}C-Y{\rightarrow}C-K$; $Rc{\rightarrow}C-Mc1{\rightarrow}C-Mc{\rightarrow}C-K$; $Rg1{\rightarrow}Rh1$. The maximum production rate of ginsenosides F2 and C-K reached 94.53% and 66.34%, respectively. Conclusion: This is the first report about conversion of major ginsenosides into minor ginsenosides by fermentation with P. grandiflorum endophytes. The results of the study indicate endophyte JG09 would be a potential microbial source for obtaining minor ginsenosides.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 1998

We demonstrated in previous study that protopanaxadiol and protopanxatriol saponins show antinociceptive activity in acetic acid induced writhing test and in the second phase (11-40 min) of formalin test but not tail-flick test. To identify further which ginsenoside has antinociceptive activity among various ginseng saponins, we have investigated antinociceptive effects of several ginsenosides using writhing and formalin test. Ginsenoside Rc, Rd, Re, and Rf induced antinociception in writhing test. These four ginsenosides also induced antinociception in the second phase of formalin (11-40 min) test but these ginsenosides showed a slight antinociception in the first phase (010 min) of formalin test except ginsenoside Rf. The antinociceptive effects induced by the ginsenosides were dose dependent and were not blocked by an opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone. The order of antinociceptive potency was Rd > Rc > Re > Rf in the formalin test. However, these ginsenosides did not show any significant analgesic effects in a tail-flick test. These results suggest that ginsenosides such as Rc, Rd, Re, and Rf inhibit tonic pain rather than acute pain induced by noxious heat. These results also indicate that the antinociceptive activity. Induced by ginsenosides may be one of the actions for pharmacological effects of Panax ginseng.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.623-628
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• 2012

The study was about to produce red ginsengs easily, using a household microwave oven to promote the consumption of fresh ginsengs in the home. Producing red ginsengs with a household microwave oven 'defrost function' takes 13 minutes (A), 'cook function' 6 minutes (B), and finally, 'defrost function' 44 minutes (C). For characteristics of microwave-produced red ginsengs, total saponin loss, color of powder, polyphenol content and saponin composition were compared with common red ginsengs. The color test for red ginseng powder showed that the color of household microwave-produced 6-minute cooked red ginseng (B) or 44-minute defrosted red ginseng (C) was closer to that of the common red ginsengs (E). The total saponin content in water eluted during red ginseng production showed that the saponin loss in microwave red ginseng was negligible compared to the common red ginsengs. Microwave red ginsengs showed no difference in phenol content that of the and higher total ginsenoside content than common red ginsengs. The ginsenoside $Rg_1$, Re, Rf, $Rg_2+Rh_1$, $Rb_1$, Rc, $Rb_2$, $Rb_3$, Rd and $Rg_3$ contents of microwave red ginsengs (A, B) were higher compared to that of the common red ginsengs; the ginsenoside Re, Rc, $Rb_2$, $Rb_3$, Rd and $Rg_3$ contents of 44-minute defrosted red ginseng (C) were higher compared to the common red ginsengs. It is considered that red ginseng production, using microwave oven at home, can be a fast and convenient way to produce highly functional red ginsengs with high ginsenoside content.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.343-351
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• 2012

In this paper, the kinetics of a cloned special glucosidase, named ginsenosidase type III hydrolyzing 3-O-glucoside of multi-protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenosides, were investigated. The gene (bgpA) encoding this enzyme was cloned from a Terrabacter ginsenosidimutans strain and then expressed in E. coli cells. Ginsenosidase type III was able to hydrolyze 3-O-glucoside of multi-PPD-type ginsenosides. For instance, it was able to hydrolyze the 3-O-${\beta}$-D-(1${\rightarrow}$2)-glucopyranosyl of Rb1 to gypenoside XVII, and then to further hydrolyze the 3-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranosyl of gypenoside XVII to gypenoside LXXV. Similarly, the enzyme could hydrolyze the glucopyranosyls linked to the 3-O-position of Rb2, Rc, Rd, Rb3, and Rg3. With a larger enzyme reaction $K_m$ value, there was a slower enzyme reaction speed; and the larger the enzyme reaction $V_{max}$ value, the faster the enzyme reaction speed was. The $K_m$ values from small to large were 3.85 mM for Rc, 4.08 mM for Rb1, 8.85 mM for Rb3, 9.09 mM for Rb2, 9.70 mM for Rg3(S), 11.4 mM for Rd and 12.9 mM for F2; and $V_{max}$ value from large to small was 23.2 mM/h for Rc, 16.6 mM/h for Rb1, 14.6 mM/h for Rb3, 14.3 mM/h for Rb2, 1.81mM/h for Rg3(S), 1.40 mM/h for Rd, and 0.41 mM/h for F2. According to the $V_{max}$ and $K_m$ values of the ginsenosidase type III, the hydrolysis speed of these substrates by the enzyme was Rc>Rb1>Rb3>Rb2>Rg3(S)>Rd>F2 in order.