• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.262-277
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• 2000

In order to find out the sex- and age-related prevalence rate of allergic diseases in the community. as well as the causes of those diseases. questionnaires were given to 2.415 subjects (1.206 males and 1.209 females) from May to June. 1998. As a second stage. skin tests were given to 452 of the original subjects between July and August. 1998. Finally. from March to November 1999. the results of the tests were compared with those of other countries to make a comparative analysis of epidemiological research on allergic diseases. The results of this study were as follows: The frequency of allergic symptoms by sex was 50.1% in males and 56.7% in females. respectively, which displayed significant difference between males and females(p<.01). By age, the frequency of allergic symptoms in males was highest for those under the age of 9 at 60.6%, whereas in females the highest frequency was between the ages of 30 to 39 at 75.1 %. The relationship between economic level of the subjects and their frequency of allergic diseases showed significant difference (P<.05). There was a high degree of correlation between family history and the frequency of allergic diseases(P<.01). In allergic symptoms, the highest prevalence in both males and females occurred with urticaria, itch and skin rash (33.6% with males and 38.0% with females). Rhinitis, nasal blocking and sneezing had the second highest frequency in both sexes (11.8% of males and 14.0% of females). With regard to the causes of allergic symptoms among the people with allergies, the rate in males was 30.1% in food. 25.0% in pollen, and among females the rate was 30.7% in food, 26.6% in pollen. The frequency of food allergies by sex was 25.6% in males and 25.8% in females, with little difference between males and females, and by age, males of the ages between 40 to 49 and females of the ages between 30 and 39 showed the highest frequency, 31.8% and 32.6% respectively. Among 585 people with food allergies, the sympoms occurring with the allergy in males were 81.5% with urticaria, itch and skin rash. 5.9% with diarrhea and stomachache, and 5.2% with rhinitis, nasal blocking and sneezing. Among females with food allergies, the symptoms were 82.6% with urticaria, itch, skin rash, 9.1% with diarrhea and stomachache, and 4.7% with rhinitis, nasal blocking and sneezing. The type of food most often causing allergy in males was mackerel (6.6%) and females peaches (7.4%). In respect to a positive rate in the skin test by sex, of the 379 males taking the skin test, 21.4% were positive for allergies, whereas 14.7% of the 346 females tested were positive. Among food items found to cause positive allergic reactions, hops had the highest frequency in males (58.9%) and whole eggs had the greatest effect on females (36.4%). The estimated prevalence of food allergies in terms of skin tests was 5.0% of 1.206 males and 3.6% of 1.209 females. In the estimated frequency of food allergy by age group, males of the ages between 40 and 49 and females of the ages from 30 to 39 had the highest rate (6.5% with males and 4.5% with females). In a comparative analysis of epidemiological research on allergic diseases by country group, allergic diseases occurred in 18-50% of each population studied, and the occurrence of allergic diseases when categorized according to symptoms displayed the following as such: allergic rhinitis (3.8-52%), allergic asthma (1.6-17%), and atopy dermatitis (0.33-20.4%). The prevalence of food-related allergies was 6.6-64.9% and the foods causing allergies frequently included milk, eggs, eggs, peanuts, fish, etc.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.133-143
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• 1975

Most of mothers place their babies in either supine or prone position without change of position. Studies comparing supine and prone position of the newborn infants -have already been performed with the result that the prone position is relatively better than the supine position. However, one kind of position recommended to the mothers is not sufficient for the good rearing practice of children, because the same position placed for period long of time may bring out physical, mental tension and fatigue, and deformities of the skull and the thorax. For this reason nurses have to find out other position which has identical or more advantages than prone position so as to perform the position change for the babies. Main purpose of this study is to identify the differences of vital signs, the number of urination, defecation, diaper rash, crying and amount of feeding of the newborn infants with prone position or lateral position during the first three days of life. Sixty two newborn infants who were delivered at Seoul National University Hospital during the period from July 1 to September 5, 1974 were chosen as subjects for this study. The criteria for the choice of subjects were the babies born with vaginal delivery; body weight 2.5kg or over at birth; Apgar score Seven or over; and gestation period between thirty-eight months ana forty- two months. Of these subjects, by random sampling, thirty-one newborn infants were placed in the prone position and the other thirty-one in the lateral position. The results of this study reviewed in a statistical analysis of the t-test to obtain the following findings : 1. The heart rates of babies in the prone position were the mean heart rates of 135.03 and those in the lateral position 135.98 without any statistically significant difference. 2. There was no significant difference of respiration rate between two groups : a group in the prone position showed the mean respiration rates of 45,57 and the other in the lateral position 46.49. 3. There was no significant difference of body temperature between two groups: the mean body temperature of a group placed in the prone position was 98$^{\circ}$18'F(36$^{\circ}$77'C) and that of the other group 98$^{\circ}$20'F(36$^{\circ}$78'C). 4. One baby showed diaper rash only in a group of infants in the prone position. 5. The number of crying of the babies in the prone position were 23.70 and those in the lateral position 30.00 with a statistical difference at 5 percent level. 6, There was no difference of frequency of urination between two groups: the mean frequency of a group placed in tile prone position was 5.44 and that of the other group 5.06, 7. There was no significant difference of frequency of defecation between two groups : the mean frequency of a group placed in the prone position was 4.20 and that of tile other group 4.21, 8. There was no significant difference of feeding amount between two groups : the average amount of a group in the prone position showed 325.03 and that of the other group in the lateral position 291.51. All the above results mean that we may substitute tile lateral position for the Prone position or utilize both position for tile rearing practice of the babies.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.115-120
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• 1998

목 적 : 1997년 하절기에도 부산지역에서는 소아에서 무균성 뇌막염이 유행하였다. 이는 1990년대에 들어서 1990년, 1993년, 1996년에 이어 4번째의 유행으로서 전국적인 유행의 일부였다. 이에 저자들은 1997년 하절기에 부산지역에 유행하였던 소아의 무균성 뇌막염의 특징을 알아보고, 이를 문헌 고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다. 대상 및 방법 : 1997년 4월 상순부터 10월 하순까지 부산 성분도 병원 소아과에 입원하여 임상증상 및 뇌척수액 검사상 뇌막염소견을 보이며 세균배양 검사상 균이 자라지 않는 환아 265명을 대상으로 하였다. 결 과 : 1) 성별분포는 남아 167례(63%), 여아 98(37%)로 남녀비는 1.7:1 이었다. 2) 평균 연령은 $6.2{\pm}3.29$세였다. 3) 유행시기는 4~10월이었다. 4) 임상증상은 발열 99.6%, 구토 99.2%, 두통 99.2% 발진 6.0%였다. 5) 발열기간은 $3.34{\pm}2.21$일이었다. 6) 입원기간은 $5.3{\pm}3.21$일이었다. 7) 혈액검사상 백혈구수는 $11,200{\pm}4,163/mm^3$이었다. 8) 뇌척수액 검사상 백혈구수는 $156.1{\pm}394.7/mm^3$이었다. 9) 원인 바이러스는 coxsackievirus B5, echovirus 6, 30, type nonspecific enterovirus 등이 검출되었다. 결 론 : 1997년 유행한 무균성 뇌막염은 1996년 유행한 무균성 뇌막염과 비교해 보았을 때, 발생연령이 증가하였고, 발열기간과 발진의 빈도가 감소하여 전반적인 임상증상은 경하였다. 유행시기는 4~10월로, 1996년 5~10월과 차이가 없었으며 원인 바이러스는 coxsackievirus B5, echovirus 6, 30, type nonspecific enterovirus이었고, 1996년은 echovirus 9, coxsackievirus A24, type nonspecific enterovirus였다.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.35-41
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• 2000

The crashworthiness of vehicles with finite element methods depends on the geometry modeling and the material properties. The vehicle body structures are generally composed of various members such as frames, stamped panels and deep-drawn parts from sheet metals. In order to ensure the impact characteristics of auto-body structures, the dynamic behavior of sheet metals must be examined to provide the appropriate constitutive relation. In this paper, high strain-rate tensile tests have been carried out with a tension type split Hopkinson bar apparatus specially designed for sheet metals. Experimental results from both static and dynamic tests with the tension split Hopkinson bar apparatus are interpolated to construct the Johnson-Cook and a modified Johnson-Cook equation as the constitutive relation, that should be applied to simulation of the dynamic behavior of auto-body structures. Simulation of auto-body structures has been carried out with an elasto-plastic finite element method with explicit time integration. The stress integration scheme with the plastic predictor-elastic corrector method is adopted in order to accurately keep track of the stress-strain relation for the rate-dependent model accurately. The crashworthiness of the structure with quasi-static constitutive relation is compared to the one with the rate-dependent constitutive model. Numerical simulation has been carried out for frontal frames and a hood of an automobile. Deformed shapes and the Impact energy absorption of the structure are investigated with the variation of the strain rate.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.94-101
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• 2019

Probiotics stabilize intestinal microflora, reduce constipation, reduce decay by inhibiting harmful bacteria, and prevent diseases. Probiotics have also been studied for their possible roles in immune activation, treatment of cancer, remediation of cholesterol, treatment of diabetes, alleviation of allergies, and relief of lactose intolerance. However, recent data concerning the side effects of probiotics have prompted debate regarding their efficacy and safety. Major adverse events associated with probiotics are gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhea, gastrointestinal disorders, and vomiting, along with skin rash and urticaria. Probiotics occasionally cause sepsis in infants with poor immunity and elderly people with severe diseases. In contrast to previous studies that described the efficacy of probiotics in intestinal regulation, some recent studies have reported that the activity of intestinal microbes becomes weak as a result of the influx of probiotics. The data indicate that the safety of probiotics is not guaranteed and that further investigations are needed.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제50권11호
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• pp.1116-1124
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• 2007

목 적 : 소아기 피부근염은 피부와 근육을 침범하는 만성 염증성 질환으로 비교적 드문 질환이다. 우리 나라에서는 산발적인 증례 보고는 있어 왔으나 종합적인 분석은 두가지의 보고가 있을 뿐이다. 이에 저자들은 진단 당시에 소아기 피부근염 환자들의 임상적 증상 및 검사 소견을 분석하였다. 방 법 : 1985년 1월부터 2007년 5월까지 서울대학교병원 소아과 면역 질환 분과에서 소아기 피부근염으로 진단받거나 타병원에서 진단 후 전원된 환아 47명을 대상으로 하여 연령 및 성병분포, 초기 임상 증상, 증상 발현으로부터 진단까지의 시간, 혈청근효소, 자가항체, 근전도, 근생검, 자기공명영상, 합병증 등을 분석하였다. 결 과 : 대상 환아들은 모두 47명으로 남자가 25명 여자가 22명으로 남녀 비율은 1.14:1이었다. 진단 당시 연령은 $6.51{\pm}0.88$세(1.5-13.25세)였다. 피부 발진은 모든 환아에서 나타났으나 3례의 환아에서는 진단 후 발생하였고, 얼굴 발진이 가장 많았다. 진단 당시 근쇠약감은 44례의 환아에서 나타났으며, 2례는 진단 후 나타났다. 근위부 근쇠약감은 계단을 잘 오르지 못하는 것이 가장 흔한 증상이었다. 질병 활성도는 평균 10.8점(3-17점)이었으며, 근쇠약감은 평균 4.91점(0-9점), 피부 병변은 평균 5.89점(0-9점)이었다. 피부와 근육의 증상 이외의 증상은 43%에서 관찰되었고, 석회증이 30%, 관절 구축이 21%, 흡인성 폐렴이 13 %로 관찰되었다. 석회증이 발생한 환아 중 47%는 진단 당시부터 관찰되었고 석회증이 발생한 위치는 골반과 둔부가 50%에 해당하였다. 혈청 근효소의 상승은 LDH가 96%, AST가 80%였다. 자가 항체 중 항핵항체가 59%로 가장 많은 양성을 나타내었으며, 이중 반점 모양이 58%에서 관찰되었다. 근전도는 88%에서 근염에 합당한 소견을 보였고, 근생검은 91%에서 피부근염에 합당한 소견을 보였다. 자기공명영상은 9례에서 시행되었고 모두 T2 강조 영상에서 고신호 강도 변화를 보여 근염에 합당하였다. 결 론 : 소아기 피부근염을 진단하기 위해서는 여러가지 진단 방법이 사용되고 있으나, 얼굴 발진, Gottron 발진, heliotrope 발진과 같은 피부 발진과 상하지 근위부 근육의 쇠약감과 같은 임상증상이 중요할 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.223-231
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• 2013

Objective: This study aimed to identify the status and risk factors of rituximab infusion-related adverse events (ADE) in rituximab-na$\ddot{i}$ve patients with cancer diseases. Method: A retrospective analysis using electronic medical records review was conducted. Inclusions were patients with a diagnosis of cancer disease with the initiation of rituximab-included treatment who were na$\ddot{i}$ve to rituximab during January 2011 to March 2013 at National Cancer Center (NCC) in Korea. Result: Total 110 patients, 582 cases of rituximab administrations, were reported in the study. About 57.2% of patients were 51-70 years old and evenly distributed between two genders and 72.7% were BMI less than $25kg/m^2$. All of study patients were diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Fifty patients (45.4%) and 54 cases (9.3%) were experienced rituximab infusion-related AEs even with conservative administration protocol at NCC. The most frequently occurring AEs were shivering followed by rash and itching. In single variant analysis, we found that the early stage of NHL, low exposure to rituximab administrations, high white blood cell counts, high lymphocyte counts, high absolute neutrophil count and low lactate dehydrogenase were associated with infusion-related AEs (p<0.05). The early stage of disease, high lymphocyte counts, low exposure to rituximab administrations were also related significantly with AEs in multiple variants analysis (p<0.05). Conclusion: Rituximab infusion-related AEs for patients who were na$\ddot{i}$ve to rituximab were still a concern with conservative administration protocol. The adverse drug reactions were significantly associated with early stage of NHL, higher lymphocyte counts and low exposure to rituximab administrations. The factors need to be considered with close monitoring to prevent rituximab infusion-related AE.

• 한국학교수학회논문집
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.405-424
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• 2006

본 연구는 수학 영재의 행동특성 검사 도구를 개발하는데 목적이 있다. 연구는 문헌 연구를 통해 수학 영재의 행동 특성을 추출하여 유목화한 후 측정변인으로 규정하였으며, 각각의 측정변인별로 문항을 개발하여 예비검사 과정을 통하여 최종적으로 51개 문항으로 구성된 검사 도구를 개발하였다. 기존에 영재교육을 받은 학생과 표준화된 수학 창의적 문제해결력에서 상의 10%와 교사 지명 학생 포함하여 424명을 연구 대상으로 본 검사를 실시하였다. 검사도구의 신뢰도와 타당도를 검증한 결과 높은 신뢰도(.95)를 확보하였으며 Rash 1모수 모형을 이용하여 내적 타당도를 검증하였다. 주성분 요인추출방법으로 요인을 추출하여 Varimax 방법으로 직각회전을 한 구인타당도 검증에서 일반적인 수학정신 능력 요인, 수학적 능력 요인, 정보 수집과 처리 능력 요인과 수학적 성향 요인이 추출되었다 따라서 본 연구에서 개발한 수학 영재 행동 특성 검사 도구는 신뢰도와 타당도가 양호하게 검증되었다고 볼 수 있다.

• 디자인학연구
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.97-106
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• 1999

환경오염이라는 인류의 총체적 위기는 인간 중심적 패러다임을 인간과 자연의 공존을 목표로 하는 생태학적 패러다임으로 변화시켰고, 이에 따라 디자이너 역시 인류의 과제인 환경문제 해결에 동참하지 않을 수 없게 되었다. 이러한 사회적 책임과 디자이너 자신의 윤리적 책임은 디자인 방향을 환경을 위한 디자인(Design For Environment)으로 전환하게 하였다. 본 연구는 디자인을 통한 환경 문제 해결이라는 측면에서 그 하나의 실마리를 제공하는 것에 그 목적이 있다. 즉, 제품의 조형에서 내구적 속성을 파악하여 이를 제품에 부가함으로써, 경제적 손실과 환경오염을 줄이는데 기여할 수 있을 것이라는 것이다. 제품의 형태를 결정짓는 디자이너의 입장에서 제품 조형의 내구적 속성을 파악하여 이를 제품에 부여한다는 것은 제품의 수명(Product Life Cycle)을 연장시키는 데 도움을 줌으로써, 제품의 폐기를 유보시킬 수 있을 뿐 아니라 제품이 제 수명을 다하기도 전에 새로운 형태의 제품에 밀려 폐기되는 일을 감소시켜 과잉 생산에서 오는 에너지 낭비와 자원의 소모를 막고, 오염물질의 방출과 쓰레기를 줄여 환경오염을 최소화시킬 수 있는 것이다. 이것은 기본적으로 기업의 과도한 경쟁 의식에 의한 무분별한 제품개발과 소비자의 소비 지향적인 태도에 반발하는 것이다. 이 가정 위에서 제품 조형의 내구적 속성을 밝히는 것이 이 논문의 궁극적 목표라 하겠다.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.340-349
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• 2008

이 연구에서는 비유를 사용한 반응 속도 개념 학습에서 유발되는 학생들의 대응 오류를 조사하고, 비유 표현 방식에 따라 비교하였다. 고등학교 1학년 학생 418명을 '농도와 반응 속도' 및 '온도와 반응 속도'의 목표 개념과 비유물의 글 또는 글과 그림 형태의 표현방식에 따라 4집단으로 배치하였다. 각 집단에 해당하는 비유 수업을 한 후, 대응 관계 이해도 검사를 실시하였다. 연구 결과, 과잉 대응, 인위적 대응, 대응 불이행, 무분별한 대응, 부적절한 대응, 표면적 속성 대응, 비유물 속성 보유, 불가능한 대응의 8가지 대응 오류 유형이 나타났다. 또한, 비유 표현 방식과 목표 개념의 속성에 따라 학생들이 범하는 대응 오류 유형의 빈도가 다른 양상을 보였다. 이에 대한 교육학적 함의를 논의하였다.