• Title/Summary/Keyword: Rainfall-Runoff Analysis

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Analysis on the Characteristics of the Landslide in Maeri (II) - With a Special Reference on Cause of Landslide - (매리 땅밀림형 산사태(山沙汰)의 발생특성(發生特性)에 관한 분석(分析) (II) - 발생원인(發生原因)을 중심(中心)으로 -)

  • Park, Jae-Hyeon;Choi, Kyung;Bae, Jong Soon;Ma, Ho-Seop;Lee, Jong-Hak
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.94 no.4 s.161
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    • pp.243-251
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    • 2005
  • This study was carried out to evaluate precipitation, geological and topographical factors from the landslide area occurred in Maeri, Sangdong-myeon, Gimhaesi, Gyeongsangnam-do. The landslide was affected by geo-topographical factors. Talus which is infiltrated easily by runoff was widely distributed in the landslide area. Concave areas on back- and toe-slope were built up colluvial materials and weathered soils. The colluvial materials were consisted of less weathered pebbles and stones (diameter: 10~100 cm) which are easily infiltrated during rainfall events. Also the landslide was mainly affected by an ascending of ground water table which is low in summit and high in toe-slope due to geo-topographical characteristics of the landslide area. The most important reason of the landslide was a lacking of drainage system of ground water despite the high infiltration rates of ground water in talus area during rainfall events.

Development of Long-term Rainfall-Runoff Analysis System in SeongDeok Dam Watershed (성덕댐 유역의 장기유출 분석체계 구축)

  • Choi, Hyun Gu;Kim, Bong Jae;Kim, Seon Uk;Park, Byeong Woo
    • Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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    • 2018.05a
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    • pp.429-429
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    • 2018
  • 성덕댐은 기존 농업용 저수지였던 수락저수지를 다목적댐으로 재개발한 우리나라 최초의 사례로 2006년 11월에 착공하였다. 댐재개발 사업은 장랠 물 부족이 예상되나, 현재 마땅한 댐 개발적지가 부족하여 수자원 확보를 위해 기존의 댐을 재개발하는 것으로, 기 개발된 수자원의 활용도 제고 및 환경적으로 건전하고 지속 가능한 수자원을 개발하는 사업을 말한다. 기존의 수락저수지의 재원은 높이 19.0m, 길이 150.0m, 총 저수량 $806,000m^3$이었으며, 성덕다목적댐으로 재개발 되면서 증가된 주요재원은 높이 58.5m, 길이 274.0m, 총 저수량 $27,900,000m^3$이다. 성덕다목적댐 건설이 완료됨에 따라 기존의 농업용수($8,400m^3$/일) 공급뿐만 아니라 하천유지용수 $5,800m^3$/일 및 경북 청송, 영천, 경산지역에 생활용수와 공업용수를 $42,300m^3$/일를 공급할 수 있게 되었으며, 홍수조절용량 $4,200,000m^3$을 확보하여 유역의 홍수예방에도 기여할 수 있다. 댐의 운영기준을 수립하기 위해서는 적어도 20년 이상의 댐 유입량 자료가 필요하지만 성덕댐의 경우 댐 유입량 자료의 확보가 쉽지 않은 상황이다. 이에 K-water에서 개발하고 다양한 다목적 댐 유역에 적용한 경험이 있는 격자기반 강우-유출 모형인 K-DRUM(K-water Distributed Rainfall rUnoff Model)을 이용하여 성덕댐 유역의 장기유출모형을 구축하였다. 격자기반 수문모형의 장점은 공간적인 비균질성을 고려하여 물리적인 유출과정을 모형화할 수 있고, 이로 인해 신뢰성 있는 수문해석이 가능하기 때문이다. 성덕댐 유역의 K-DRUM 모형을 구축하기 위해서 토지이용도, 토양도(종류, 유효토심), 하천차수도, 유역도, 표고분포도 등을 수집하였으며, 격자는 60m의 정사각형 격자로 약 11,500개를 구성하여 적용하였다. 기상자료로는 안동, 의성, 영천 기상대의 강우자료와 안동 기상대의 기상자료를 활용하였다. 모형의 보정을 위해서는 2016년을 시단위로 모의하였으며 성덕댐 유입량와 비교하여 매개변수를 보정하였고, $R^2$는 0.72, NSE는 0.70, RMSE는 1.82로 신뢰도 높은 보정결과를 획득할 수 있었다. 보정된 매개변수를 성덕댐 유역의 장기유출에 적용하였으며, 1997년부터 2017년까지 총 21년 장기유출 모의를 수행하였으며, 모의결과는 댐 운영기준의 기초자료로 활용하였다.

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Analysis of the Effect of Forest Fires on the Mineralogical Characteristics of Soil (산불 영향에 따른 토층의 광물학적 특성 변화에 관한 연구)

  • Man-Il Kim;Chang-Oh Choo
    • The Journal of Engineering Geology
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    • v.33 no.1
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    • pp.69-83
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    • 2023
  • Forest fires increase the risk of subsequent soil erosion and mass movement in burned areas, even under rainfall conditions below landslide alert thresholds, by destroying plants and vegetation and causing changes to soil properties. These effects of forest fires can alter runoff in burned areas by altering soil composition, component minerals, soil water repellency, soil mass stability, and soil fabric. Heat from forest fires not only burns shallow organic matter and plants but also spreads below the surface, affecting soil constituents including minerals. This study analyzed X-ray diffraction and physical properties of topsoil and subsoil obtained from both burned and non-burned areas to identify the composition and distribution of clay minerals in the soil. Small amounts of mullite, analcite, and hematite were identified in burned soils. Vermiculite and mixed-layer illite/vermiculite (I/V) were found in topsoil samples from burned areas but not in those from non-burned areas. These findings show changes in soil mineral composition caused by forest fires. Expansive clay minerals increase the volume of soil during rainfall, degrading the structural stability of slopes. Clay minerals generated in soil in burned areas are therefore likely to affect the long-term stability of slopes in mountainous areas.

Improvement of Hydrologic Dam Risk Analysis Model Considering Uncertainty of Hydrologic Analysis Process (수문해석과정의 불확실성을 고려한 수문학적 댐 위험도 해석 기법 개선)

  • Na, Bong-Kil;Kim, Jin-Young;Kwon, Hyun-Han;Lim, Jeong-Yeul
    • Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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    • v.47 no.10
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    • pp.853-865
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    • 2014
  • Hydrologic dam risk analysis depends on complex hydrologic analyses in that probabilistic relationship need to be established to quantify various uncertainties associated modeling process and inputs. However, the systematic approaches to uncertainty analysis for hydrologic risk analysis have not been addressed yet. In this paper, two major innovations are introduced to address this situation. The first is the use of a Hierarchical Bayesian model based regional frequency analysis to better convey uncertainties associated with the parameters of probability density function to the dam risk analysis. The second is the use of Bayesian model coupled HEC-1 rainfall-runoff model to estimate posterior distributions of the model parameters. A reservoir routing analysis with the existing operation rule was performed to convert the inflow scenarios into water surface level scenarios. Performance functions for dam risk model was finally employed to estimate hydrologic dam risk analysis. An application to the Dam in South Korea illustrates how the proposed approach can lead to potentially reliable estimates of dam safety, and an assessment of their sensitivity to the initial water surface level.

Evaluation of Future Water Deficit for Anseong River Basin Under Climate Change (기후변화를 고려한 안성천 유역의 미래 물 부족량 평가)

  • Lee, Dae Wung;Jung, Jaewon;Hong, Seung Jin;Han, Daegun;Joo, Hong Jun;Kim, Hung Soo
    • Journal of Wetlands Research
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    • v.19 no.3
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    • pp.345-352
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    • 2017
  • The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about $0.85^{\circ}C$ since 1880 due to the global warming. The temperature increase affects hydrologic phenomenon and so the world has been suffered from natural disasters such as floods and droughts. Therefore, especially, in the aspect of water deficit, we may require the accurate prediction of water demand considering the uncertainty of climate in order to establish water resources planning and to ensure safe water supply for the future. To do this, the study evaluated future water balance and water deficit under the climate change for Anseong river basin in Korea. The future rainfall was simulated using RCP 8.5 climate change scenario and the runoff was estimated through the SLURP model which is a semi-distributed rainfall-runoff model for the basin. Scenario and network for the water balance analysis in sub-basins of Anseong river basin were established through K-WEAP model. And the water demand for the future was estimated by the linear regression equation using amounts of water uses(domestic water use, industrial water use, and agricultural water use) calculated by historical data (1965 to 2011). As the result of water balance analysis, we confirmed that the domestic and industrial water uses will be increased in the future because of population growth, rapid urbanization, and climate change due to global warming. However, the agricultural water use will be gradually decreased. Totally, we had shown that the water deficit problem will be critical in the future in Anseong river basin. Therefore, as the case study, we suggested two alternatives of pumping station construction and restriction of water use for solving the water deficit problem in the basin.

Flood Risk Estimation Using Regional Regression Analysis (지역회귀분석을 이용한 홍수피해위험도 산정)

  • Jang, Ock-Jae;Kim, Young-Oh
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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    • v.9 no.4
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    • pp.71-80
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    • 2009
  • Although desire for living without hazardous damages grows these days, threats from natural disasters which we are currently exposed to are quiet different from what we have experienced. To cope with this changing situation, it is necessary to assess the characteristics of the natural disasters. Therefore, the main purpose of this research is to suggest a methodology to estimate the potential property loss and assess the flood risk using a regional regression analysis. Since the flood damage mainly consists of loss of lives and property damages, it is reasonable to express the results of a flood risk assessment with the loss of lives and the property damages that are vulnerable to flood. The regional regression analysis has been commonly used to find relationships between regional characteristics of a watershed and parameters of rainfall-runoff models or probability distribution models. In our research, however, this model is applied to estimate the potential flood damage as follows; 1) a nonlinear model between the flood damage and the hourly rainfall is found in gauged regions which have sufficient damage and rainfall data, and 2) a regression model is developed from the relationship between the coefficients of the nonlinear models and socio-economic indicators in the gauged regions. This method enables us to quantitatively analyze the impact of the regional indicators on the flood damage and to estimate the damage through the application of the regional regression model to ungauged regions which do not have sufficient data. Moreover the flood risk map is developed by Flood Vulnerability Index (FVI) which is equal to the ratio of the estimated flood damage to the total regional property. Comparing the results of this research with Potential Flood Damage (PFD) reported in the Long-term Korea National Water Resources Plan, the exports' mistaken opinions could affect the weighting procedure of PFD, but the proposed approach based on the regional regression would overcome the drawback of PFD. It was found that FVI is highly correlated with the past damage, while PFD does not reflect the regional vulnerabilities.

The development of water circulation model based on quasi-realtime hydrological data for drought monitoring (수문학적 가뭄 모니터링을 위한 실적자료 기반 물순환 모델 개발)

  • Kim, Jin-Young;Kim, Jin-Guk;Kim, Jang-Gyeng;Chun, Gun-il;Kang, Shin-uk;Lee, Jeong-Ju;Nam, Woo-Sung;Kwon, Hyun-Han
    • Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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    • v.53 no.8
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    • pp.569-582
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    • 2020
  • Recently, Korea has faced a change in the pattern of water use due to urbanization, which has caused difficulties in understanding the rainfall-runoff process and optimizing the allocation of available water resources. In this perspective, spatially downscaled analysis of the water balance is required for the efficient operation of water resources in the National Water Management Plan and the River Basin Water Resource Management Plan. However, the existing water balance analysis does not fully consider water circulation and availability in the basin, thus, the obtained results provide limited information in terms of decision making. This study aims at developing a novel water circulation analysis model that is designed to support a quasi-real-time assessment of water availability along the river. The water circulation model proposed in this study improved the problems that appear in the existing water balance analysis. More importantly, the results showed a significant improvement over the existing model, especially in the low flow simulation. The proposed modeling framework is expected to provide primary information for more realistic hydrological drought monitoring and drought countermeasures by providing streamflow information in quasi-real-time through a more accurate natural flow estimation approach with highly complex network.

Derivation of the Synthetic Unit Hydrograph Based on the Watershed Characteristics (유역특성에 의한 합성단위도의 유도에 관한 연구)

  • 서승덕
    • Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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    • v.17 no.1
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    • pp.3642-3654
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    • 1975
  • The purpose of this thesis is to derive a unit hydrograph which may be applied to the ungaged watershed area from the relations between directly measurable unitgraph properties such as peak discharge(qp), time to peak discharge (Tp), and lag time (Lg) and watershed characteristics such as river length(L) from the given station to the upstream limits of the watershed area in km, river length from station to centroid of gravity of the watershed area in km (Lca), and main stream slope in meter per km (S). Other procedure based on routing a time-area diagram through catchment storage named Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph(IUH). Dimensionless unitgraph also analysed in brief. The basic data (1969 to 1973) used in these studies are 9 recording level gages and rating curves, 41 rain gages and pluviographs, and 40 observed unitgraphs through the 9 sub watersheds in Nak Oong River basin. The results summarized in these studies are as follows; 1. Time in hour from start of rise to peak rate (Tp) generally occured at the position of 0.3Tb (time base of hydrograph) with some indication of higher values for larger watershed. The base flow is comparelatively higher than the other small watershed area. 2. Te losses from rainfall were divided into initial loss and continuing loss. Initial loss may be defined as that portion of storm rainfall which is intercepted by vegetation, held in deppression storage or infiltrated at a high rate early in the storm and continuing loss is defined as the loss which continues at a constant rate throughout the duration of the storm after the initial loss has been satisfied. Tis continuing loss approximates the nearly constant rate of infiltration (${\Phi}$-index method). The loss rate from this analysis was estimated 50 Per cent to the rainfall excess approximately during the surface runoff occured. 3. Stream slope seems approximate, as is usual, to consider the mainstreamonly, not giving any specific consideration to tributary. It is desirable to develop a single measure of slope that is representative of the who1e stream. The mean slope of channel increment in 1 meter per 200 meters and 1 meter per 1400 meters were defined at Gazang and Jindong respectively. It is considered that the slopes are low slightly in the light of other river studies. Flood concentration rate might slightly be low in the Nak Dong river basin. 4. It found that the watershed lag (Lg, hrs) could be expressed by Lg=0.253 (L.Lca)0.4171 The product L.Lca is a measure of the size and shape of the watershed. For the logarithms, the correlation coefficient for Lg was 0.97 which defined that Lg is closely related with the watershed characteristics, L and Lca. 5. Expression for basin might be expected to take form containing theslope as {{{{ { L}_{g }=0.545 {( { L. { L}_{ca } } over { SQRT {s} } ) }^{0.346 } }}}} For the logarithms, the correlation coefficient for Lg was 0.97 which defined that Lg is closely related with the basin characteristics too. It should be needed to take care of analysis which relating to the mean slopes 6. Peak discharge per unit area of unitgraph for standard duration tr, ㎥/sec/$\textrm{km}^2$, was given by qp=10-0.52-0.0184Lg with a indication of lower values for watershed contrary to the higher lag time. For the logarithms, the correlation coefficient qp was 0.998 which defined high sign ificance. The peak discharge of the unitgraph for an area could therefore be expected to take the from Qp=qp. A(㎥/sec). 7. Using the unitgraph parameter Lg, the base length of the unitgraph, in days, was adopted as {{{{ {T}_{b } =0.73+2.073( { { L}_{g } } over {24 } )}}}} with high significant correlation coefficient, 0.92. The constant of the above equation are fixed by the procedure used to separate base flow from direct runoff. 8. The width W75 of the unitgraph at discharge equal to 75 per cent of the peak discharge, in hours and the width W50 at discharge equal to 50 Per cent of the peak discharge in hours, can be estimated from {{{{ { W}_{75 }= { 1.61} over { { q}_{b } ^{1.05 } } }}}} and {{{{ { W}_{50 }= { 2.5} over { { q}_{b } ^{1.05 } } }}}} respectively. This provides supplementary guide for sketching the unitgraph. 9. Above equations define the three factors necessary to construct the unitgraph for duration tr. For the duration tR, the lag is LgR=Lg+0.2(tR-tr) and this modified lag, LgRis used in qp and Tb It the tr happens to be equal to or close to tR, further assume qpR=qp. 10. Triangular hydrograph is a dimensionless unitgraph prepared from the 40 unitgraphs. The equation is shown as {{{{ { q}_{p } = { K.A.Q} over { { T}_{p } } }}}} or {{{{ { q}_{p } = { 0.21A.Q} over { { T}_{p } } }}}} The constant 0.21 is defined to Nak Dong River basin. 11. The base length of the time-area diagram for the IUH routing is {{{{C=0.9 {( { L. { L}_{ca } } over { SQRT { s} } ) }^{1/3 } }}}}. Correlation coefficient for C was 0.983 which defined a high significance. The base length of the T-AD was set to equal the time from the midpoint of rain fall excess to the point of contraflexure. The constant K, derived in this studies is K=8.32+0.0213 {{{{ { L} over { SQRT { s} } }}}} with correlation coefficient, 0.964. 12. In the light of the results analysed in these studies, average errors in the peak discharge of the Synthetic unitgraph, Triangular unitgraph, and IUH were estimated as 2.2, 7.7 and 6.4 per cent respectively to the peak of observed average unitgraph. Each ordinate of the Synthetic unitgraph was approached closely to the observed one.

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Regional Frequency Analysis for Future Precipitation from RCP Scenarios (대표농도경로 시나리오에 의한 미래 강수량의 지역빈도해석)

  • Kim, Duck Hwan;Hong, Seung Jin;Choi, Chang Hyun;Han, Dae Gun;Lee, So Jong;Kim, Hung Soo
    • Journal of Wetlands Research
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    • v.17 no.1
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    • pp.80-90
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    • 2015
  • Variability of precipitation pattern and intensity are increasing due to the urbanization and industrialization which induce increasing impervious area and the climate change. Therefore, more severe urban inundation and flood damage will be occurred by localized heavy precipitation event in the future. In this study, we analyze the future frequency based precipitation under climate change based on the regional frequency analysis. The observed precipitation data from 58 stations provided by Korea Meteorological Administration(KMA) are collected and the data period is more than 30 years. Then the frequency based precipitation for the observed data by regional frequency analysis are estimated. In order to remove the bias from the simulated precipitation by RCP scenarios, the quantile mapping method and outlier test are used. The regional frequency analysis using L-moment method(Hosking and Wallis, 1997) is performed and the future frequency based precipitation for 80, 100, and 200 years of return period are estimated. As a result, future frequency based precipitation in South Korea will be increased by 25 to 27 percent. Especially the result for Jeju Island shows that the increasing rate will be higher than other areas. Severe heavy precipitation could be more and more frequently occurred in the future due to the climate change and the runoff characteristics will be also changed by urbanization, industrialization, and climate change. Therefore, we need prepare flood prevention measures for our flood safety in the future.

Analysis on the Effects of Flood Damage Mitigation according to Installation of Underground Storage Facility (지하저류조 설치에 따른 침수피해 저감효과 분석)

  • Kim, Young Joo;Han, Kun Yeun;Cho, Wan Hee
    • KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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    • v.30 no.1B
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    • pp.41-51
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    • 2010
  • In this study, runoff simulation was carried out in the area of Bisan 7-dong, Seo-gu, Daegu as drainage basin and the effects of the installation of underground storage facilities were analyzed during heavy rainfall. SWMM model was used for the runoff and pipe network analysis on Typhoon Maemi, 2003. 2-D inundation analysis model based on diffusion wave was employed for inundation analysis and to verify computed inundation areas with observed inundation trace map. The simulation results agree with observed in terms of inundation area and depth. Also, the effects of flood damage mitigation were analyzed through the overflow discharge and 2-D inundation analysis, depending upon whether the underground storage facility is installed or not. When the underground storage facility ($W:120m{\times}L:180m{\times}H:1.7m$) is installed, volume of overflow could be reduced by 72% and flooding area could be reduced by 40.1%. When the underground storage facility ($W:120m{\times}L:180 m{\times}H:2.0m$) is installed, volume of overflow could be reduced by 84.8% and flooding area could be reduced by 50.6%. When the underground storage facility ($W:120m{\times}L:180m{\times}H:2.2m$) is installed, volume of overflow could be reduced by 94% and flooding area could be reduced by 91.2%. There is no overflow of manhole, when the height of storage facility is 2.5 m. It is expected that the study results presented through quantitative analysis on the effects of underground facilities can be used as base data for socially and economically effective installation of underground facilities to prevent flood damage.