• Title/Summary/Keyword: Rainfall Station

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Determining proper threshold levels for hydrological drought analysis based on independent tests (수문학적 가뭄 특성 분석을 위한 독립성 검정 기반의 적정 임계수준 결정)

  • Kim, Tae-Woong;Park, Ji Yeon;Shin, Ji Yae
    • Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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    • v.53 no.3
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    • pp.193-200
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    • 2020
  • Hydrological drought is directly associated with lack of available water in rivers, reservoirs, and groundwater. It is important to analyze hydrological drought for efficient water resource management because most of rainfall is concentrated in wet seasons and water supply is highly dependent on dams and reservoirs in South Korea. Generally, a threshold level method is useful for defining hydrological droughts. However, this method causes interdependent problems between drought events which result in skewed results in further statistical analysis. Therefore, it is necessary to determine a proper threshold level to represent regional drought characteristics. In this study, applying 50~99 percentiles of daily flow-duration curve, hydrological drought events were extracted, and independence tests were conducted for 12 watersheds. The Poisson independence test showed that 87~99 percentiles were available for most stations except for Yeoju and Pyeongtaek. The generalized Pareto independence test showed that 80~90 percentiles were the most common. Mean excess plot showed that 80 ~ 90 percentiles were the most common. Therefore, the common ranges of the three independent tests were determined for each station and proper threshold levels were recommended for large river basins; 70~76 percentiles for the Han River basin, 87~91 percentiles for the Nakdong River basin, 86~98 percentiles for the Geum River basin, and 85~87 percentiles for the Youngsan and Seomjin River basin.

The Changes of Depositional Landforms in the Downstream Reach of Cha-Cheon (차천(車川) 하류 구간의 퇴적지형 변화)

  • Yu, Tai-Il
    • Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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    • v.12 no.3
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    • pp.352-363
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    • 2006
  • The purpose of this paper is to analyze changes in the depositional landform in the channel of Cha-cheon, a branch stream of Nakdong river(main stream) since the artificial straight channel has been constructed in 1973. The results of analyses are as follow. First, the Cha-cheon has flooded over one time in a year, and flowed backward over three times annually, according to analyze the data of the Hyeonpoong Gauging Station of rainfall and water level during a decade(1993$\sim$2002). Second, the flood plain within the artificial straightened channel has a nearly plain profile between the small dike and last riffle(point A). Deposits thickness of flood plain reduce gradually toward upstream. Third, grain size distribution of the flood plain deposits(0$\sim$20cm) within the artificial straightened channel has a coarsening trend in downstream reach of C point. It implies that the backward flow of Nakdong river(the main stream of Cha-cheon) make effect on the depositional mechanism of lowest reach in Cha-cheon. Finally, the result of analyzing grain size distribution of the flood plain deposits(0$\sim$20cm) within the artificial straightened channel implies that the c-point is the boundary between the vertical deposition of suspended load due to the backward flow of Nakdong river and the deposition of bed load supplied from hillslope of Cha-cheon basin.

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Fluctuation of Environmental Factors and Dynamics of Phytoplankton Communities in Lower Part of the Han River (한강 하류에서 환경요인의 변동과 식물플랑크톤의 군집 동태)

  • Suh, Mi-Yeon;Kim, Baik-Ho;Bae, Kyung-Seok
    • Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • v.40 no.3
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    • pp.395-402
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    • 2007
  • Concentrative samplings of 35 times on standing crops of phytoplankton and physicochemical factors were conducted at five sites over Seongsu Bridge to Seongsan Bridge in lower parts of the Ban River from January to December 2006. Over the study, all physicochemical factors showed no large differences among the sampling sites except station 2 having high concentrations of BOD, TN, and TP. Heavy rain also cause these concentrations to decrease. The phytoplankton species and abundance (88 taxa and $1{\sim}41$,104 cells $mL^{-1}$) were varied according to the season, and sharply decreased during heavy rains. In particular, cyanobacteria dominated the phytoplankton community during dry seasons, while green algae and diatom dominated during the rainy seasons. However, after the termination of rain, high water temperatures over $20^{\circ}C$ and low N/P ratios $(9.4{\sim}18.9)$ evoked the cyanobacterial bloom. These results indicate that although the heavy rain (huge outflows of Paltang Dam) temporarily diluted the nutrient level and effected the cyanobacterial bloom in the lower parts of the Han River, cyanobacterial abundance was recovered by the high temperature and low N/P ratio as the rainfall discontinued.

Estimation of deep percolation using field moisture observations and HYDRUS-1D modeling in Haean basin (해안분지의 현장 토양수분 관측과 HYDRUS-1D 모델링을 이용한 지하수 함양 추정)

  • Kim, Jeong Jik;Jeon, Woo-Hyun;Lee, Jin-Yong
    • Journal of the Geological Society of Korea
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    • v.54 no.5
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    • pp.545-556
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    • 2018
  • This study was conducted to estimate the deep percolation using numerical modeling and field observation data based on rainfall in Haean basin. Soil moisture sensors were installed to monitoring at 30, 60 and 90 cm depths in four sites (YHS1-4) and automatic weather station was installed to around YHS3. Soil moisture and meteorological data was observed from March 25, 2017 to March 25, 2018 and May 06, 2016 to May 06, 2018, respectively. Numerical analysis was performed from June to August, 2017 using the HYDRUS-1D. Average soil moisture contents were high to generally in YHS3 for 0.300 to $0.334m^3/m^3$ and lowest in YHS1 for 0.129 to $0.265m^3/m^3$ during the soil moisture monitoring period. The results of soil moisture flow modeling showed that field observations and modeling values were similar but the peak values were larger in the modeling result. Correlation analysis between observation and modeling data showed that r, $r^2$ and RMSE were 0.88, 0.77, and 0.0096, respectively. This show high correlation and low error rate. The total deep percolation was 744.2 mm during the period of modelling at 500 cm depth. This showed that 61.3% of the precipitation amount (1,214 mm) was recharged in 2017. Deep percolation amount was high in the study area. This study is expected to provide basic data for the estimation of groundwater recharge through unsaturated zone.

Evaluation of Future Water Deficit for Anseong River Basin Under Climate Change (기후변화를 고려한 안성천 유역의 미래 물 부족량 평가)

  • Lee, Dae Wung;Jung, Jaewon;Hong, Seung Jin;Han, Daegun;Joo, Hong Jun;Kim, Hung Soo
    • Journal of Wetlands Research
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    • v.19 no.3
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    • pp.345-352
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    • 2017
  • The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about $0.85^{\circ}C$ since 1880 due to the global warming. The temperature increase affects hydrologic phenomenon and so the world has been suffered from natural disasters such as floods and droughts. Therefore, especially, in the aspect of water deficit, we may require the accurate prediction of water demand considering the uncertainty of climate in order to establish water resources planning and to ensure safe water supply for the future. To do this, the study evaluated future water balance and water deficit under the climate change for Anseong river basin in Korea. The future rainfall was simulated using RCP 8.5 climate change scenario and the runoff was estimated through the SLURP model which is a semi-distributed rainfall-runoff model for the basin. Scenario and network for the water balance analysis in sub-basins of Anseong river basin were established through K-WEAP model. And the water demand for the future was estimated by the linear regression equation using amounts of water uses(domestic water use, industrial water use, and agricultural water use) calculated by historical data (1965 to 2011). As the result of water balance analysis, we confirmed that the domestic and industrial water uses will be increased in the future because of population growth, rapid urbanization, and climate change due to global warming. However, the agricultural water use will be gradually decreased. Totally, we had shown that the water deficit problem will be critical in the future in Anseong river basin. Therefore, as the case study, we suggested two alternatives of pumping station construction and restriction of water use for solving the water deficit problem in the basin.

Study on Climate Change Impacts on Hydrological Response using a SWAT model in the Xe Bang Fai River Basin, Lao People's Democratic Republic (기후변화에 따른 라오스인민공화국의 시방파이 유역의 수문현상 예측에 대한 연구: SWAT 모델을 이용하여)

  • Phomsouvanh, Virasith;Phetpaseuth, Vannaphone;Park, Soo Jin
    • Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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    • v.51 no.6
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    • pp.779-797
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    • 2016
  • A calibrated hydrological model is a useful tool for quantifying the impacts of the climate variations and land use/land cover changes on sediment load, water quality and runoff. In the rainy season each year, the Xe Bang Fai river basin is provisionally flooded because of typhoons, the frequency and intensity of which are sensitive to ongoing climate change. Severe heavy rainfall has continuously occurred in this basin area, often causing severe floods at downstream of the Xe Bang Fai river basin. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the climate change impact on river discharge using a Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model based on future climate change scenarios. In this study, the simulation of hydrological river discharge is used by SWAT model, covering a total area of $10,064km^2$ in the central part of country. The hydrological model (baseline) is calibrated and validated for two periods: 2001-2005 and 2006-2010, respectively. The monthly simulation outcomes during the calibration and validation model are good results with $R^2$ > 0.9 and ENS > 0.9. Because of ongoing climate change, three climate models (IPSL CM5A-MR 2030, GISS E2-R-CC 2030 and GFDL CM3 2030) indicate that the rainfall in this area is likely to increase up to 10% during the summer monsoon season in the near future, year 2030. As a result of these precipitation increases, the SWAT model predicts rainy season (Jul-Aug-Sep) river discharge at the Xebangfai@bridge station will be about $800m^3/s$ larger than the present. This calibrated model is expected to contribute for preventing flood disaster risk and sustainable development of Laos

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A Study on the Marine Biological and Chemical Environments in Yeosu Expo Site, Korea (여수 엑스포 해역의 생물.화학적 해양환경 특성)

  • Noh, Il-Hyeon;Oh, Seok-Jin;Park, Jong-Sick;An, Yeong-Kyu;Yoon, Yang-Ho
    • Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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    • v.13 no.1
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    • pp.1-11
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    • 2010
  • In order to understand the biological environmental characteristics with temporal variations of the physico-chemical factors in 2012 Yeosu Expo site of Korea, we investigated at one station, once per week, from April 2006 to December 2007. The surface water temperature ranged from 6.8 to $27.8^{\circ}C$ and the bottom water temperature ranged from 6.3 to 25.9 $25.9^{\circ}C$. The salinity varied from 12.8 to 33.0 psu in the surface water and from 25.2 to 33.6 psu in the bottom water. A strong halocline was observed between the surface and bottom layers in the summer when a rapid decrease of salinity coincided with heavy rainfall. The DIN concentration ranged from 1.36 to $82.7{\mu}M$ in the surface water and from 0.82 to $25.2{\mu}M$ in the bottom water. Phosphate concentration varied from 0.06 to $2.13{\mu}M$ in the surface water and from 0.07 to $1.38{\mu}M$ in the bottom water. Silicate was $1.68-52.0{\mu}M$ in the surface water and $1.37-30.7{\mu}M$ in the bottom water. The nutrient concentrations were generally high during heavy rainfalls and low water temperature periods, and considerably decreased in spring and autumn. The N/P ratio ranged from 4.43 to 325 in the surface water and from 3.8 to 321 in the bottom water. It increased rapidly during the heavy rainfall season and remained at a value of approximately 16 in other periods. The chlorophyll a concentration ranged from 0.46 to $65.0{\mu}g$ $L^{-1}$ in the surface water and from 0.71 to $15.0{\mu}g$ $L^{-1}$ in the bottom water. $Chl-{\alpha}$ concentration remained low in periods of low water temperature, however rapidly increased in periods of high water temperature. From the results of principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA), we conclude that temporal variations of physico-chemical and biological factors were greatly affected by the influx of fresh water, and that nutrients were well controlled by their uptake and assimilation by phytoplankton. Also, during the low water temperature periods, environmental structure in this study site was affected by recycled nutrients through nutrient cycling and mineralization.

High-resolution medium-range streamflow prediction using distributed hydrological model WRF-Hydro and numerical weather forecast GDAPS (분포형 수문모형 WRF-Hydro와 기상수치예보모형 GDAPS를 활용한 고해상도 중기 유량 예측)

  • Kim, Sohyun;Kim, Bomi;Lee, Garim;Lee, Yaewon;Noh, Seong Jin
    • Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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    • v.57 no.5
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    • pp.333-346
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    • 2024
  • High-resolution medium-range streamflow prediction is crucial for sustainable water quality and aquatic ecosystem management. For reliable medium-range streamflow predictions, it is necessary to understand the characteristics of forcings and to effectively utilize weather forecast data with low spatio-temporal resolutions. In this study, we presented a comparative analysis of medium-range streamflow predictions using the distributed hydrological model, WRF-Hydro, and the numerical weather forecast Global Data Assimilation and Prediction System (GDAPS) in the Geumho River basin, Korea. Multiple forcings, ground observations (AWS&ASOS), numerical weather forecast (GDAPS), and Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS), were ingested to investigate the performance of streamflow predictions with highresolution WRF-Hydro configuration. In terms of the mean areal accumulated rainfall, GDAPS was overestimated by 36% to 234%, and GLDAS reanalysis data were overestimated by 80% to 153% compared to AWS&ASOS. The performance of streamflow predictions using AWS&ASOS resulted in KGE and NSE values of 0.6 or higher at the Kangchang station. Meanwhile, GDAPS-based streamflow predictions showed high variability, with KGE values ranging from 0.871 to -0.131 depending on the rainfall events. Although the peak flow error of GDAPS was larger or similar to that of GLDAS, the peak flow timing error of GDAPS was smaller than that of GLDAS. The average timing errors of AWS&ASOS, GDAPS, and GLDAS were 3.7 hours, 8.4 hours, and 70.1 hours, respectively. Medium-range streamflow predictions using GDAPS and high-resolution WRF-Hydro may provide useful information for water resources management especially in terms of occurrence and timing of peak flow albeit high uncertainty in flood magnitude.

Research on the Effect of the Control Methods of Irrigation Water on the Growth and Yield of Paddy Rice. (한발기에 있어서 용수관리 방법이 수도생육과 그 수량에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구)

  • 김시원
    • Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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    • v.13 no.1
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    • pp.2177-2190
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    • 1971
  • This experiment was made to determienthe effect of various soil moisture contents in simulated drought conditions on different stages of rice growth. The drought conditions were developed at such three rice-growing stages as transplanting, immediately after transplanting and young ear forming. Three different lengths of drought periods, which are ten days, twenty days and thirty days, were applied for each growing stage of rice. The rice variety used this experiment is Nong-rim 29. This experiment was conducted at the university farm of the Kon-Kuk University during the period of $1968{\sim}1970$. Three reprications for each of 12 treatments and split plot design were employed in this study. Bottomless wood square boxes, $1^m{\times}1^m{\times}1^m$, were burried in the test plot and box top was covered with poloyethylene sheets to avoid natural rainfall drops. Standard plots were irrigated continuously with a water depth of 40mm/day and those of drought treatments were irrigated continuously up to the beginning of the planned drought period, and they were irrigated again with a depth of 40mm/day up to the maturing stage of rice. Other methods for rice raising followed those methods developed by the Field Crops Experiment Station of the Office of Rural Development. During this experiments, climatic conditions in regard to rainfalls, sunshine hours, and temperatures were observed. According to this observation, those values measured deviate slightly from the annual means. However the growing condition of rice plants were normal. The pH value of irritation water is nearly neutral, and soils in the test plots are relatively fertile, being similar to ordinary paddy soils. Analysis of variances for number of stalks, plan-height, ear sprouting date, length of stalks, ear length, number of ears per plant, fertility, grain weitght, weight of plant, and yield were carried out. The variances for plant height, ear sprouting date, length of stalk ear length, and yield has statistical significance under drought treatments applied at three different growing stages. The variance showing the effect of lengths of drought period is highly significant for all the treatments studied except that of grain weight. The interaction between drought periods and drought treatments at different growing stages is significant for plant height, stalk length, ear length, number of ears, fertility and yield, these results indicated that droughts at different growing stages have influence on plant height, ear length, yield, and length of drought period also has strong influence on all factors studied except grain weight. The combination of drought treatments at different rice growing stages and lengths of drought periods has different effects on various agronomic characteristics, including yield. Plant height under drought treatment practiced at transplanting stage is the lowest, and drought treatment applied immediately after transplanting resulted in the least number of stalks. The effect of different lengths of drought periods on plant height and number of stalks depends signis ficantly on increasing days of drought. Ear sprouting date tends to be delayed for one or two days undedrought treatments at transplanting period and with increasing days of drought. Better yield is secured in drought treatment applied immediately after transplanting. Adverse effect war observed when drought treatment was applied at ear forming period. These effects may be attributed to the alternation of irrigation and drought causing vigorous root activity. In general, yield linearly decreases as the length of the drought period increases. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that, in order to mimimize damage due to drought, and, to save irrigation water, paddy fields, immediately after transplanting, may be not irrigated, since there is sufficient moisture in the soil, and that sufficient irrigation water should be applied again in the ear forming stage of rice plant.

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Seasonal Variation of Cr(VI)-contaminated Groundwater Quality and the Potential for Natural Attenuation (6가 크롬 오염 지하수 수질의 계절변화와 자연저감 가능성)

  • Chon, Chul-Min;Ahn, Joo-Sung;Roh, Yul;Rhee, Sung-Keun;Seo, Hyun-Hee;Kim, Gue-Young;Koh, Dong-Chan;Son, Young-Chul;Kim, Ji-Wook
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.41 no.6
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    • pp.645-655
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    • 2008
  • The Cr(VI) concentrations at the shallow aquifer well (MPH-0-1) of the Moonpyung groundwater monitoring station were in the range of 0.5 to 3.1 mg/L exceeding 10 to 62 times the guideline for drinking-water quality, indicating continuous contamination. However, Cr was not detected at the deep bedrock well and the other subsidiary monitoring wells except for MPH-1 and 6. Cross-correlation analyses were conducted for rainfall and groundwater level time series, resulting in the mean time of recharge after precipitation events to be 5.6 days. For rainy season, the water level was raised and the Cr(VI) concentration was several times lower than that during dry season at well MPH-0-1 well. Correlation of the Cr(VI) concentration with the groundwater-level showed that the Cr(VI) reduction was closely related with the groundwater-level rise in the well. However, the groundwater level rise during high water season induced the lateral migration of the Cr(VI)-contaminated groundwater at well MPH-4. We enriched and isolated a chromium reducing bacteria, Enterobacter aerogenes, from the Cr(VI)-contaminated groundwater in the wells MPH-0-1 and MPH-1. The bacteria may play an important role for immobilizing Cr(VI) in the Cr(VI)-contaminated groundwater. Therefore, the migration of the contaminant (Cr(VI) must has been restricted because of the natural attenuation by microbial reduction of Cr(VI) in the groundwater. This research suggests that the bioremediation of the Cr(VI)-contaminated groundwater by the indigenous bacteria may be feasible in the Cr(VI) contaminated groundwater.