• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.247-258
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• 2019

Background: Astragali radix (A) and Lithospermi radix (L) have long been used as traditional medicines due to their known anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed at evaluating, their optimal mixing ratio and their functional compounds by investigating the inhibitory effects of mixed extracts of A and L and their active compounds on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Methods and Results: A and L extracts were obtained by extraction at $80^{\circ}C$ using 50% and 70% fermented alcohol, respectively, and then mixed at a ratio of 5 : 5, 6 : 4, 7 : 3 and 8 : 2 (w/w). The activities of MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13 were evaluated in interleukin-1beta ($IL-1{\beta}$)-induced SW1353 cells. The extract mixtures showed synergistic inhibitory effects on MMP-3 and MMP-13, higher than the effects of the individual A and L extracts. The 7 : 3 mixture (ALM16) showed the most effective MMPs inhibitory activity, while among the active ingredients, calycosin-7-O-${\beta}$-D-glucoside and lithospermic acid exhibited excellent MMPs inhibitory activity. Additionally, an HPLC method was established for simultaneous quantification of the effective components of the extract mixtures, and validated by measuring the linearity, precision and accuracy of the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ). Conclusions: ALM16 showed the most effective MMPs inhibitory activity. Calycosin-O-${\beta}$-D-glucoside, calycosin and lithospermic acid were identified as useful candidates, as they were the major functional compounds in the MMP inhibitory activity. Summarily, ALM16 might be a highly effective in osteoarthritis management, owing to its because it exhibits a protective effect on cartilage via excellent inhibition of MMPs.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.59-68
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• 2009

Objectives : Bupleuri Radix (Siho) is prescribed as the root of different Bupleurum species on the pharmarcopoeia in Korea and China. Moreover, other species and varieties of the genus Bupleurum have been also distributed on the herbal market as Bupleuri Radix. However, due to the morphological similarity and frequent occurrence of intermediate forms, the correct identification of this radix is very difficult. To develop a reliable method for correct identification and improving the quality standards of official Bupleuri Radix, we analyzed sequences of the ribosomal RNA gene and internal transcribed spacer (rDNA-ITS) region. Methods : PCR amplification of rDNA-ITS region was performed using ITS1 and ITS4 primer from 6 Bupleurum species and 1 variety, B. falcatum L. (Siho), an improved breed of B. falcatum L. (Samdo-Siho), B. chinense DC. (Buk-Siho), B. scorzonerifolium Willd. (Nam-Siho), B. longiadiatum Turcz. (Gae-Siho), B. euphorbiodes Nakai (Deungdae-Siho) and B. latissimum Nakai (Seom-Siho), and nucleotide sequence was determined after sub-cloning into the pGEM-Teasy vector. Authentic marker nucleotides were estimated by the analysis of ClastalW using entire rDNA-ITS sequence of three samples per species. Results : In comparative analysis of the rDNA-ITS sequences, we found specific nucleotides to distinguish Korean (B. falcatum L. and its variety) and Chinese official species (B. chinense DC. and B. scorzonerifolium Willd.) from others at positions 411 and 447, and positions 89, 101, 415 and 599, respectively. Futhermore, we also found nucleotide indels (insertion and/or deletion) and substitutions to identify each of different Bupleurum species, 2 positions for B. falcatum L. and its variety, 6 positions for B. chinense DC., 49 positions for B. scorzonerifolium Willd., 8 positions for B. euphorbioides Nakai, 7 positions for B. longiradiatum Nakai and 9 positions for B. latissimum Nakai. These sequence differences at corresponding positions are avaliable nucleotide markers to determine the botanical origins of Bupleuri Radix. Moreover, we confirmed the phylogenetic relationship of B. latissimum Nakai, a Korean endemic speices, among Bupleurum species based on the rDNA-ITS sequence. Conclusions : These marker nucleotides would be useful to identify the official herbal medicines by the providing of definitive information that can identify each plant species and distinguish it from unauthentic adulterant Bupleurum species.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.189-193
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• 1995

A new paeony variety 'Euiseongjakyak' was developed by Gyeongbug Provincial Rural Development Administration in 1993. This variety was selected from pure lint selection. It is characterized by red flower of single type, deep white flesh colour, straight and big radixs. When compared with 'Punggi jerye' a check variety, it is more resistant to lodging, disease and insect injury, and outyielded by 32% in total radix and 17% in marketable radix during 3 years regional performance trials. In the radix, the content of starch and sugar was higher by $9.8\sim12.22%$, crude protein and ash was similar and fiber was lower by 1.17% compared to 'Punggi jerye'.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.207-213
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• 2007

Scutellaria baicalensis is known as a herbal medicine with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities. However, effect of Scutellaria baicalensis on lupus pathogenesis that is characterized by overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines and abnormalities in regulation, function, and interaction of immune cells remains unclear. We investigated effects of Scutellariae radix methanol extract (SBMeOH) on the production of proinflammatory cytokines and abnormal activation of T cells in vitro in pristane-induced lupus BALB/c mice. These results demonstrated that SBMeOH significantly decreased the LPS-stimulated production of $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6, and IL-10 by splenic and peritoneal macrophages and IL-6 and IL-10 by splenocytes from pristane-induced lupus mice. SBMeOH significantly downregulated the Con A-stimulated overproduction of IL-6, IL-10, and $IFN-{\gamma}$ by splenocytes from pristane-induced lupus mice. Also, SBMeOH significantly attenuated the Con A-induced expression of CD4+ T cells and CD69+CD4+ T cells but not CD8+ T cells in pristane-induced lupus mice. Our findings indicate that SBMeOH may ameliorate lupus pathogenic inflammation and autoimmunity via downregulation of proinflammatory cytokine production and abnormal activation of T cells.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.39 no.12
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• pp.513-519
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• 2002

This paper proposes a high-speed FFT processor for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing(OFDM) systems. The Proposed architecture uses a single-memory architecture and uses a radix-4 algorithm for high speed. The proposed memory is partitioned into four banks for high-speed computation. It uses an in-place memory strategy that stores butterfly outputs in the same memory location used by butterfly inputs. Therefore, the memory size can be reduced. The SQNR of about 80dB is achieved with 20-bit input and 20-bit twiddle factors. The architecture has been modeled by VHDL and logic synthesis has been performed using the SamsungTM 0.5㎛ SOG cell library (KG80). The implemented FFT processor consists of 98,326 gates excluding memory. It has smaller hardware than existing pipeline FFT processors for more than 1024-point FFTs. The processor can operate at 42MHz and calculate a 256-point complex FFT in 6us. It satisfies tile required processing speed of 8.4㎲ in the HomePlug standard.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2002

The aim of study was to elucidate dyeability and antimicrobial and antifungal activity of silk fabrics dyed with Sophora Radix extracts according to different mordants. Dyes were extracted from Sophora Radix using ethanol. Then, silk fabrics were dyed with extracts two times by post-mordanting method in which the extract was 60%(owf), the mordant was 3%(owf), L.R was 1:20, the temperature was $60~60^\circ{C}$, the time of dyeing was 60min., and the time of mordanting was 60min. The dyeability was evaluated by surface color, K/S values and durability of dye. The skin microorganisms used in this study was S. sureus, B. subtilis, S. epidermidis, P. acnes, P. aeruginosa, E coli, A. niger, C. albicans and T. mentatrophytes. The results are as follows; 1. When mordants were added, K/S value of silk dyed was not improved much and surface color was 2.2Y to 8.8Y in H(hue) value which indicated greenish yellow to raddish yellow 2. The color fastness tests to light, perspiration, dry-cleaning, rubbing, and stain fabric washing show 4~5th degree which were valuated excellent. The color fastness to fade washing was improved to 3~4th degree by addition of $K_2CrO_7$ mordants. 3. Antibacterial activity of silk dyed using no-mordant as well as mordants was excellent on S. aureus, B. subtilis, S.epidermidis and P.acnes, but showed poor antibacterial activities on P.aeruginosa and E.coli such as gram negative baterials 4. Antifungal activity of silk dyed with ethanol extracts was good on A.niger, C.candida and T.mentagrophytes. Especially, on T. mentagrophytes there was no growth of fungus during 72 gous in silk dyed mordanting with $SnCl_2\cdot{2H}_2O$.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.191-206
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• 2006

Objective & Methods : The purpose of this study is to observe the effects of Angelicae Pubescentis Radix herbal-acupuncture solution(APR-HAS) at Joksamni(ST36) on collagen IT induced arthritis in DBA/1J mice. The author performed several experimental items to analyze several cytokines and immune cells related with RA. Results : 1. In the APR-HA group, the incidence of arthritis and arthritis index were significantly decreased. 2. In APR-HA group, the levels of IL-6, $INF-{\gamma}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, IgG, IgM, $IL-{\beta}$ and Anti-collagen II in serum of the CIA mouse were significantly decreased. 3. In APR-HA group, the level of $IFN-{\gamma}$, IL-4 in the CIA mouse spleen cell culture were significantly decreased. 4. In histology, the cartilage destruction and synovial cell proliferation were decreased in the APR-HA group, and the collagen fiber expressions in the APR-HA group were similar with that of the Normal group. 5. In the APR-HA group, CD3e+/CD19+ and CD4+/CD8+ were similarly maintained as Normal group in the CIA mouse lymph nodes, 6. In the APR-HA group, CD3e+/CD69+ was significantly decreased in the CIA mouse joint. 7. In the APR-HA group, CD11a+/CD19+ and CD11b+/Gr-l+ were significantly decreased in the CIA mouse lymph nodes 8. In the APR-HA group, CD4+/CD25+ was decreased in the CIA mouse spleen cell. 9. In the APR-HA group, CD4+/CD25+ was similarly maintained as Normal group in the CIA mouse lymph nodes.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.39 no.12
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• pp.1062-1070
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• 2002

In this paper, variable radix-two multibit coding algorithm is presented and applied in the implementation of discrete cosine transform(DCT) and inverse discrete cosine transform(IDCT). Variable radix-two multibit coding means the 2k SD (signed digit) representation of overlapped multibit scanning with variable shift method. SD represented by 2k generates partial products, which can be easily implemented with shifters and adders. This algorithm is most powerful for the hardware implementation of DCT/IDCT with constant coefficient matrix multiplication. This paper introduces the suggested algorithm, it's proof and the implementation of DCT/IDCT The implemented IDCT chip with 8 PEs(Processing Elements) and one transpose memory runs at a tate of 400 Mpixels/sec at 54MHz frequency for high speed parallel signal processing, and it's verified in HDTV and MPEG decoder.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.75-81
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• 2015

This paper proposed the new eight-parallel MDC FFT processor using the eight-parallel MDC architecture and the efficient scheduling scheme. The proposed FFT processor supports the 256-point FFT based on the modified radix-$2^6$ FFT algorithm. The proposed scheduling scheme can reduce the number of complex multipliers from eight to six without increasing delay buffers and computation cycles. Moreover, the proposed FFT processor can be used in OFDM systems required high throughput and low hardware complexity. The proposed FFT processor has been designed and implemented with a 90nm CMOS technology. The experimental result shows that the area of the proposed FFT processor is $0.27mm^2$. Furthermore, the proposed eight-parallel MDC FFT processor can achieve the throughput rate up to 2.7 GSample/s at 388MHz.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.32-38
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• 2009

FTT(Fast Fourier Transform) processor is widely used in OFDM(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplesing) system. Because of the increased requirement of mobility and bandwidth in the OFDM system, they need large point FTT processor. Since the size of memory which stores the twiddle factor coefficients are proportional to the N of FFT size, we propose a new method by which we can reduce the size of the coefficient memory. In the proposed method, we exploit a counter and unsigned multiplier to generate the twiddle factor indices. To verify the proposed algorithm, we design TFCGs(Twiddle Factor Coefficient Generator) for 1024pint FFTs with R2SDF(Radix-2 Single-Path Delay Feedback), $R2^3SDF,\;R2^3SDF,\;R2^4SDF$ architectures. The size of ROM is reduced to 1/8N. In the case of $R2^4SDF$ architecture, the area and the power are reduced by 57.9%, 57.5% respectively.