• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.37-44
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• 1998

Purpose: This study was conducted to find out the effects od Sahyangsohapwon on learning and memory of rats.Method: In the experiment, rats were divided two groups. One was control group which was adminstered Sahyangsohapwon and the other was sample group administered placebo. Numbers of each group were 13 rats. 8-arm radial maze task was used in it, and working memory test and retention(reference memory) test were done.Before the beginning of the test, the rats were deprived of water for 24hrs.In the frist test, each of eight arm was baited with water and a rat was permitted to remain on the maze until all eight arms were entered. A working memory error was defined as revisit of any previously entered arm. When a rat made an error not exceeding one time in consecutive 3 days-performance, it was regarded as learning criteria and the test was ended. The reference memory was evaluated with total days which it took rats to pass the learning crtirtia.The second test was performed after 24 hours when the first test was over. When a rat entered 4 arms, the entrance of arm was cut off during 30 seconds.Here the number if errors which was produced during a rat find remaining 4 tracks was regarded as the index of memory.This experiment compared the number of error at the control group with that of the sample group.Result: 1. In the first test, it was shown that the sample group took 7.69${\pm}$1.11 days and the control group 9.31${\pm}$1.97 days to pass the learning criteria.There was statistically significant reference mernory development at the sample group.2. In the second test, the frequency of errors made by the two groups were 0.92${\pm}$1.32 times for the control group and 1.23${\pm}$1.59 times for the Sahyangsohapwon group. There was no difference between the groups in frequency of errors.Conclusion: It is suggested that Sahyangsohapwon has effects on the improvement of learning and memory.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.65-69
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• 1998

The hippocampus and prefrontal cortex are regarded as the highest-order association cortices. The hippocampus has been proposed to store "cognitive maps" of external environments, and the prefrontal cortex is known to be involved in the planning of behavior, among other functions. Considering the prominent functional roles played by these structures, it is not surprising to find direct monosynaptic projections from the hippocampus to the prefrontal cortex. Rhythmic stimulation of this projection patterned after the hippocampal EEG theta rhythm induced stable long-term potentiation of field potentials in the prefrontal cortex. Comparison of behavioral correlates of hippocampal and prefrontal cortical neurons during an a-arm radial maze, working memory task shows a striking contrast. Hippocampal neurons exhibit clear place-specific firing patterns, whereas prefrontal cortical neurons do not show spatial selectivity, but are correlated to different stages of the behavioral task. These data lead to the hypothesis that the role of hippocampal projection to the prefrontal cortex is not to impose spatial representations upon prefrontal activity, but to provide a mechanism for learning the spatial context in which particular behaviors are appropriate.propriate.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.1-20
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• 2004

Objective : The aim of this study was to investigate effects of Angelica gigas Nakai(AGN) on the ischemic injury by intraluminal filament insertion in the rats. Methods : The ischemia was induced by intraluminal filament insertion into middle cerebral artery. AGN herbal acupuncture into SP10 was carried out during 3 weeks after ischemic injury. Eight-arm radial maze was designed for the behavioral task. AGN herbal acupuncture showed neuroprotective agents in cresyl violet, acetylcholinesterase(AchE), choline acetyltransferase(ChAT) and nerve growth factor(NGF)-stain. Then check the effect of regional cerebral blood flow(rCBF) according to AGN herbal acupuncture in rats. Results : The errors in the eight-arm radial maze task were significantly decreased in normal group compared with control group on 1~6days, AGN2(0.02g/kg) herbal acupuncture group on 1~5days, AGN3(0.1g/kg) on 1~3days, AGN4(0.5g/kg) on 1, 3~6days. The rate of correct choice was significantly increased in AGN1(0.01g/kg) and AGN4 herbal acupuncture groups. The density of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 was the most increased in normal group and AGN1, AGN3, AGN4 herbal acupuncture groups compared with control group. The density of AchE in the hippocampal CA1 had a tendency to increase in all the groups when they were compared with control group, but not significant. The density of ChAT in the hippocampal CA1 was significantly increased in normal group and AGN1, AGN4 herbal acupuncture groups compared with control group. The density of NGF in the hippocampal CA1 was significantly increased AGN4 herbal acupuncture group compared with control group. The rCBF was significantly increased in AGN1, AGN3 and AGN4 herbal acupuncture groups without the change of blood pressure. Conclusions : These results suggest that AGN herbal acupuncture can be used for controlling stroke in early stage as herbal medication.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.153-171
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• 2007

Objective : The aim of this study was to investigate effects of Gagambosim-Tang(GBT) of focal brain ischemic injury induced by intraluminal filament insertion in the rats. Method : The ischemia was induced by intraluminal filament insertion into middle cerebral artery Eight-arm radial maze was designed for the behavioral task. Gagambosim-Tang was orally administrated in SD rats for 21 days. The task was started on the 4th week after focal brain injury, and performed two trials per day for 6days. The effects of Gagambosim-Tang on neuroprotective agents in cresyl violet, choline acetyltranferase(ChAT), nerve growth factor (NGF)-stain and c-Fos with ischemic injury were investigated. Results : The errors in the eight-arm radial maze task were significantly decreased in normal group compared with control group on 2-6days, GBT lX(42.2 mg/ml)orally administrated group on 1days, GBT 6X(253.2 mg/ml) on 3, 5, 6days. The rate of correct choice was increased in normal and GBT 6X groups. The neuroprotective effect in the hippocampal CA1 was increased in normal and GBT 1X, GBT 6X groups compared with control group. The density of ChAT in the hippocampal CA1 was increased in normal and GBT6X groups compared with control group. The density of NGF in the hippocampal CA1 was increased normal and GBT6X groups compared with control group. The number of c-Fos-positive neurons in the hippocampal CA1 was increased in normal and GBT 6X groups compared with control group. Conclusion : These results suggest that Gagambosim-Tang may have protective effect on dementia.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.25-41
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• 2005

Objectives : Bambusae Caulis in Liquamen(BCL) has been used to medication for early stroke in the Oriental Medicine. So this study was planned to investigate the effects of BCL on the focal ischemia-induced by intraluminal filament insertion in the rats. Materials and methods: The focal ischemia was induced by Intraluminal Filament insertion into middle cerebral artery. BCL herbal acupuncture at ST36 was carried out during 3 weeks after focal ischemia-induced. Eight-arm radial maze was used for the behavioral task and neuroprotective effect of BCL acupuncture was observed by Cresyl violet, AchE, ChAT-stain Results : The error rate in the eight-arm radial maze task was significantly decreased in BCL1(0.89mg/kg) herbal acupuncture group compared to control group on 3,4,5days, compared to saline acupuncture group on 3,5days. The rate of correct choice was significantly increased in saline acupuncture, BCL1 herbal acupuncture group, BCL2(0.089mg/kg) herbal acupuncture groups compared to control group. The density of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 was the most increased in BCL1 herbal acupuncture group compared to the others. The density of AchE in the hippocampal CA1 was significantly increased in BCL1 herbal acupuncture, BCL2 herbal acupuncture groups compared to control group, and in BCL2 herbal acupuncture groups increased compared to saline acupuncture, control groups. The density of ChAT in the hippocampal CA1 was significantly increased in BCLl herbal acupuncture group compared to saline acupuncture, control groups. Conclusions : These results suggest that BCL herbal acupuncture could be used as a medication for controlling the early stroke.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.137-156
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• 2005

Objectives : Cnidium officinale(CO) has been used for medication for stroke in the Oriental Medicine. So this study was planned to investigate the effects of CO on the focal ischemia-induced by Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion(MCAO) in rats Materials and methods : The focal ischemia was induced by MCAO. CO extracts through oral administration and herbal acupuncture at GB2l was carried out during 3 weeks after focal ischemia-induced. Eight-arm radial maze was used for the behavioral task. For the neuroprotective effect of CO, we investigated AchE, ChAT, and NGF-expression by immnohistochemical method. Results : The error rate in the eight-arm radial maze task was significantly decreased in normal group compared to control group on 1-6days, OA-CO1(CO oral administration, 0.8g/kg) group on 1-6days, OA-CO2(CO oral administration, 1.6g/kg) group on 1-3,5,6days, HA-CO1(CO herbal acupuncture, 0.016g/kg) group on 2,3,6days, HA-CO2(CO herbal acupuncture, 0.008g/kg) group on 1-3,5,6days. The rate of correct choice was significantly increased in OA-CO1, HA-CO2. The density of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 was the most increased in OA-CO1, HA-CO1, HA-CO2. The density of ChAT in the hippocampal CA1 was increased in OA-CO1, HA-CO2. The density of ChAT in the hippocampal CA1 was significantly increased in OA-CO1, HA-CO2. The density of NGE in the hippocampal CAI was significantly increased in OA-CO1, OA-CO2, HA-CO2. Conclusions : These results suggest that CO oral administration with 0.8g/kg and CO herbal acupuncture with 0.008g/kg might be used as a regulator of cell death of cholinergic system induced by stroke.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.43-56
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• 2005

Objectives : The acupuncture has been used as treatment of disease in the oriental medicine. In this study, it was investigated at had an effects of Heart JEONGGYEOK(心正格) of SAAM five evolutive phase acupuncture techniques(舍岩五行鑛法) for appling deficiency in the heart induced by experimental focal ischemia. Materials and methods : The focal ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion for 2hours. The groups divided into 6 groups, normal(intactness group), control(no therapy group after ischemia-induced), AT1(reinforcing acupoint of Heart JEONGGYEOK : acupuncture therapy group at LR1, HT9 after ischemia-induced), AT2(reinforcing acupoint of Kidney JEONGGYEOK : acupuncture therapy group at LU8, KI7 after ischemia-induced) AT3(combination of reinforcing acupoint of Heart JEONGGYEOK and Kidney JEONGGYEOK : acupuncture therapy group at LR1, HT9, LU8, KI7 after ischemia-induced) AT4(reinforcing and reducing acupoint of Heart JEONGGYEOK : acupuncture therapy group at LR1, HT9, HT3, KI10 after ischemia-induced), AT4(reinforcing and reducing acupoint of Heart JEONGGYEOK : acupuncture therapy group at LRI, HT9, HT3, KI10 after ischemia-induced). Acupuncture therapy was carried out during 3 weeks after focal ischemia-induced. Eight-arm radial maze was used for the behavioral task and neuropretective effect of acupuncture therapy was observed by Cresyl violet, AchE, ChAT-stain. Results : The error rate in the eight-arm radial maze task was significantly decreased in AT3 group on 3days, in AT1 and AT4 groups on 4days, in AT3 and AT4 groups on 5days compared to the control group. The rate of correct choice was significantly increased AT4 group compared to the control group. The density of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 were significantly increased in all experiment groups, AT1, AT2, AT3 and AT4 groups compared to the control group. The density of AchE in the hippocampal CA1 was significantly increased in AT4 group compared to the control group. The density of ChAT in the hippocampal CA1 were significantly increased in AT1 and AT3 group compared to the control group. Conclusions : These results suggest that reinforcing and reducing acupoint of Heart JEONGGYEOK could be used as a medication for controlling the stroke by deficiency in the heart.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.67-81
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• 2005

Objectives : Cervus Elaphus(CE) has been used to medication for ischemic stroke in the Oriental Medicine. So this study was planned to investigate the effects of CE herbal acupuncture therapy(CE-HAT) on the focal ischemia-induced by intraluminal filament insertion in the rats. Materials and methods : The focal ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion for 2hours. The groups divided into 6 groups, normal(intachess group), control(no theray group after ischemia-induced), CE-HAT1(Cervus Elaphus-herbal acupuncture therapy group at LR1, HT9 after ischemia-induced), CE-HAT2(Cervus Elaphus-herbal acupuncture therapy group at LU8, KI7 after ischemia-induced), CE-HAT3(Cervus Elaphus-herbal acupuncture therapy group at LR1, HT9, LU8, KI7 after ischemia-induced), CE-HAT4(Cervus Elaphus-herbal acupuncture therapy group at LR1, HT9, HT3, KI10 after ischemia-induced). CE-HAT was carried out during 3 weeks after focal ischemia-induced. Eight-arm radial maze was used for the behavioral task and neuropretective effect of CE-HAT was observed by Cresyl violet, AchE, ChAT-stain. Results : The error rate in the eight-arm radial maze task was significantly decreased in CE-HAT1, CE-HAT2, CE-HAT4 on 3days, CE-HAT4 on 4days, CE-HAT2, CE-HAT4 on 5days, CE-HAT3, CE-HAT4 on 6days. The rate of correct choice was significantly increased in CE-HAT4. The density of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 was significantly increased in CE-HAT1, CE-HAT2, CE-HAT3, CE-HAT4, compared to control group. The density of ChAT in the hippocampal CA1 was significantly increase in CE-HAT4. The density of ChAT in the hippocampal CA1 was significantly increased CE-HAT1. Conrlusions : These results suggest that the Cervus Elaphus-herbal acupuncture therapy could be used as a medication for controlling the stroke induced by deficiency.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.119-126
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• 2019

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of task oriented training on motor and cognitive function recovery in rats with induced Alzheimer's dementia. Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to a control group (n=15) and an experimental group (n=15). Training was given three times a week, for 20 minutes a session for 4 weeks. The cognitive and motor functions of the rats were evaluated by an eight arm radial maze test and ladder rung walk test. The eight arm radial maze test showed significant differences between groups according to the time of day 14 and 28 (p<.001). The difference in measured values according to the timing of the two groups was significant (p<.001). Additionally, there was a significant difference between the time and the group interaction (p<.001). The ladder rung walk test showed significant differences between groups according to the time of day 14 and 28 (p<.001). The difference in the measured values according to the timing of the two groups was significant (p<.001), and there was a significant difference between the time and the group interaction (p<.001). As a result, task oriented training for Alzheimer's dementia rats was found to have a positive effect on recovery of motor and cognitive function.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1995.04a
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• pp.38-40
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• 1995

There have reports suggested that cerebral blood flow (CBF) has decreased in patients with both senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type and multi-infarct dementia, which are characterized by marked cognitive impairments. In addition, recent studies have demonstrated that decrease of CBF precedes the onset of multi-infarct dementia. These findings further suggest that chronic reduction of CBF may play an important role in the formation and progression of cerebral vascular dementia. Although transient cerebral ischemia, based upon vascular “reperfusion”, is apparently not paralleling the clinical condition, the transient cerebral ischemia model is one of the major methods investigated and the other is the cerebral embolism operation. Cognitive impairment and neuronal damages have been fully studied using these transient and/or embolic ischemia models. There are, however, few investigations focused the attention on the influence of chronic decrease of CBF on cognitive processes. In the present study, we have chosen a chronic ischemic model which is produced by permanent occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries (2VO) in rats to investigate the neuronal damage and cognitive deficits through radial maze performance. We investigated furtherly the effects of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), a constituent isolated from Ligusticum Chuanxiong on such a model.