• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.441-447
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• 2016

Development of shale gas has drawn increasing attention since it is one of promising alternative energy resources. However, contamination of groundwater and surface water during the extraction of shale gas is becoming a serious environmental issues, which brings the needs to treat wastewater generated from hydraulic fracking. In this study, the feasibility of membrane distillation (MD) for the treatment of shale gas wastewater was investigated using a laboratory scale experimental setup. Flat-sheet MD membranes were used to treat produced water from a shale gas well in the United States. Different configurations such as direct contact MD (DCMD) and air gap MD (AGMD) were compared in terms of flux and fouling propensity. The foulants on the surface of the membranes were examined. The results suggest that MD can treat the shale gas produced water containing more than 200,000 mg/L of total dissolved solids, which is impossible by other technologies such as reverse osmosis (RO) and forward osmosis (FO). In this study, we investigated the possibility of processing and characterization of shale gas produce wastewater using membrane distillation. Laboratory scale membrane distillation experimental device was developed. It was compared the flat-sheet direct contact membrane distillation and flat-sheet air gap membrane distillation. AGMD flux in lower than the flux of DCMD, it was expected that the contamination caused by organic matters.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 2019

In the field of water treatment membranes, polymers are used together with ceramics as the most important materials. In this review, I tried to analyze the technology trends of polymer membrane materials based on commercial products. For this purpose, according to the types of water treatment membranes such as MF (Microfiltration), UF (Ultrafiltration) and NF (Nanofiltration), the trends of polymer membrane products were investigated by countries, materials, and companies. Through this, we were able to classify the types of materials that are mainly used for each type of membrane, and at the same time, identify the companies that are dominant in the market, and analyze which materials constitute the product portfolio. Based on these results, we have presented the characteristics of the material market according to each type of membrane, and proposed a technology development strategy to enter each market based on these characteristics.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.297-304
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• 1984

The effect of dietary fish oil ( mackerel oil : MO, eel oil : EO) on energy utilization in rats was studied with measurements of various tissue lipoprotein lipase( LPL ) and live and heart mitochondrial respiration. Fatty acid composition of mitrochondrial inner membrane matrix was also investigated. Dietary fat level was 10%( w/w) and reference groups were fed soybean oil (SO), repeseed oil ( RO) and beef tallow( BT ). Activity of LPL was about 60% higher in post-heparin plasma and 2 to 3 times higher in adipose tissue of BT group than fish oil or vegetable oil group. But there was no significant difference between fish oil and vegetable oil groups. Inclusion of EO above 2% (w/w) in dietary fat with fille oil of BT, markedly reduced both post -heparin plasma and adipose tissue LPL. Effects of MO and EO were not different in adipose tissue LPL, but EO was more effective than MO, in reducing post -heparin plasma LPL when mixed fat with varying amount of fish oil was used. Hepatic mitochondria isolated from fish oil-fed group showed the lowest rate of respiration but had P/O ratio comparable to SO and BT groups. On the other hand, cardiac mitochondria of fish oil group showed no difference in all the mitochondrial respiration parameters observed RO group had lowest P/O ratio both in hepatic and cardiac mitochondria. Fatty acid compositions of mitochondrial lipid differ between SO, RO, BT and MO groups, notably in the content of $C_{22:1}$ fatty acid.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 2001

A methodology for enhancing the bond strength of a coating layer with a support has been established in preparing low-pressure reverse osmosis mO) hollow fiber which would experience shear badly in flowing feed un it. Prior to coating process, the support membrane, ultrafiltratiun polysulfone(PS) hollow fibers was pretreated with a reaction solution containing glutaraldehyde (GAl which has a good affinity to the suppurt membrane material as well as a reactivity to some of the cunstituents of cuating layer subsequently formed on the support by interfacial polymerization. Therefore, the reactant GA distributed unifonnly over the support layer through the pretreatment could provide a strong adhesive bond between the coating layer and the support, sticking fast to the support membrane through physical bond and, at the same time, connecting its functional group with the coating laycr by chemical bonding. Due to the strong adhesive bond, the resulting hollow fiber membrane showed an excellent long-tcnn stability in pcnneation.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.96-104
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• 2018

With the rapid increase in seawater desalination, the importance of boron rejection is rising. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of hydrophilic compounds on surface modification to maximize water flux and increase boron rejection. First, polyamide active layer was fabricated by interfacial polymerization of polysulfone ultrafiltration membrane with M-phenylenediamine (MPD) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC) to obtain Control polyamide membrane. Next, D-gluconic acid (DGCA) and D-gluconic acid sodium salt (DGCA-Na) were synthesized with glutaraldehyde (GA) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) by modifying the surface of Control polyamide membrane. XPS analysis was carried out for the surface analysis of the synthesized membrane, and it was confirmed that the reaction of surface with DGCA and DGCA-Na compounds was performed. Also, FE-SEM and AFM analysis were performed for morphology measurement, and polyamide active layer formation and surface roughness were confirmed. In the case of water flux, the membrane fabricated by the surface modification had a value of 10 GFD or less. However, the boron rejection of the membranes synthesized with DGCA and DGCA-Na compounds were 94.38% and 94.64%, respectively, which were 12.03 %p and 12.29 %p larger than the Control polyamide membrane, respectively.

• Mycobiology
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2015

Mushroom transformation requires a series of experimental steps, including generation of host strains with a desirable selective marker, design of vector DNA, removal of host cell wall, introduction of foreign DNA across the cell membrane, and integration into host genomic DNA or maintenance of an autonomous vector DNA inside the host cell. This review introduces limitations and obstacles related to transformation technologies along with possible solutions. Current methods for cell wall removal and cell membrane permeabilization are summarized together with details of two popular technologies, Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation and restriction enzyme-mediated integration.

• Proceedings of the Membrane Society of Korea Conference
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• 1997.10a
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• pp.129-130
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• 1997

1. 서론 : 반도체 제조공정중 wafer가공 공정에 사용되는 많은 양의 RO 초순수는 미세한 규소입자를 비롯하여 비교적 낮은 농도의 불순물을 포함하고 있으나, 현재 1차세정후 공정폐수로 전량 희석되어 폐기되고 있다. 반도체 제조공정에서 발생되는 이러한 세정폐수를 적절한 전처리와 분리막 처리를 통하여 유가물질인 Si 입자를 회수하고, 처리수를 재이용함으로써 환경오염의 감소 및 공업용수의 증대를 도모할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 고분자 분리막을 이용하여 반도체 제조공정중 발생한 세정중의 유가물질인 Si를 회수하고, 용수를 재이용하기 위하여 한외여과용 평막을 제조하여 Si 함유 폐수에 대한 막성능을 평가하였으며, 또한 상용 tubular 및 hallow fiber막의 성능과도 비교하였다.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.695-698
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• 2000

We studied the viability and function of islet with monomethoxy polyethylene glycol (mPEG) grafted onto its membrane. Islets were isolated from rat and were repeatedly reacted with activated mPEG (mw 5000) in order to increase grafting density. The density of grafted PEG on the islet membrane was confirmed by Fluorescein-PEG-NHS. An assessment of islet viability using AO / PI staining method showed that multiple PEGylation did not reduce islet viability. The function of PEG grafted islets was evaluated by measuring released insulin from islets. Insulin secreted from the PEGylated islets for 1 h did not show any significant difference compared to control (non-PEGylated) islets. In addition, PEGylated islets responded in the same pattern as control islets in the perifusion test.

• Proceedings of the Membrane Society of Korea Conference
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• 1995.10a
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• pp.29-30
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• 1995

산업폐수는 종종 희석용액 내에 많은 유독성 물질을 함유하고 있다. 산업폐수를 처리하는 분리공정으로 역삼투막과 한외여과와 같은 막분리 기술은 분리 공정이 간단하고 상변화없이 폐수용량을 크게 감소시킬 수 있고 에너지 소모가 작은 장점을 가지고 있어 그 적용이 확산되고 있다. 계면활성제의 흡착성을 이용한 한외여과 막분리는 높은 막투과속도와 계면활성제의 높은 선택성이 결합된 것인데, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate(SDS)와 같은 계면활성제를 이용하여 폐수로부터 불용성 중금속 이온과 독성의 유기물질을 분리하는 데에 적용할 수 있다. 임계미셀농도(CMC) 이상에서의 농도에서, 60~200 계면활성제 분자들이 거대분자나 미셀을 형성하면서 서로 응집된다. 그러므로 음으로 하전된 미셀과 결합된 금속 음이온은 2,000에서 10,000 범위의 분자량을 가지는데 역삼투막(RO)보다 작은 압력에서 상당히 큰 막투과속도를 가진 한외여과막에 의해 선택적으로 제거될 수 있다 본 연구의 목적은 중공사 한외여과막의 막투과속도에 미치는 인자들의 영향과, 계면활성제의 흡착성을 이용한 중공사 한외여과 막분리계 성능에 미치는 금속의 형태, S/M 몰비등의 효과를 결정하는데 있다.

• Proceedings of the Membrane Society of Korea Conference
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• 1998.04a
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• pp.8-15
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• 1998

1. 서론 : 중국에서 분리막에 관한 연구는 1965년부터 역삼투막에 관한 연구를 시작으로. 70년대 초기부터는 한외여과막(UF막)에 관한 연구가 수행되었다. 이후 정밀여과막(MF막), 기체분리막(GS막) 등에 관한 연구가 이루어져 수처리 분야 및 기체분리 공정 등에 실용화되고 있다. 특히 80년대 초기부터 10년간으 실험실 연구단계에서 산업화로 넘어온 시기로서 막분리 기술이 크게 발전되었다. 이때에 주요한 연구성과는 다음과 같다. 수행되었다. 1) 호주의 수처리 설비공장과 흥성의 8271공장은 매년 몇 천대의 나권형 모듈을 제조할 수 있는 RO막 생산라인을 건립하고, 국가해양국 항주 수처리기술개발센터의 중공사막 제조라인은 1,000만원/년의 생산능력을 갖고 있다. 2) 대형 중공사막, 나권형 모듈제조 기술이 확립되어, 국산 RO, UF모듈 및 장치는 초순수 제조 및 발전소 보일러 용수의 정화에 사용되어 수입 사용되는 외국장치를 대체하게 되었다. 3) 막분리 기술의 연구 및 응용공정 개발에 관한 연구 인력은 당시 초보적인 소수의 연구원이 형성된 이후, 지금은 전문연구인력이 400여명에 이르고 있다. 본고에서는 중국에서 응용되고 있는 분리막 기술중 RO막, UF막, MF막 및 NF막을 중심으로 기술개발 동향 및 현황을 소개하고자 한다.