• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.364-369
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• 2005

The present study was conducted to evaluate effect of Sauropus androgynus extract (SAE) on egg production and lipid metabolism in layer chickens. Forty-eight layers aged 42 weeks (strain RIR) were distributed to 6 treatment groups as follows. One group was fed diet without SAE as the control ($P_0$), and other five groups were fed diet plus hot water-extracted SAE at level of 9 g/kg diet ($W_9$), diet plus ethanol extracted SAE at level of 0.9 g/kg diet ($E_{0.9}$), diet plus ethanol extracted SAE at level of 1.8 g/kg ($E_{1.8}$), diet plus methanol extracted SAE at level of 0.9 g/kg ($M_{0.9}$), and diet plus methanol extracted SAE at level of 1.8 g/kg ($M_{1.8}$). It was shown that SAE inclusion significantly increased egg production (p<0.05). Methanol-extracted SAE groups had lower egg production than ethanol-extracted SAE group (p<0.05). SAE supplemented groups had better feed conversion efficiency than the unsupplemented group (p<0.05). It was shown that ethanol extracted SAE resulted in the lowest feed conversion efficiency among the SAE supplemented groups (p<0.05). SAE supplementation significantly reduced abdominal fat, gizzard surrounded fat, liver fat (p<0.05), serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, VLDL+LDL-c (p<0.01), atherogenic index (p<0.05), egg cholesterol and triglyceride (p<0.05), but it had no effect on mesenteric fat, sartorial fat and fatty liver score. In conclusion, SAE supplementation could increase egg production but reduced egg cholesterol.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.35-46
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• 2013

This study aims to examine the early use of Da-bo tap and their transformation by analyzing the various meanings of the term pagoda in Chinese translations, the Sanskrit version of the Lotus Sutra, as well as Dabotap in the Mogao Caves of Dunhuang. In addition, we aim to highlight changes in Dabotap usage, which started out as residential spaces, but transformed into burial spaces over time. The details can be summarized as follows. First, early Buddhist monuments were usually either pagodas serving as burial places for the dead or shrines that were not. A Dabotap is a type of pagoda enshrining the body of Prabhutaratna, and was initially used as a residential space, rather than a burial place for the dead. Second, the terms stupa and caitya are clearly distinguished from each other in the Sanskrit scriptures, and stupa is also further classified into dhatu, sarisa, and atmabhava based on the object being enshrined. In Gyeon-bo-tab-pum, the preconditions for caitya to transform into stupa is presented by explaining that worshipping the space enshrining the body of Prabhutaratna is worthy of the same status as the space enshrining sarira. Third, the Mogao Caves of Dunhuang had been depicted from the Western Wei of the Northern Dynasties until the time of the Yuan Dynasty. It was used as a residential space until the early Sui Dynasty, but was used as both residence and burial places until the Tang Dynasty when pagodas were first being constructed with wheel or circles forms on top, which then gradually changed into stupa (grave towers).

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.77-84
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to develop the housing welfare indicators for evaluating housing welfare policies conducted by the Korean government. The contents of this research were as follows: as a phrase of setting up the development of housing welfare indicators, the scope of housing welfare and the direction of developing housing welfare indicators were settled. Second, as a phrase of drawing the housing welfare indicators, the indicators were categorized and selected. Third, as a phrase of applying the housing welfare indicators, the indicators in this research were quantified, and suggest the housing welfare from 2000 to 2005. As a result of this research, selected housing welfare indicators were settled as follows: the housing welfare indicators comprise 9 in the department of 'House', 4 in the department of 'Community', and 6 in the department of 'Policy Environment' (19 in total). Indicators were (1) Ratio of housing with Flush Toilets (2) Ratio of housing with Kitchen Sink (3) Ratio of housing with Bath facilities (4) Ratio of housing provided water supply (5) Ratio of housing supplied a sewage system (6) Floor Space per person (7) Number of persons per Room (8) PIR (9) RIR (10) Community Facilities Space per person (11) Urban Park Space per person (12) Journey to work (13) Crime Ratio (14) Number of Houses per 1,000 persons (15) Ratio of Substandard housing of the Minimum Housing Standard (16) Ratio of Irregular Dwelling Households (17) Ratio of Owner Occupant (18) Ratio of compulsory immigration (19) Ratio of Long-term Public Social Houses. The housing welfare indicators developed in this research will be used for the comprehensive assessment of the results of housing welfare policies and the establishment of housing policies as a basic material in the future.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.1586-1590
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• 2004

An experiment was carried out with day-old "Sonali" (♂RIR$\times$♀Fayoumi) chicks to investigate the efficacy of locally made low cost brooders for brooding chicks in rural areas. Three types of indigenous brooders viz. charcoal, haricane and sawdust brooders were used for brooding chicks throughout the experimental period of 28 days. The efficiency of the brooders was observed in respect of their ability to maintain temperature, fluctuation in temperature during operation and cost effectiveness. Following initial trial of temperature maintenance for 48 h, the chicks were put under the brooder stoves and brooded up to 28 days. The experimental birds were fed on chick starter diet. Maintenance of temperature with sawdust brooders was found satisfactory and optimum for brooding the chicks at different stages of brooding and at the same time involved least cost for brooding in comparison with charcoal and haricane brooders which did not perform well in generating heat necessary for brooding and were not economically feasible for poor farmers. On the other hand, performance of charcoal brooders was better in respect of temperature maintenance during initial stage (when the brooder was started) but the temperature fluctuated rapidly, whereas fluctuation of temperature was gradual in sawdust brooders. Body weight gain and feed conversion were best in sawdust brooders. Survivability was highest in sawdust brooders and lowest in haricane brooders. Sawdust brooders may be appropriate for brooding chicks in rural areas, where electricity is not available.

• Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.154-161
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• 2021

A number of Korean Chicken breeds were registered in Domestic Animal Diversity Information System (DAD-IS, http://dad.fao.org/) of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Evaluation of genetic diversity and relationship of local breeds is an important factor towards the identification of unique and valuable genetic resources. Therefore, this study aimed to analysis the genetic diversity and relationship of 22 Korean Chicken breeds using 12 microsatellite (MS) markers. The mean number of alleles for each variety was 5.52, ranging from a 3.75 (Leghorn F; NF) to a 7.0 (Ross). The most diverse breed was the Hanhyup3 (HCC), which had the highest expected heterozygosity (H_Exp) (0.754) and polymorphic information content (PIC) (0.711). The NF was the least diverse population, having the lowest H_Exp (0.467) and PIC (0.413). As a result of the principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and factorial correspondence analysis (FCA) confirmed that Hy-line Brown (HL) and Lohmann Brown (LO) are very close to each other and that Leghorn and Rhode Island Red (RIR) are clearly distinguished from other groups. Thus, the reliability and power of identification using 12 types of MS markers were improved, and the genetic diversity and probability of individual discrimination were confirmed through statistical analysis. This study is expected to be used as basic data for the identification of Korean chicken breeds, and our results indicated that these multiplex PCR marker sets will have considerable applications in population genetic structure analysis.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.185-194
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• 2013

Microsatellite markers have been a useful genetic tool in determining diversity, relationships and individual discrimination studies of livestock. The level of genetic diversity, relationships among two Korean indigenous chicken brand populations (Woorimatdag: WR, Hanhyup3: HH) as well as two pure populations (White Leghorn: WL, Rhode Island Red: RIR) were analyzed, based on 26 MS markers. A total of 191 distinct alleles were observed across the four chicken populations, and 47 (24.6%) of these alleles were unique to only one population. The mean $H_{Exp}$ and PIC were estimated as 0.667 and 0.630. Nei's $D_A$ genetic distance and factorial correspondence analysis (FCA) showed that the four populations represented four distinct groups. However, the genetic distance between each Korean indigenous chicken brand (WR, HH) and the pure population (WL, RIR) were threefold that among the WR and HH. For the STRUCTURE analyses, the most appropriate number of clusters for modeling the data was determined to be three. The expected probabilities of identity among genotypes of random individuals (PI) were calculated as $1.17{\times}10^{-49}$ (All 26 markers) and $1.14{\times}10^{-15}$, $7.33{\times}10^{-20}$ (9, 12 with the highest PI value, respectively). The results indicated that the brand chicken breed traceability system employing the own highest PI value 9 to 12 markers, and might be applicable to individual identification of Korean indigenous chicken brand.

• Clean Technology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.320-326
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• 2013

Nano-sized PtRu-Ni/VC and PtRu-Sn/VC electrocatalysts were synthesized by a one-step radiation-induced reduction (RIR) (30 kGy) process using distilled water as the solvent and Vulcan XC-72 as the supporting material. The obtained electrocatalysts were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscope energy dispersive spectroscopic (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. The catalytic efficiency of electrocatalysts was examined for oxygen reduction, MeOH oxidation and CO stripping decreased in the following order, Hydrogen stripping : PtRu-Sn/VC > PtRu-Ni/VC > PtRu/VC$^{(R)}$ (E-TEK). MeOH oxidation : PtRu-Sn/VC > PtRu-Ni/VC > PtRu/ VC$^{(R)}$ (E-TEK). Unit cell performance : PtRu-Sn/VC > PtRu-Ni/VC > PtRu/VC$^{(R)}$ (E-TEK) catalysts.

• KOREAN POULTRY JOURNAL
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• v.5 no.10 s.48
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• pp.57-72
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• 1973

1. 육추율, 육성율, 성계생존율 육추율은 99.9$\%$로서 1회 98.5$\%$, 2회 99.2$\%$, 3회 99.8$\%$, 4회 98.3$\%$, 5회 98.7$\%$, 6회 99.7$\%$와 비슷하였다. 육성율은 평균 98.8$\%$로서 1회 97.5$\%$, 2회 97.2$\%$, 3회 96.6$\%$, 4회 97.9$\%$와는 큰차가 없었고 5회 89.7$\%$ 6회 87.1$\%$ 보다는 약 12$\%$가 높게 나타났다. 이는 MD 백신접종 때문인 것으로 생각되며 성계생존율은 평균 86.3$\%$로서 87.3$\%$ 보다는 약 1$\%$낮았고 1회 80.3$\%$ 2회 84.8$\%$보다는 약 4.6$\%$ 높고 3회 71.8$\%$, 5회 71.4$\%$, 6회 75.3$\%$에 비하면 19$\%$나 높았다. 2. 성성숙일령 전체평균은 157.3일로 가장 빠른 구는 4구의 146일이고 가장 늦은 구는 10구와 17구의 161일이였다. 3. 산란율, 산란지수 산란율은 평균 62.0$\%$이고 가장 높은 구는 15구의 68.9$\%$ 이였다. 산란지수는 평균 205.1개로 1회 190.8, 2회 198.3, 3회 184.2, 5회 186.5, 6회 189.7개에 비하여 높고 4회때와 근사하였다. 4. 사료요구율 전체평균 3.23으로 1회 3.54, 2회 3.1과는 근사하나 3회 2.98, 4회 2.87 5회 2.83에 비하여 낮은 것은 사양표준은 작년도와 같으나 원료사료 특히 단백질 사료의 품질저하에 원인이 있었다. 5. 난평균 중량 검정계군 전체의 평균난중은 61.2g으로 최상위구는 64.70g, 최하위구는 58.3g이였다. 6. 체중 검정계의 전체의 평균제중은 300일령 1925.1g, 500일 1938.4g이며 유색품종은 300일령 1986.7g, 500일령 1948.4g이였다. 7. 사료섭취량 사료섭취량 평균은 1일수당 육추기 32.1g 육성기 73.0g 산란기 115.6g이었다. 8. 경제성 총 수입은 7,269,072.34으로 전체수입의 85$\%$가 계란수입이고 15$\%$는 폐계수입이었다. 지출은 5049,690으로 전체 지출의 99.95$\%$가 사료비 0.05$\%$가 초생추대이었다. 9. 후기 검정수수미달은 참고구로 처리하였고 축산시험장과 대천종축장에서는 당초부터 참고구로 출품하였다. 대신의 개리슨, 신기의 하바드 코메트는 수정율이 낮아서 검정수수가 미달되었으며 영국의 Sykes International Co. 에서 출품한 Sykes Tinted(WL$\times$RIR BX)는 출품회사에서 직접 종란을 항공편에 보내 인수 부화하여 검정하였다. 7회 부터는 초생추에 MD(뎁타백) 백신을 하여 초산전후에 폐사율이 적었으며 72년 11월부터 국산어분에 의한 염도의 과다에 의하여 약 2주일 설사를 하여 상당히 스트레스를 받은 바 있었다.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.115-120
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• 2013

Thyroid hormone (TH) plays a role in growth of the poultry. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates production and distribution of TH, and is a heterodimer which is formed by ${\alpha}$- and ${\beta}$-subunits. Most of TSH activity is known to rely on ${\beta}$-subunit. TSH-${\beta}$ gene is located on chicken chromosome 26 and associated with growth performances. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association of TSH- ${\beta}$ SNP (G1031C) with economic traits (layday, layw, layno, bw150, bw270, layw270) in Korean Native Black chicken, Rhode Island Red and Cornish. Allele frequency of GG genotype in Rhode Island Red (RIR) was found to be 1.00 in this study. A significant effect was only observed on body weight at day 150 in Cornish. In Cornish, body weights of chicken with the CC genotype ($302.15{\pm}6.336$) were significantly higher than that of the GG genotype ($294.56{\pm}4.537$) (p<0.05). These findings suggest that the G1031C SNP of TSH-${\beta}$ gene can be used for improvement of growth-related traits in Cornish.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.12
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• pp.1896-1904
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• 2020

Objective: Estimating the genetic diversity and structures, both within and among chicken breeds, is critical for the identification and conservation of valuable genetic resources. In chickens, microsatellite (MS) marker polymorphisms have previously been widely used to evaluate these distinctions. Our objective was to analyze the genetic diversity and relationships among 22 chicken breeds in Asia based on allelic frequencies. Methods: We used 469 genomic DNA samples from 22 chicken breeds from eight Asian countries (South Korea, KNG, KNB, KNR, KNW, KNY, KNO; Laos, LYO, LCH, LBB, LOU; Indonesia, INK, INS, ING; Vietnam, VTN, VNH; Mongolia, MGN; Kyrgyzstan, KGPS; Nepal, NPS; Sri Lanka, SBC) and three imported breeds (RIR, Rhode Island Red; WLG, White Leghorn; CON, Cornish). Their genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships were analyzed using 20 MS markers. Results: In total, 193 alleles were observed across all 20 MS markers, and the number of alleles ranged from 3 (MCW0103) to 20 (LEI0192) with a mean of 9.7 overall. The NPS breed had the highest expected heterozygosity (H_exp, 0.718±0.027) and polymorphism information content (PIC, 0.663±0.030). Additionally, the observed heterozygosity (H_obs) was highest in LCH (0.690±0.039), whereas WLG showed the lowest H_exp (0.372±0.055), H_obs (0.384±0.019), and PIC (0.325±0.049). Nei's DA genetic distance was the closest between VTN and VNH (0.086), and farthest between KNG and MGN (0.503). Principal coordinate analysis showed similar results to the phylogenetic analysis, and three axes explained 56.2% of the variance (axis 1, 19.17%; 2, 18.92%; 3, 18.11%). STRUCTURE analysis revealed that the 22 chicken breeds should be divided into 20 clusters, based on the highest ΔK value (46.92). Conclusion: This study provides a basis for future genetic variation studies and the development of conservation strategies for 22 chicken breeds in Asia.