• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.66-74
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• 2004

Since 1960s urban streams in Seoul have been dried and polluted because of urbanization. So, these devastated urban stream environment need to be restored for the better life of residents. Since 1995 stream restoration project which is called Natural-Style Stream Project have begun. However, some projects focused on the restoration of park-style open space rather than restoration of stream environment. As a result there are some stream landscapes to be improved. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the current status of urban stream landscape after Natural Style Stream Project and to propose the alternatives for the urban stream landscape improvement. The study site is Yangjae stream, Seoul.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture Conference
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• 2023.04a
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• pp.118-120
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• 2023

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.25-42
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to present the basic data for management of ecologically restored stream by surveying and analysing the vascular plants distributed in Chunghyocheon stream, Gyeongju-si. The survey of vascular plants in this site was conducted before and after restoration. The number of vascular plants were summarized as 276 taxa including 68 families, 188 genera, 242 species, 1 subspecies, 29 varieties and 4 forms. The rare plants were 2 taxa including Prunus yedoensis Matsum. and Iris ensata var. spontanea (Makino) Nakai, and the Korean endemic plant was Lespedeza maritima Nakai. The specific plants by floristic region were 13 taxa including 1 taxa of grade V, 3 taxa of grade III, 1 taxa of grade II and 8 taxa of grade I. The naturalized plants were 62 taxa including Persicaria orientalis (L.) Spach, Lepidium virginicum L., Poa compressa L. and so forth. The invasive alien plants were 3 taxa including Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Aster pilosus Willd. and Lactuca scariola L.. The hydrophytes were 34 taxa including 26 taxa of emergent plant, 1 taxa of floating-leaved plant, 2 taxa of free-floating plant and 5 taxa of submerged plant.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.39-49
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• 1999

Urban streams have, recently, been straightened and widened to alleviate flooding problem. As a result, the stream have been modified inadvertently for ecological functions and microtopography. In this study, we investigated riparian vegetation and microtopography of the tributaries of Han River before and after the monsoon rain in summer. The purpose of this study was to relate the stream microtopography to the distribution of riparian vegetation. The stream microtopography was investigated for its scale and pattern. Vegetation was investigated from 131 plots by Braun-Blanquet method. The distribution of riparian vegetation was significantly correlated with the stream microtopography. Various herbaceous species occurred at stream bank slop, high terrace and channel side. However, at channel side and concave part of terrace where soils were in high moisture level, only a few wetland species were dominated. The complexity of the microtopography in the stream corridors led to heterogeneous riparian vegetation. The vegetation showed more stability against flooding at the stream corridors with natural and complex microtopography than at the urban-type stream corridors with simple topographical features. The results showed that the development of riparian vegetation was influenced by the changes in microtopography, which was primarily determined by the shape and characteristics of channel. It seemed that a close-to-nature river system would be restored more readily with an understanding of microtopographical features affecting the distribution of riparian vegetation.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.261-273
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• 2018

This study investigated the characteristics of fish communities in the streams flowing into the Han river in Seoul in May 2016 through April 2017. The investigated streams were Ui stream, Danghyeon stream, Cheonggye stream, Yangjae stream, Mokgam stream, Dorim stream, and Hongje stream, which were restored to their natural form. We collected 41 species of 10 families using skimming nets and cast nets from 21 points during the investigation period. There were 7 Korean endemic species, or 17.1% in collected species, such as Acheilognathus yamatsutae, Acheilognathus gracilis, Scrcocheilichthys nigripinnis morii, Squalidus japonicus coreanus, Zacco koreanus, Coreoperca herzi, and Odontobutis interruta. There were 5 (12.2%) exotic species: Cyprinus carpio (fancy type), Carassius auratus (goldfish), Carassius cuvieri, Lepomis macrochirus, and Micropterus salmoides. The dominant species were Zacco platypus, Carassius auratus, Acheilognathus lanceolatus, Acheilognathus gracilis, and Oryzias sinensis. The Yangjae stream showed more stable fish community than other streams as it showed higher species diversity, and evenness and richness indices. Regarding the fish tolerance guild according to water quality, there were 3 (7.3%) sensitive species, 16 (39.0%) intermediate species, and 22 (56.7%) tolerant species. Twelve (29.3%) were insectivore species, 23 (56.1%) were omnivore species, and 6 (14.6%) were carnivore species, indicating the dominating presence of omnivore fish species.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.537-548
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the species composition and the aquatic environment of Jojong Stream and Sudong Stream, which were the original habitats of Zacco koreanus population and restored population re-introduced in Bongseonsa Stream. It also compared and analyzed the states of the growth and reproductive ability of Z. koreanus habiting in each of the three streams. The investigation was conducted in June 2016 which was known as the spawning season of Z. koreanus. The results of the physical aquatic environments showed the slight differences in altitude, width and depth of water among three streams, but the bottom structure was found to be quite different in the composition of the boulder, cobble, and pebble among the streams. The result of the physicochemical aquatic environment analysis showed that there were no significant differences in water temperature, pH, DO, BOD, and EC among the three stream. In the fish fauna investigation, 530 individuals of 11 species of 3 families were collected in Bongseonsa Stream, 293 individuals of 12 species of 4 families were collected in Jojong Stream, and 361 individuals of 11 species of 4 families were collected in Sudong Stream. All three streams were dominated by Z. koreanus and Z. platypus. Six Korean endemic species appeared in each of the three streams, showing the high occurrence rate of indigenous species of 50.0% or more. The aggregation index analysis revealed that the mean dominance index ranged from 0.63 (${\pm}0.05$, BS) to 0.72(${\pm}0.01$, JJ), mean diversity index from 1.55 (${\pm}0.06$, JJ) to 1.78 (${\pm}0.11$, BS), mean evenness index from 0.71 (${\pm}0.03$, JJ) to 0.76 (${\pm}0.02$, BS), and mean richness index from 1.61 (${\pm}0.33$, JJ) to 1.73 (${\pm}0.24$, SD). The result indicated that the observed differences between the stream community indices were statistically nonsignificant. The similarity analysis showed that 75.4% similarity was divided into two groups of A and B and that the fish fauna on each analyzed point was similar. The quantitative habitat evaluation index (QHEI) analysis showed that the average value of QHEI was 151.0 (${\pm}46.0$), which means that it was a suboptimal habitat environment. The result of length-weight analysis of Z. koreanus populations showed that the regression coefficient b of the restoration population and the original habitat population were at 3.0 or higher while the condition factor had a positive slope. Moreover, it was found that the slopes of the regression coefficient b and condition factor of the original habitat population were larger than the restored population. The analysis of the length frequency distribution of the Z. koreanus population revealed that all three streams maintained the stable life cycle although it was found that the growth rate of the original habitat population was faster than the restored population in the one-year-old class. The result of the gonadosomatic index (GSI) analysis showed that the GSI median value of the Z. koreanus population in the restored habitat Bongseonsa Stream was higher than the population in the original habitat Jojong Stream and Sudong Stream for both of males and females.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.69-72
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• 2008

The movement of sediments in the stream crossing a large industrial complex to the mouth of Masan Bay was monitored for eight years. Sediment samples were seasonally collected in the period of $1992{\sim}1997$ and $2001{\sim}2002$. The heavy metal content of sediment was found to be higher at dry season with the peak on February and significantly decreased at rainy season. Metals content in stream sediments were rapidly decreased by large precipitation events in rainy season because the contaminants in the upstream sediments were transported to the dredged area of Masan Bay where is a typical enclosed bay in Korea. The increasing and decreasing tendency of heavy metals in sediment was repeatedly observed for six consecutive years. The heavy metals assessment of stream sediment provide us the information about the pollutant source, transport pattern and control strategy along the industrial complex. It was strongly suggested that the transportable stream sediments of an industrial area should be controlled as one of the important strategies to restore and manage the enclosed bay. Combined wastewaters have been collected and treated in a publicly owned treatment works (POTW) after industrial wastewater treatment at each location of industries since 1994. A field study was conducted to investigate the pollutant removal efficiency and performance of contact oxidation system installed and operated in two locations in the stream. The stream sediment quality was improved since then, and as a consequence the habitat of the estuary has been restored.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.3 no.4 s.11
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• pp.131-143
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to develop a new method for evaluation of stream naturalness in order to promote stream managers' understanding on importance of improving stream naturalness, and in order to appraise and prescribe for streams effectively in the process of ecological restoration of stream corridors. In order to analyze the evaluation method of stream naturalness and its applicability to streams, stream naturalness index(SNI) which has seven factors such as channel development, longitudinal profile, lateral section, stream bed structure, low flow channel structure, stream surroundings and water quality was suggested in this paper. For case studies, Bokha stream was selected for the evaluation of stream naturalness. At the Bokha stream, the scores of SNI factors were in range of $2.2{\sim}3.8$, and the average of SNI was 3.1, and the most frequent grade of SNI factors was grade 3. Among the 7 factors, the best was lateral section, and the worst was channel development. In this study, SNI grade can represent the characteristics of stream naturalness well and select the streams which will be restored, and can also decide the segment and the method of restoration for deteriorated streams.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.508-523
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• 2017

This study monitored the changes before and after restoration of ecological stream focusing on the places which are applied Sustainable Structured wetland Biotop (SSB) system and ecological Fish-way for restoration of Maeno stream. A total of 11 species and 191 individuals of fishes were founded out which were not verified inhabitation before restoration at SSB wetlands. Especially, it was could identified that micro habitat and healthy Fish-way was created because the restored target species, Microphysogobio yaluensis and Iksookimia koreensis were identified that habitation was monitored in SSB wetland. Amphibian have been restored to a number of Rana nigromaculata found in and around wetlands at the time of the third survey, which is highly active after restoration. Specified endangered species class 1 and natural monuments designated by the Ministry of Environment, Lutra lutra lutra, as a Mammalian, uses the wetlands and ecological Fish-way as habitat areas, and the his habitat is restored. In the case of Flora, vascular plants emerging in the survey area were increased to 7 and 13 species before restoration and 15 and 19 species directly after restoration, and 22 species and 33 species after restoration. Vegetation after restoration was found to be a basic producer of various ecosystems and a plant community that contributes to the purification of water quality such as Phragmites japonica communities. As the result of water quality monitoring, the average of treatment efficiencies were BOD 64.3%, T-N 47.2%, T-P 80.7%. Successful treatment of the nonpoint pullution source, which is a limiting factor to disturb the ecosystem, creatively restored the target species in the water quality class I, II.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2004.05b
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• pp.516-520
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• 2004

Stream Naturalness means the index of natural state in stream's ecosystem. The evaluation of stream naturalness can evaluate relatively the effect of environmental damages by human and to show how significantly current stream has been apart from its natural state. And it could be show what is the meaning of importance in stream's ecosystem by such distinctions and it Is done by showing the need how a large scale of action for restoration to be restored to natural state of stream system. In this study, a set of index for Stream Naturalness evaluation is proposed, which is referred to and modified problems with domestic and foreign study cases. This methodology is supposed to show well the characteristics of stream in Korea. A case study of Hong-Chun River shows how this methodology is applied to the Stream Naturalness evaluation. For improving the function of river which are water use and flood control and for preserving the function of inhabitation, the proposed methodology is expected to be used a index of direction for a environmental project related stream improvement by evaluation of ecologically sound function in streams.