• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.63-66
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• 2009

Purpose: ACR (American College of Radiology) offers variable parameters to PET/CT quality control by using ACR Phantom. ACR Phantom was made to evaluate parameters which are uniformity, attenuation, scatter, contrast and resolution. Manual analysis method wasn't good for the use of QC because values of parameter were changed as it may user and it takes long time to analysis. Ki-Chun Lim, a nuclear scientist in AMC, developed program that automatically analysis values of parameter by using ACR Phantom to overcome above problems. In this study, we evaluated automatic analysis program's usability, through the comparing SUV of each method, reproducibility of SUV when repeated analysis and the time required. Materials and Methods: Using Flangeless Esser PET Phantom, the ideal ratio of 4 : 1 hot cylinder and BKG but it actually showed a ratio of 3.89 to 1 hot cylinder and BKG. SIEMENS Biograph True Point 40 was used in this study. We obtained images using ACR phantom at Fusion WB PET Scan condition (2 min/bed) and 120 kV, 100 mAs CT condition. Using True X method, 3 iterations, 14 subsets, Gaussian filter, FWHM 4 mm and Zoom Factor 1.0, $168{\times}168$ image size. We obtained Max. & Min. SUV and SUV Mean values at Cylinder (8, 12, 16, 25 mm, Air, Bone, Water, BKG) by automatic program and obtained SUV by manual method. After that, we compared manual and automatic method. we estimate the time required from opened the image data to final work sheet was completed. Results: Automatic program always showed same result and same the time required. At 8, 12, 16 and 25 m cylinder, manual method showed 6.69, 3.46, 2.59, 1.24 CV values. The larger cylinder size became, the smaller CV became. In manual method, bone, air, water's CV were over 9.9 except BKG (2.32). Obtained CV of Mean SUV showed BKG was low (0.85) and bone was high (7.52). The time required was 45 second, 882 second respectably. Conclusions: As a result of difference automatic method and manual method, automatic method showed always same result, manual method showed that the smaller hot cylinders became, the lager CV became. Hot cylinders mean region size, the smaller hot cylinder size becomes we had some trouble in doing ROI poison setting. And it means increase in variation of SUV. The Study showed the time required of automatic method was shorten then manual method.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.497-505
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• 2018

In a situation where the amount of bulky waste needs to be quantified, a three-dimensional model of the wastes can be constructed using drones. This study constructed a drone-based 3D model with a range of flight parameters and a GCPs survey, analyzed the relationship between the accuracy and time required, and derived a suitable drone application technique to estimate the amount of waste in a short time. Images of waste were photographed using the drone and auto-matching was performed to produce a model using 3D coordinates. The accuracy of the 3D model was evaluated by RMSE calculations. An analysis of the time required and the characteristics of the top 15 models with high accuracy showed that the time required for Model 1, which had the highest accuracy with an RMSE of 0.08, was 954.87 min. The RMSE of the 10th 3D model, which required the shortest time (98.27 min), was 0.15, which is not significantly different from that of the model with the highest accuracy. The most efficient flight parameters were a high overlapping ratio at a flight altitude of 150 m (60-70% overlap and 30-40% sidelap) and the minimum number of GCPs required for image matching was 10.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.509-515
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• 2021

This study analyzes the efficient floor layout plan of classrooms for securing evacuation stability in school in case of fire by using the Pathfinder simulation program. Efficient evacuation methods and safety were evaluated by analyzing REST (Required Safe Egress Time) according to the allocation of personnel by floor targeting a high school 5-story building equipped with a ramp and stairs. The current status of personnel assignments exceeded the Required Safe Egress Time(RSET), resulting in a problem with evacuation safety. When students were placed on the 3rd, 4th, and 5th floors, the result was that the time exceeded RSET the most. When students were placed on the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd floors, the result was that they completed evacuation in the shortest time, less than RSET. In the current state, when evacuation was guided by designating an evacuation exit depending on the location, the result of shortening RSET was obtained. As a result, it is effective to put the students on the lower floors when placing students in high-rise school buildings in terms of evacuation safety, and in the preliminary training, it is required to designate evacuation exits so that they can use the nearest exit for each location in case of a fire. As a future research project, additional research is needed on the RSET when a fire occurs in a specific location according to whether the automatic fire door at that location is opened or closed.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.421-435
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• 2022

The necessity of estimating the time and cost required for tunnel construction has led to extensive research in this regard. Since geological conditions are significant factors in terms of time and cost of road tunnels, considering these conditions is crucial. Uncertainties about the geological conditions of a tunnel alignment cause difficulties in planning ahead of the required construction time and costs. In this paper, the continuous-space, discrete-state Markov process has been used to predict geological conditions. The Monte-Carlo (MC) simulation (MCS) method is employed to estimate the construction time and costs of a road tunnel project using the input data obtained from six tunneling expert questionnaires. In the first case, the input data obtained from each expert are individually considered and in the second case, they are simultaneously considered. Finally, a comparison of these two modes based on the technique presented in this article suggests considering views of several experts simultaneously to reduce uncertainties and ensure the results obtained for geological conditions and the construction time and costs.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.37-57
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• 2017

An arbitrator in Pakistan is required to file an arbitral award in a civil court of competent jurisdiction for its recognition and enforcement if an arbitral award is domestic or before the concerned High Court if the arbitral award is international. The court of law is required to issue a decree upon submitted arbitral award if an interested party do not apply for modification or remission of an arbitral award and do not challenge it for setting it aside or for revocation of its recognition and enforcement within a prescribed time limit. The challenging process of an arbitral award can be started by the aggrieved party of an arbitration agreement at the seat of arbitration or at the place where recognition and enforcement of an arbitral award is sought. The aggrieved party to an arbitration agreement is required to challenge an arbitral award within a prescribed time limit if contracting parties have not excluded the right to challenge an arbitral award. Limitation for challenging an arbitral award in Pakistan is 30 days under article 158 of the Limitation Act 1908, starting from the date of service of notice of filling of an arbitral award before the court of law. Generally, 90 days are given for an appeal against decision of the civil court of law under section 96 of the Code of Civil Procedure 1908, it is therefore highly recommended that challenging time of an arbitral award should be increased from 30 to 90 days.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.43 no.7
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• pp.648-656
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• 2015

Active SAR satellite's main maneuver is roll axis maneuver to change SAR antenna direction. In addition, yaw steering is required to minimize the doppler centroid variation. Thus, it is resonable to assign the torque/momentum capacity mostly to roll axis and then yaw axis. In this case, the pitch axis shows low agility performance. However, due to orbit maintenance, large angle maneuver about pitch axis is sometimes required. In this paper, we study the pitch axis maneuver time reduction through sequential rotation about roll and yaw axis. Since these two axes have high agility performance than pitch axis, maneuver time reduction is possible when large angle rotation about pitch axis is required.

• IE interfaces
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.450-462
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• 2003

In this paper, we deal with a process and layout design for producing a planned amount of Sikhye in a given limited time period under a reasonable production schedule. We represent a Sikhye production line as a vector N, the element of which denotes the number of tanks required in each process and our objective is to find an appropriate vector which minimizes the total investment cost. We suggest a systematic method for finding an appropriate N and an appropriate layout to N. In detail, first, we decide the required sequence of processes and the required operations for each process and we estimate standard operating times. Second, constructing a precedence diagram, we find a critical path in order to reduce the total production lead time for a batch of Sikhye. Third, given a limited N space, we manage to construct manually each production schedule using both the processing times of the critical operations and transfer times. Finally, we find an optimal vector N which gives a minimum investment cost and meets both the time constraint and quantity constraint. In addition, with the estimated relative size of each tank, we suggest an appropriate conceptual layout design including an expansion area for future demands, based on the span technique used in the field of architectural design.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.1292-1295
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• 2005

Effects of the Seokchangpo-Wonji-Tang on recovery from disorder of stomach, liver and mental-faculty in alcoholism were studied using male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were assigned into 4 groups; normal, control and Seokchangpo-Wonji-Tang(SWT) group. Control group administered ethanol(25 v/v %) at a dose 3g/kg, while SWT group administered 50mg/kg of SWT 30min before treating same dose of ethanol as control group for 10 days, orally. The gastric ulceration and also GOT and GPT activities in rats were checked, and all groups were subjected to trials of straight channel on the 1st day and to those of multiple T-maze during the following 3 days. The gastric ulceration, GOT and GPT activities were increased in control group, but decreased in SWT group significantly. The time required in normal group for the straight channel of the 2nd and 3rd trials was significantly shorter than that of the 1 st, while the control group showed no significance. In the time required for the multiple T-maze trials, the control group showed no significance. But in the straight or T-maze trials, the SWT group showed significant decrease in the time required against the control group.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.696-700
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• 2022

We performed distal bypass and free flap transfer in a single-stage operation to repair an extensive soft tissue defect in an ischemic foot of an 84-year-old woman. The nutrient artery of the free flap was anastomosed to the bypass graft in an end-to-side manner. Subsequently, the bypass graft became occluded on several occasions. Although intravascular and surgical interventions were performed each time, the bypass graft eventually became completely occluded. However, despite late occlusion of the nutrient artery, the free flap has remained viable and the patient is ambulatory. The time required for a transplanted free flap to become completely viable without a nutrient artery is likely longer for an ischemic foot compared with a healthy foot. However, the exact period of time required is not known. A period of month was required in our patient. We report this case to help clarify the process by which a free flap becomes viable when applied to an ischemic foot.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers A
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• v.51 no.7
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• pp.349-361
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• 2002

Occasionally, equipment in a distribution system fails due to damage from weather, vandalism, or other causes. Failures and unexpected events do not always occur as and where expected. Therefore, a good contingency plan, multi-zone or otherwise, provides flexibility by locating switches at various strategic locations so that parts of a feeder can be picked up in the event of line outages at various places. It is possible to create feeder system layout that achieve remarkable contingency support economics, even as their normal peak loading levels approach thermal capacity, by utilizing six, seven, or even nine switchable zones per feeder. But many switchable zones per feeder are of questionable practicality and effectiveness, because of the complexity and time required for the switching operation. In practice, a zonal scheme with between three and four zones will usually provide complete contingency backup for all feeders. Line switches have both capital and maintenance costs, the planning for multi-zonal schemes is considerably more difficult than or loop or single-zone systems, and the required switching operations required during contingencies take more time. But multi-zonal schemes are used because these costs come to far less than the cost of additional capacity required for loop or single-zone. In this paper, we present the optimal number of switchable zones per feeder in Kora distribution system.