• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2002년도 심포지엄
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• pp.29-30
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• 2002

The goal of this research was to develop the effectiveness of in vitro culture method for A. formosanus and study the environment in vitro conditions affecting on growth. The first series of experiments were examined to investigate the response of three different basal media, MS (Murashige and Skoog, 1962), Knudson (KC; Knudson, 1946) and modified hyponex on growth and multiplication during in vitro culture. Multiple shoot proliferation was induced in shoot tip explants on Hyponex (H3) media supplemented with BA (1 mg1$\^$-1/) or TDZ (1-2 mg1$\^$-1/). Addition of activated charcoal (1%) to the TDZ containing medium promoted rapid shoot tip proliferation (11.1 shoots per explant) but the same medium had an opposite effect resulting in poor proliferation in the nodal explants. However, the regenerated shoots had slow growth rate and failed to elongate. This problem was overcome by transferring the shoot clumps to a hormone free H3 media supplemented with 2% sucrose and 0.5% activated charcoal. Using bioreactor culture for scaling up was also shown the best way for multiple shoot induction and growth of this plant. The second series of experiments was studied to investigate the effect of physical environment factors on growth of in vitro plantlets. The Anoectochilus formosanus plantlets were cultured under different air exchange rate (0.1, 0.9, 1.2h$\^$-1/), without sucrose or supplement 20g.1$\^$-1/ (photoautotrophic or photomixotrophic, respectively), and different photosynthesis photon flux (40, 80, 120 ,${\mu}$mol.m$^2$.s$\^$-1/- PPF). Under non-enrichment CO$_2$ treatment, slow growth was observed in photoautotrophical condition as compared with photomixotrophical condition on shoot height, fresh weigh and dry weight parameters; High air exchange (1.2.h-l) was found to be inadequate for plant growth in photomixotrophical condition. On the contrary, under CO$_2$, enrichment treatment, the plant growth parameters were sharply (visibly) improved on photoautotrophic treatments, especially on the treatment with air exchange rate of 0.9.h-1. The growth of plant in photoautotrophic condition was not inferior compared with photomixotrophic, and the best growth of plantlet was observed in treatment with low air exchange rate (0.9.h-1). Raising the PPF level from 80 to 120${\mu}$mol.m$\^$-2/.s$\^$-1/ decreased the plant height, particularly at 120${\mu}$mol.m$\^$-2/.s$\^$-1/ in photoautotrophic condition, fresh weight and dry weight declined noticeably. At the PPF of 120${\mu}$mol.m$\^$-2/,s$\^$-1/, chlorophyll contents lowed compared to those grown under low PPF but time courses of net photosynthesis rate was decreased noticeably. Light quality mainly affected morphological variables, changes of light quality also positively affected biomass production via changes in leaf area, stem elongation, chlorophyll content. Plant biomass was reduced when A. formosanus were grown under red LEDs in the absence of blue wavelengths compare to plants grown under supplemental blue light or under fluorescent light. Stem elongation was observed under red and blue light in the present experiment. Smaller leaf area has found under blue light than with other lighting treatments. Chlorophyll degradation was more pronounced in red and blue light compared with white light or red plus blue light which consequent affected the photosynthetic capacity of the plant. The third series of experiment were studied to investigate the effect of physical environment factors on growth of ex vitro plants including photosynthesis photon flux (PPF), light quality, growing substrates, electrical conductivity (EC) and humidity conditions. In the present experiments, response of plant on PPF and light quality was similar in vitro plants under photosynthesis photon flux 40${\mu}$mol.m,$\^$-2/.s$\^$-1/ and white light or blue plus red lights were the best growth. Substrates testing results were indicated cocopeat or peat moss were good substrates for A. formosanus growth under the greenhouse conditions. In case of A. formosanus plants, EC is generally maintained in the range 0.7 to 1.5 dS.m-1 was shown best results in growth of this plant. Keeping high humidity over 70% under low radiation enhanced growth rate and mass production.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.9-18
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• 1981

For centuries, ginseng has been used for the therapeutic purpose in oriental herb medicine. Several studies have been conducted in the past to evaluate the effect of ginseng on erythropoiesis. However the results were controversial. We therefore attempted in the present studies to evaluate the effect of ginseng on the erythropoietic activity. In one series of experiments, the recovery pattern of peripheral blood(red cell count, hemoglobin content, hematocrit and reticulocyte count) was studied in posthemorrhagic anemic rabbits. After animals were maintained with normal(control group) or 1 gm% ginseng (experimental group) diet for 2 weeks, hemorrhagic anemia was induced by withdrawing blood equivalent to 25% of the total blood volume and then changes in peripheral blood were followed for following 30 days. In other series of experiments, we studied effect of ginseng on erythrokinetics using $^{59}Fe$. $^{59}Fe(10{\sim}40\;{\mu}Ci/animal)$ was injected intravenously after animals were fed with normal (control group) or 1 gm% ginseng(experimental group) diet for 2 weeks. And radioactivities in the blood compartments were measured at appropriate intervals for 15 days. Front these various erythrokinetic parameters were estimated. Results are summarized as follows: 1) Reticulocyte count was higher in the experimental group than in the control group after 2 weeks of administration of experimental diet. During the posthemorrhagic period, the reticulocyte count increased in both the control and experimental groups, but the increase appeared much earlier in the experimental group. 2) The posthemorrhagic recoveries of hematocrit, hemoglobin content and red cell count appeared to be faster in the experimental group as compaired with the control group. 3) The half life$(T_{1/2})$ of $^{59}Fe$ in the plasma was significantly(P<0.05) shorter in the experimental group(82.6 min, N=8) than in the control group(121 min, N=6). Plasma iron turnover (PIT) of the experimental group (1.78 mg/dl/24 hr.) was approximately 4 times greater than that of the control group(0.45 mg/dl/24 hr.). 4) The maximum red cell utilization(RC-U) was 82.1% in the experimental group ana 74.5% in the control group. Red cell iron turnover(RIT) of the experimental group(1.62 mg/dl/24 hr.) was slightly higher than that of the control group(0.35 mg/dl/24 hr). 5) Erythron turnover was significantly(p<0.05) greater in the experimental group(1.27 mg/dl/24 hr.) than in the control group(0.24 mg/dl/24 hr.). Marrow transit time of the experimental group(2.05 days) tended to he faster than that of the control group(2.84 days). These results suggest that the gingseng improves the recovery of posthemorrhagic anemia and stimulates the erythropoiesis in rabbits.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.537-544
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• 2014

Kwamaegi is a traditional Korean seafood made from the flesh of Pacific saury Cololabis saira. It is recognized as a valuable, healthy food containing the ${\omega}$-3 fatty acids EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid). This study was conducted in order to obtain basic data for application to the canning process of Kwamaegi using red pepper paste with vinegar. Commercial Kwamaegi was cut into $2{\times}3cm$ lengths and 90 g was put into cans (301-3). Then, 60 g of water was added and precooked for 10 minutes at $100^{\circ}C$. The water was drained after precooking. The precooked Kwamaegi was packed into cans, and 60 g of red pepper paste with vinegar was added. The cans were seamed using a vacuum seamer, then sterilized for differing times (8-12 minutes) in a steam system retort at $121^{\circ}C$. Parameters such as: pH, TVB-N, amino-N, total amino acid content, free amino acid content, color value (L, a, b), texture profile, TBA value, mineral content, sensory evaluation and viable bacterial count of the product produced under varying sterilization times (8-12 minutes) were measured. There were no remarkable differences between sterilization conditions and textural characteristics. The results showed that product sterilized for 8 minutes proved to be the most desirable.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.249-254
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• 2007

식물생장촉진 미생물을 농업적으로 활용하는데 있어서 미생물의 접종 수준이 근권에서의 원활한 정착과 식물의 생장촉진 효과를 결정하는데 중요한 기준이 된다. Azospirillum brasilense CW903균주 $10^5$, $10^6$ 및 $10^8cfu\;mL^{-1}$ 현택액에 토마토, 벼, 고추의 종자를 침지시킨 후 포트에 파종하여 온실에서 재배하였으며 파종 후 20일과 30일에 1 mL씩 근권토양에 접종하여 각 식물의 생장과 양분흡수를 조사하였다. Azospirillum brasilense CW903 균주 $10^6$ 및 $10^8cfu\;mL^{-1}$ 현택액을 처리하였을 때 식물생장 촉진효과가 나타났으며, $10^8cfu\;mL^{-1}$ 현택액을 처리하였을 각 식물의 줄기와 뿌리의 생장 및 양분흡수가 가장 우수한 것으로 나타났다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.874-885
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• 2012

In the present study, the possibility of whether the pharmacological effects of Scutellariae Radix Aqueous Extracts(SR) were favorably changed by report that lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced rat acute lung injury was treated with Red-Koji(Monascus purpureus 12002) fermentation. Three different dosages of Red-Koji fermented SR extract(fSR), 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg were orally administered once a day for 28 days before LPS(Escherichia coli 0111:B4) treatments, and then 5 hours after LPS treatment(500 ${\mu}g$/head, intra trachea instillation), all rats were sacrificed. Changes in the body weights, lung weights, pulmonary transcapillary albumin transit, arterial gas parameters(pH, $PaO_2$ and $PaCO_2$) bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF) protein, lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) and proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$(TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukin-$1{\beta}$(IL-$1{\beta}$) contents, total cell numbers, neutrophil and alveolar macrophage ratios, lung malondialdehyde(MDA), myeloperoxidase(MPO), proinflammatory cytokine TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ contents were observed with histopathology of the lung, changes on luminal surface of alveolus(LSA), thickness of alveolar septum, number of polymorphonuclear neutrophils(PMNs). As results of LPS-injection, dramatical increases in lung weights, pulmonary transcapillary albumin transit increases in $PaCO_2$, decreases in pH of arterial blood and $PaO_2$, increases of BALF protein, LDH, TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ contents, total cells, neutrophil and alveolar macrophage ratios, lung MDA, MPO, TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ contents increases were detected with decreases in LSA and increases of alveolar septum and PMNs numbers, respectively as compared with intact control. Especially fSR 125 mg/kg showed quite similar favorable effects on the LPS-induced acute lung injuries as compared with 60 mg/kg of ${\alpha}$-lipoic acid and 250 mg/kg of SR. The results suggest that over 125 mg/kg of fSR extracts showed favorable effects on the LPS-induced acute lung injury mediated by their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Moreover, increases of the pharmacological effects of SR on LPS-induced acute lung injury were observed by Red-Koji fermentation in this study, at least 2-fold higher.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.391-403
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• 2007

The study was conducted to assess the repeated dose and reproduction and developmental toxicities of acetanilide, an intermediate for drug production, as a part of OECD Screening Information Data Set (SIDS) program. The test agent was administered by gavage at dose levels of 0, 22, 67, 200 and 600 mg/kg to Sprague-Dawley rats (12/group/sex) during pre-mating and mating period for males(up to 30 days) and females and pregnancy and early lactation period for females (up to 39-50 days). At 22 mg/kg, decreases in HGB, HCT (males) and MCHC (females), hyperplasia of spleen red pulp, hyperplasia of femur bone marrow (both sexes) were observed. At 67 mg/kg, salivation (males), reduced food consumption (both sexes), decreases in RBC, HGB, HCT and MCHC (males), increases in MCV (males) and spleen weight (males), hyperplasia of spleen red pulp and femur bone marrow (both sexes) were observed. At 200 mg/kg, decreases in locomotor activity and salivation (both sexes), reduced food consumption (both sexes), decreases in RBC, HGB, HCT and increases in MCV, MCH, BUN, T-BIL (males), enlargement of spleen (both sexes), increased weight of spleen (males), hyperplasia of spleen red pulp and femur bone marrow and extramedullary hematopoiesis of liver (both sexes), atrophy of thymus and corpus luteum hyperplasia of ovary (females) were observed. At 600 mg/kg, decreases in locomotor activity, cyanosis (both sexes), reddish tear, and salivation (males), mortality (4 out of 12 females), decreased body weight (females), reduced food consumption (both sexes), decreases in RBC, HGB, HCT and MCHC and increases in WBC, MCV, MCH, reticulocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, AST, ALT, BUN, T-BIL, ALB, Ca and A/G ratio (males), enlargement of spleen, increased weights of spleen (both sexes), liver (males), kidney and ovary, decreased weights of thymus (females), hyperplasia of spleen red pulp, hyperplasia of femur bone marrow and extramedullary hematopoiesis of liver (both sexes), and atrophy of thymus and corpus luteum hyperplasia of ovary (females) were observed. Regarding the reproduction and development toxicities, there were no treatment-related changes in precoital time, mating index, fertility index and pregnancy index at all doses tested. At 22 and 67 mg/kg, there were no adverse effects on all the parameters observed. At 200 mg/ kg, decreased body weight of pups (day 4 p.p.) were observed. At 600 mg/kg, decreased body weight of pups (day 0 and 4 p.p.) and viability index (day 4 p.p.), increased incidence of newborns dead or with abnormal clinical signs were observed. The results suggest that the NOAELs for general toxicity are < 22 mg/kg, LOAELs are 22 mg/kg and the NOAELs for reproductive toxicity are 67 mg/kg.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.898-905
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• 2017

Enhanced meat is defined as fresh meat that has been minimally processed to improve quality and consistency. The present work investigated the quality of enhanced pork loins manufactured with the extract of red perilla leaves (ERP). ERP was prepared by the aqueous extraction of red perilla leaves followed by lyophilization. Enhanced pork loins were produced by injecting brine (15% v/w). The treatments consisted of a control (brine containing no ERP), ERP 0.2 (brine containing ERP at a concentration of 2 g/kg of pork loin), and ERP 0.4 (brine containing ERP at a concentration of 4 g/kg of pork loin). The enhanced pork loins were stored at $4^{\circ}C$ for 7 d, and its quality parameters were investigated. Addition of ERP decreased the $L^*$-value and increased the $a^*$- and $b^*$-values of enhanced pork loins compared to those of the control group at all storage intervals (p<0.05). A significantly lower pH than that of the control was found in ERP 0.4 after 7 d of storage. The malondialdehyde contents of the cooked pork loins were significantly lower in ERP 0.2 and ERP 0.4 than in those of the control after 4 and 7 d of storage (p<0.05). While ERP 0.4 received relatively low scores in taste, flavor, and overall acceptability of the cooked pork loins (p<0.05), no significant differences were found between the control and ERP 0.2. Enhanced pork loins can be produced using ERP to improve their oxidative stability.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.1351-1357
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• 2009

KH-red ginseng/chlorella (KH-RG/C) is the mixed material of the Korean red ginseng powder (Panax ginseng, 75%) and extract of Chlorella vulgaris (25%). To evaluate the effects of KH-RG/C on endurance capacity and immune regulation, the forced swimming test (FST) was conducted. The immobility time in the FST was significantly decreased in KH-RG/C treated group compared with the DW-treated group at the 3 and 10 days, respectively. In the analysis of the blood biochemical parameters, KH-RG/C treatment significantly increased the glucose level. However, the lactic dehydrogenase level decreased. Although KH-RG/C increased aspartate aminotransferase, it was not different significantly. And KH-RG/C had no affects in the alanine aminotransferase, and blood urea nitrogen levels. In splenocytes and macrophages, KH-RG/C also did not affect the interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, and IL-12 production. These results suggest that KH-RG/C may influence to immune regulation through increasing the physical endurance capacity without effect in activation of immune cells.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제55권2호
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• pp.208-217
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• 2011

Maghnia montmorillonite clay를 이용하여, 두 가지 염료(neutral red; NR과 malachite green oxalates; MG)에 대한 pH 및 온도 효과를 측정하였다. 수용액 속에서 MG는 pH 3-9에서 흡수가 나타나는 반면에, 양이온 NR은 pH 3-5에서 red shift 흡수피크가 나타났으며, 중성 NR은 pH 8-12에서 흡수피크가 얻어졌다. NR에 대해서는 465.13 mg/g, MG에 대해서는 459.89 mg/g의 최대 흡수 피크가 각각 298와 318 K에서 얻어졌으며, 자유에너지 Ea 값은 각각 4.472-5.559 kJ/mol과 2.000-2.886 kJ/mol로 얻어졌다. 도한, as ${\Delta}H^{\circ}$, ${\Delta}S^{\circ}$, ${\Delta}G^{\circ}$ and Ea과 같은 다양한 열역학적인 변수들을 계산했으며, 전체적인 반응의 흡수과정은 자발적이고, 흡열반응으로 진행됨을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.30-36
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• 2008

백미삼(지근), 홍미삼(지근) 및 홍삼절편(주근: 수삼-절편-증삼-건조)을 대상으로 팽화시켜 팽화 인삼분말의 흡습 특성을 조사하고 수분활성도 예측모델을 수립하였다. 등온 흡습곡선은 대부분의 식품들과 같이 역S형의 형태을 나타내었으며 가장 낮은 온도인 $5^{\circ}C$에서 평형수분함량이 가장 높았다. 단분자층수분함량은 BET식 에 의해 $0.034{\sim}0.045g$ $H_2O/g$ solid의 값으로 계산되었으며 BET식에 적용했을 때 $R^2$가 $0.98{\sim}0.99$로 GAB식 보다 높은 유의성을 보였다. 등온흡습곡선의 적합도는 Kuhn 모델식의 $R^2$가 0.99 이상으로 가장 높은 적합도를 보였으며 그 다음으로 Halsey 모델식이 비교적 높은 적합도를 나타내었고 편차에서도 Kuhn 모델식이 $2.83{\sim}8.65%$로 가장 낮게 나타났다. 수분활성도 예측모델 수립을 위해 각 독립변수의 최적함수로 시간은 1n 함수, 온도는 선형 그리고 수분활성도 (RH/100)는 선형함수를 선정하였으며 가장 적합한 수분활성도 예측모델식은 세 가지 시료 모두 시간과 수분활성도을 독립변수로 하는 모델식이 가장 적합한 것으로 나타났다.