• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.5-14
• /
• 2001

To estimate total burden of hospital admission over patient of gamily, we need to know the unofficial private expenses in addition to explicit hospital admission fees. This study was conducted from June 29, 2,000 to August 10, 2,000. Subjects were 104 patient at university hospital located at chungnam province. After thorough explanation of purpose and procedures, notebooks are given to each patient or guardian. They are requested to recorded all relevant expenditures occurred during hospital stay. Incomplete records were filled-up by direct personal contact or phones. Datas were summarized and analyzed using SAS statistical package. P-value less than 0.05 was considered significant. The results of the study are as follows: 1. In 96.1% of the patient, guardians stayed at hospital to take care of patients. In 38,8% one of the family members get work-leave or temporary resting from job. Average date of leave was 7.5days. 2. Average informal cost burden per patient was 204,467 won (14,330 won${\sim}$1,594,870 won). Average hospital cost paid by the patient was 1,061,807 won. The ratio of informal cost burden to hospital cost paid by the patient was 0.327. 3. According to the regression analysis, the relevant factors affection informal cost burdens were distance from home to hospital(p=0.018), and duration of hospitalization(p=0.0001). 4. Informal cost burden was composed of expenses for personal expense of care giver (126, 720 won/patient), meal (86,924 won/patient), transportation (77,648 won/patient), necessaries of life (18,789 won/patient), tests and treatments not covered by insurance (17,289 won/patient), medical supplies not covered by insurance (15,280 won/patient), treat for visitors (14,757 won/patient), TV coin (8,247 won/patient), and others (7,582 won/patient). In addition to the hospital cost paid by the patient for hospital admission, the informal cost burdens should be recognised explicitly because it is not small. Significant proportion of informal cost burden is composed of care-giver's personal expense, transportation, meal. It is suggested that some polices are to be devised and implemented enabling that this portion of informal expenses be directed to formal professional nursing care. Thus we can improve the quality of care and decrease discomfort of patient's relatives.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
• /
• v.10 no.6
• /
• pp.1083-1093
• /
• 2010

Objective : The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of the oral health behavior of oral prophylaxis clients and some residents in a community to their simplified oral environment index. Methods : The subjects in this study were 520 people who had their teeth cleaned in the oral prophylaxis practice lab in the department of dental hygiene at J health college. A survey was conducted from March 23 to June 3, 2010, by way of the self-reported questionnaire. The data materials are analyzed by general characteristics frequency and ratio, the relationship of oral health behavior and sex, age, scaling experience, simplified oral hygiene index $x^{2}$ test analysis. Results : 1. Concerning links between gender and oral health behavior including daily toothbrushing frequency, the largest group of the respondents brushed their teeth three times a day(p<0.05). As to educational experiences on toothbrushing method and the use of oral hygiene supplies, the women had more educational experiences than the men(p<0.05). 2. Regarding connections between age and oral health behavior involving daily toothbrushing frequency, the largest number of the respondents brushed their teeth three times a day in every age group (p <0.001). As for educational experiences on toothbrushing method, those who were in their 50s and up(64.7%) learned about that, and they had more educational experiences with age(p<0.05). As for scaling experiences, the older respondents had their teeth scaled more often (p<0.001). 3. As to relationship between scaling experiences and oral health behavior, there were differences in toothbrushing frequency according to scaling experiences(p <0.05). Regarding educational experiences on toothbrushing method, those who had their teeth cleaned received more toothbrushing education(p<0.001). Concerning smoking, the nonsmokers had more experiences to get their teeth cleaned (p<0.001). 4. As for links between simplified oral environment index and oral health behavior including a time for toothbrushing, the respondents who did toothbrushing after every meal(80.4%) had good simplified oral environment indexes(p<0.05). 5. In regard to relationship between simplified oral environment index and oral health behavior, oral environment index had a positive correlation to the use of oral hygiene supplies( r=0.129**), toothbrushing time(r=0.116**) and educational experiences on toothbrushing method (r=0.099**). Smoking(r=-0.092**) had a negative correlation to that. Conclusion : The above-mentioned findings illustrate that oral health behavior is one of crucial factors to affect oral health status and oral environment care. Therefore oral prophylaxis practice lab visitors should receive education on the right toothbrushing method and the use of oral hygiene supplies to promote their oral health, and an incremental oral health care system that involves regular scaling should be introduced.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.30 no.5
• /
• pp.848-856
• /
• 2016

The purpose of this study is to determine the impact on settlement pattern of wintering swans by distribution of rapidly spreading lotus in Junam reservoir. When we investigated the relationship between the spreading lotus and population variation of the wintering swans in all around Nakdong-river estuary, the spreading lotus did not affect the number of swans in Junam reservoir. The occupation ratio of lotus distribution continuously increased from 13.2%(2013) to 19.0%(2014). Before we begin with the investigation, we compared two particular groups: inside of lotus community and far (>100 m) water area from the border of lotus community. At the first survey(2013.12.17), we observed 3.1 times more swan population in the inside, comparing with far water area. The third(2014.01.29.) and fourth(2014.12.03) inquiries also showed respectively 5.5 and 7.5 times higher swan population in the inside and near water area. The second observation was conducted during visitors were increased so these phenomenon was not observed. This result might be explained as the similar environmental condition of habitate for swan and lotus such as less than 1 m water depth. However, we considered that lotus and swan were not relation of conflict due to increasing both lotus community and swan population at the same time. According to the observation that inhabitation density of wintering swans is significantly high in near lotus communities area, at least spread of lotus did not negatively affect the wintering swans.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.88 no.1
• /
• pp.117-123
• /
• 1999

Consumer surplus is to be a value concerning a time horizon. Especially it is very important how long time horizon would be chosen in contingent market. This study aimed to provide causes of difference recreation benefits through discount rate in many aspects. The data were collected by personal interviews with visitors in Songnisan National Park. The respondents answered yes or no, dichotomous choice, on recreation benefits according to a chosen time horizon, one year or five years. The probit model was used in the analysis. In order to avoid the truncation bias of upper bound, the median was chosen as the recreation benefits of visitor. As the result, the value was evaluated to be 16,569 Won for one year and 27,111 Won for five years. The discount rate is estimated 153% annually to coincide different recreation benefits. The reasons of the high discount rate were to be interpreted as following five types : (1)uncertainty of future consumption (2)increasing of probability of the substitution owing to increasing of time horizon (3)recognization of different time horizons (4) effect by the price ratio of goods and utility function (5) overestimation of the recreation benefits owing to a basic premium of payment vehicle.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.35 no.5
• /
• pp.1103-1110
• /
• 2015

Ratio of a day's tour for Geoje-si, 22.6 percent, has increased to 48.6 percent since the opening of Busan-Geoje fixed link. Eight cities of Yeungnam area including Busan-Ulsan and Daegu-Gyeongbuk has been directly affected by the changed route from GJ Bridge to BG Bridge. In order to compare the range of departure area for a one-day trip in Geoje tourist attractions before and after the new fixed link, duration variation of visitors is described as individual difference by normal distribution function. One-day tour trip model based on a circular trip is also suggested under comparatively simple supposition. Since average area after the opening is equal to maximum area before as minimum area after is equal to average area before, the effect of access improvement by the new bridge is revealed definitely. In addition, the effect of cities located in the middle and long distance is greater. Although cities proximity to Geoje are not influenced significantly, every citizen is capable of taking a one-day trip anywhere.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.114-121
• /
• 2010

Traditional temples in Korea are the important cultural heritage because of artistic traditonal buildings and structures, paintings, sculptures, and big forest areas which are most ecological and beautiful in Korea. Since traditional temples still function as religious places for very long time, the sense of places intrinsic to the temples are very strong and vivid. The sense of place is very closely related to the conservation of the original landscape type. Recently however, there is a strong tendency to use solar energy in traditional temples because of the low energy efficiency of the old traditional architecture which may have negative impact on landscape which again in turn may lead to the destruction of the sense of place. The purpose of this study was to suggest some landscape design guidelines to protect the sense of place of traditional temple by investigating the impact of solar energy facility on the landscape experience of traditional temple. In order to do perform this purpose, Tongdosa was selected as a study site and four kinds of measurement tools(landscape image, temple identity, landscape satisfaction, degree of landscape improvement) were used as questionnaire items. 180 college students participated in the questionnaire survey. The analysis showed that the solar energy facility had very negative impact on landscape experience such as three landscape image factors(scenic beauty, openness, complexity), landscape satisfaction, temple identity, and landscape improvement. Based on the results, three landscape improvement plans were suggested. First, solar energy facility should be built in the forest in order not to be exposed to visitors, if possible. Second, the landscape management of traditional temple should emphasize on sustaining scenic beauty and temple identity along with the provision of openness. Lastly, detailed landscape guideline should be prepared to regulate the scale, ratio, and the form of the artificial buildings and structures to protect the sense of place of traditional temple.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.43 no.3
• /
• pp.63-76
• /
• 2015

This study was carried out to suggest improvement plans for problems with the landscape areas of highway service areas. The survey factors were land use, placement of green area and land coverage in terms of spatial and environmental property. Noise and topographic structure in detached green areas were surveyed in terms of impact factor. The status of the planting area around each service area was analysed in regards to planting structure and planting landscape. As a result, the mean of rations of land use were 81.6% building and 18.4% green areas, which were composed of 5.4% landscape area, 9.1% buffer area, etc. Planting areas as usable space accounted for only 0.7%, and the result of noise measurement was different according to the distribution of highway and service area and type of detached green area. The mean of ratio of planting area was 18.4%, which consists of 6.7% landscape planting, 3.4% other green area, 4.6% buffer area, 2.0% buffer and landscape area, 1.1% shade planting and 0.5% landscape and shade planting. Most planting areas aim at landscape appreciation and areas in which visitors can relax and gain recreation were insufficient. The planting structures of service areas were 52.2% canopy layer, 11.8% shrubs and 9.4% canopy and shrub layers, and most of the planting areas were a single layer of green area. Multi-layered planting structures in the landscape and buffer areas were required and a shade planting area was needed to improve amenities as planting canopy layered trees. This study suggested improvement methods for based environments, spatial function and planting function in landscape areas.