• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.95-101
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• 1985

From July 1979 through March 1985,112 patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix were treated by whole pelvis irradiation and intracavitary radiation with Cs-137. The treatment consisted of 3600rad-5200rad to the whole pelvis by parallel opposing portals, 5 days per week, 180-200rad per day. Parametrial boost with 400-800rad was given in 60 patients. 2 intracavitary Cs-137 radiation using TAO applicator were done with 7-10 days interval. Total treatment times were 40-65 days with average 52 days. Total dose of radiation to point A varied from 6820 to 10500rad with average 8388rad and to point B from 4850 to 6899ra0 with average 5898rad. All patients had follow up from 6 months to 75 months and median follow up of 31 months. $9(8\%)$ had stage $14(12.5\%)$ had stage IIa, $50(44.6\%)$ had stage IIb, $33(29.5\%)$ had stage III, $6(5.4\%)$ had stage IV. 110 patients had squamous cell carcinoma and 2 patients had adenocarcinoma. 5 year actuarial survival rates were $61.8\%$ for the entire group, $84.6\%$ for stage Ib,$77.8\%$ for stage IIa, $56.7\%$ for stage IIb, $60\%$ for stage III, $33.3\%$ for stage IV. RT dose to medial parametrium (point A) below 8000rad resulted in $7/18(38.9\%)$ failure (=death) in contrast to 25/94 $(26.5\%)$ failure with dose over 8000rad. RT dose to lateral parametrium (point B) below 6000ra0 yielded 20/63 $(34.9\%)$ failure compared to $10/49(20.4\%)$ failure with dose over 6000rad. Poor survival group of age were between 40-49 years with failure of $14/41(34.1\%)$. There was no increased failure rate below age of 40 with failure of $2111(13.9\%)$. The results suggest that survival is as good as other published data, and that higher doses over 8000rad to point A and 6000rad to point B should be delivered.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.338-347
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• 2008

Yeast RAD2, a yeast homolog of human XPG gene, is an essential element of nucleotide excision repair (NER), and its deletion confers UV sensitivity and NER deficiency. 6-Azauracil (6AU) sensitivity of certain rad2 mutants revealed that RAD2 has transcription elongation function. However, the fundamental mechanism by which the rad2 mutations confer 6AU sensitivity was not clearly elucidated yet. Using an insertional mutagenesis, PUF4 gene encoding a yeast pumilio protein was identified as a deletion suppressor of rad2${\Delta}$ 6AU sensitivity. Microarray analysis followed by confirmatory RT-qPCR disclosed that RAD2 and PUF4 regulated expression of HPT1 and URA3. Overexpression of HPT1 and URA3 rescued the 6AU sensitivity of rad2${\Delta}$ and puf4${\Delta}$ mutants. These results indicate that 6AU sensitivity of rad2 mutants is in part ascribed to impaired expression regulation of genes in the nucleotide metabolism. Based on the results, the possible connection between impaired transcription elongation function of RAD2/XPG and Cockayne syndrome via PUF4 is discussed.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 1984

The pathological changes of stomach of the rat following 1,000 rad and 1,800 rad single exposure by Cobalt-60 has been made with 50 experimental rats. The dose of 1,000 rad and 1,800 rad single exposure were equivalent of biologic effect of 2,500 rad in 2 1/2 weeks and 6,000 rad in 6 weeks. Following single exposure, the groups of rat were terminated in 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 weeks intervals and the stomach were fixed to formalin solution immediatly after dissection. The pathological changes were as follows : 1. Following 1,000 rad single exposure, the stomach show only mild to moderate submucosal edema in 4,8,12 weeks group. 1 and 2 weeks group show no changes. 2. Following 1,800 rad single exposure, $32\%(8/25)$ of rats were dead by radiation effect and all other groups of stomach revealed variable pathological changes such as submucosal edema, squamous dysplasia, squamous papilloma as well as squamous cell carcinoma. 3. Optimal tolerance dose to the stomach was $4,500\~5,000$rad when irradiation given by supervoltage. The entire stomach was included within the irradiation field, the dose to the stomach should not exceed 6,000 rad. 4. In conclusion, the radiation injury to the stomach were more direct radiation effects to the gastric mucosa rather than secondary changes of radiation injured vessels.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.46-51
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• 2003

RAD6 in yeast mediates postreplication DNA repair and is responsible for DNA-damage induced mutations. RAD6 encodes ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme that is well conserved among eukaryotic organisms. However, the molecular targets and consequences of their ubiquitination by Rad6 have remained elusive. In Aspergillus nidulans, a RAD6 homolog has been isolated and shown to be an allele of uvs). We screened a CDNA library to isolate UVSJ-interacting proteins by the yeast two-hybrid system. JIPA was identified as an interactor of UVSJ. Their interaction was confirmed in vitro by a GST-pull down assay. JIPA was also able to interact with mutant UVSJ proteins, UVSJl and the active site cysteine mutant UVSJ-C88A. The N- and the C-terminal regions of UVSJ required for the interaction with UVSH, a RAD18 homolog of yeast which physically interacts with Rad6, were not necessary for the JIPA and UVSJ interactions. About 1.4 kb jipA transcript was detected in Northern analysis and its amount was not significantly increased in response to DNA-damaging agents. A genomic DNA clone of the jipA gene was isolated from a chromosome I specific genomic library by PCR-sib selection. Sequence determination of genomic and cDNA of jipA revealed an ORF of 893 bp interrupted by 2 introns, encoding a putative polypeptide of 262 amino acids. JIPA has 33% amino acid sequence identity to TIP41 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae which negatively regulates the TOR signaling pathway.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.311-315
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• 2002

The RAD4 gene is essential for nucleotide excision repair in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It has been known that the deduced amino acid sequence of Rad4 protein contains three DNA-dependent ATPase/helicase motifs. To determine the biochemical activities and functional role of RAD4 the Rad4 protein was expressed and purified. Immunoblot analysis showed a specific band of 21 kDa, which was well-matched with the size of open reading frame of the RAD4 gene. The purified Rad4 protein had no detectable helicase activity. However, the protein could interact with double stranded oligonucleotides, as judged by mobility shift assay. This result suggests that the Rad4 protein is a DNA binding protein.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1997

The RAD4 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is essential for the incision step of UV-induced excision repair. A yeast RAD4 gene has been previously isolated by functional complementation. In order to identify the RAD4 homologous gene from fungus Coprinus cinereus, we have constructed cosmid libraries from electrophoretically separated chromosomes of the C. cinereus. The 13 C. cinereus chromosomes were resolved by pulse-field gel electrophoresis, hybridized with S. cerevisiae RAD4 DNA, and then isolated homologous C. cinereus chromosome. The insert DNA of the RAD4 homolog was contained 3.2 kb. Here, we report the partial cloning and characterization of fungus C. cinereus homolog of yeast RAD4 gene. Southern blot analysis confirmed that C. cinereus contains the sequence homologous DNA to RAD4 gene and this gene exists as a single copy in C. cinereus genome. When total RNA isolated from C. cinereus cells was hybridized with the 1.2 kb PvuII DNA fragment of the S. cerevisiae RAD4 gene, a 2.5 kb of transcript was detected. The level of the transcript did not increase upon UV-irradiation, suggesting that the RAD4 homologous gene in C. cinereus is not UV-inducible.

• Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.121-128
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• 2021

Increasing the efficiency of HR (homologous recombination) is important for a successful knock-in. Rad51 is mainly involved in homologous recombination and is associated with strand invasion. The HR-related mismatch repair system maintains HR fidelity by heteroduplex rejection and repair. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to control Rad51, which plays a critical role in HR, through UV-induced DNA damage. It is also to confirm the effect on the expression of MMR related genes (Msh2, Msh3, Msh6, Mlh1, Pms2) and HR-related genes closely related to HR through treatment with the MMR inhibitor CdCl₂. The mRNA expression of Rad51 gene was confirmed in both HC11 cells and mouse testes, but the mRNA expression of Dmc1 gene was confirmed only in mouse testes. The protein expression of Rad51 and Dmc1 gene increased in UV-irradiated HC11 cells. After 72 hours of treatment with 1 ㎛ of CdCl₂, the mRNA expression level of Msh3, Pms2, and Rad51 decreased, but the mRNA expression level of Msh6 and Mlh1 increased in HC11 cells. There was no significant difference in Msh2 mRNA expression between CdCl₂ untreated-group and the 72 hours treated group. In conclusion, HR-related gene (Rad51) was increased by UV-induced DNA damage. Treatment of the MMR inhibitor CdCl₂ in HC11 cells decreased the mRNA expression of Rad51.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.14 no.6 s.67
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• pp.1023-1027
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• 2004

The RAD3 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is essential for the incision step of UV-induced excision repair. An yeast RAD3 gene has been previously isolated by functional complementation. In order to identify the RAD3 homologous gene from fungus Coprinus cinereus, we have constructed cosmid libraries from electrophoretically separated chromosomes of the C. cinereus. The 13 C. cinereus chromosomes were resolved by pulse-field gel electrophoresis, hybridized with S. cerevisiae RAD3 DNA, and then isolated RAD3 homologous DNA from C. cinereus chromosome. The RAD3 homolog DNA was contained in 3.2 kb DNA fragment. Here, we report the results of characterization of a fungus C. cinereus homolog to the yeast RAD3 gene. Southern blot analysis confirmed that the C. cinereus chromosome contains the RAD3 homolog gene and this gene exists as a single copy in C. cinereus genome. When total RNA isolated from the C. cinereus cells were hybridized with the 3.4 kb PvuII DNA fragment of the S. cerevisiae RAD3 gene, transcripts size of 2.8 kb were detected. In order to investigate whether the increase of the amount of transcripts by DNA damaging agent, transcript levels were examined after treating agents to the cells. The level of transcripts were not increased by untraviolet light (UV). This result indicated that the RAD3 homologous gene is not UV inducible gene. Gene deletion experiments indicate that the HRD3 gene is essential for viability of the cells and DNA repair function. These observations suggest an evolutionary conservation of other protein components with which HRD3 interacts in mediating its DNA repair and viability functions.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Machine Tool Engineers Conference
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.284-289
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• 2002

In this paper, we develop a six-axes machining center tool(MCT) and CAD/CAM system based RAD Tool Program. The MCT consists of two mechanical parts, i.e., a X-Y-Z Cartesian coordinate typed MCT and a parallel-typed tilting table. Kinematics and singularity are accomplished to design the parallel-typed tilting table, and RAD Tool Program Is developed for the six-axes MCT, which requires the commands of position as well as orientation for machining of complex shape. In RAD Tool, the CAD/CAM system has a tool path generator, NC code generator and a graphic simulator. This paper designs the parallel-typed tilting table to meet the desired specification and presents the results of CAD/CAM system based RAD Tool Program.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.773-779
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• 2006

Eight of the individuals had a unilateral S-RAD TKA and Multi-Radius TKA ($Scorpio^{TM}$ PS, Howmedica-Osteonics, Inc.). The instrument were used Peak Motion Measurement $System^{TM}$, $MYOPAC^{TM}$EMG System, KIN-COM $III^{TM}$ System. The Figure 3 shows that the average time for the S-RAD group to accomplish the sit-to-stand movement was 1.59 s, which was 0.19 s less than the M-RAD group (p= 0.033). In Figure 5, the S-RAD TKA group tended to have $7^{\Omega}{\cdot}S^{-1}$ less trunk flexion velocity than that of the M-RAD group (p= 0.058). The Figure 6 shows that the S-RAD TKA limb tended to have less ADD displacement (p = 0.071) than that of the M-RAD TKA limb. We failed to find significant differences for ABD and ADD displacements between the S-RAD and M-RAD N-TKA limbs (p= 0.128 and 0.457, respectively). The VM of the S-RAD TKA limb demonstrated significant less RMS EMG than that of the M-RAD TKA limb from $60^{\Omega}$ to $15^{\Omega}$ of knee flexion (p 0.05). The VL of the S-RAD TKA limb also demonstrated significant less RMS EMG than that of the M-RAD TKA limb from $60^{\Omega}$ to $45^{\Omega}$ of knee flexion (p 0.05). Similar to the VM and VL, the RF of the S-RAD TKA limb showed less RMS EMG than that of the M-RAD TKA limb from $60^{\Omega}$ to $30^{\Omega}$ of knee flexion (p 0.05).