• Journal of architectural history
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.55-70
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• 2021

The Sacheonwangsa temple was established in 670 under the leadership of Myeongnyang in response to the invasion of the Tang Dynasty. At this time, Geumdang hall stylobate was constructed, which was about 30% smaller than the reconstruction. Due to the wartime situation, the construction of wooden buildings did not seem to have been achieved. The Sacheonwangsa temple was reconstructed in 679 as a symbol of the Hoguk(護國) temple. The size of the Geumdang Hall stylobate was planned as an important module for the entire temple. The stylobate fasad was designed at intervals of Tangju(撑柱), just like the JuKhan(柱間) plan of wooden architecture. There is a possibility that eight Devas may have been decorated in Front fasad. When the Sacheonwangsa Temple was rebuilt, the Geumdang Hall was added by the ChayangKhan(遮陽間) and an Ikrang(翼廊) was installed next to it. These changes affect the material and form of the stylobate. It was changed to a durable stone post-lintel style stylobate and the intervals of Tangju(撑柱) in Front fasad was also adjusted. As the highest-quality stylobate in East Asia at the time, the Geumdang Hall stylobate is considered to have taken Silla's architectural skills to the next level.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.51-60
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to find ways to improve the quality of life in old age. 'Act on Long-Term Care Insurance for the Aged' has been enforced since 2008 in Korea. But This is not encompass all of the elderly policies. Aging policies service separately each part by residential, welfare, and so on. There are 'Local Community Support Service' and 'Community General Support Center' for seniors as a comprehensive institution in Japan. Local Community Support Service is preventive and regional. And Community General Support Centers are sufficiently provide for each region. Japan can be a leading model of Korea. Therefor it analyzes Japanese cases and compares to the domestic situations in this study. Through this process, this study measures the necessity of the General Support Center for the elderly.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.173-184
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• 2021

Ecological disturbance plants distributed throughout the country are causing a lot of damage to us directly or indirectly in terms of ecology, economy and health. These plants are not easy to manage and remove because they have a strong fertility, and it is very difficult to express them quantitatively. In this study, drone hyperspectral sensor data and Field spectroradiometer were acquired around the experimental area. In order to secure the quality accuracy of the drone hyperspectral image, GPS survey was performed, and a location accuracy of about 17cm was secured. Spectroscopic libraries were constructed for 7 kinds of plants in the experimental area using a Field spectroradiometer, and drone hyperspectral sensors were acquired in August and October, respectively. Spectral data for each plant were calculated from the acquired hyperspectral data, and spectral angles of 0.08 to 0.36 were derived. In most cases, good values of less than 0.5 were obtained, and Ambrosia trifida and Lactuca scariola, which are common in the experimental area, were extracted. As a result, it was found that about 29.6% of Ambrosia trifida and 31.5% of Lactuca scariola spread in October than in August. In the future, it is expected that better results can be obtained for the detection of ecosystem distribution plants if standardized indicators are calculated by constructing a precise spectral angle standard library based on more data.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.799-807
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• 2020

This paper deals with identification of probabilistic design using reliability based robust optimization in structure design of automatic salt collector. The thickness sizing variables of main structure member in the automatic salt collector were considered the random design variables including the uncertainty of corrosion that would be an inevitable hazardousness in the saltern work environment. The probabilistic constraint functions were selected from the strength performances of the automatic salt collector. The reliability based robust optimum design problem was formulated such that the random design variables were determined by minimizing the weight of the automatic salt collector subject to the probabilistic strength performance constraints evaluating from reliability analysis. Mean value reliability method and adaptive importance sampling method were applied to the reliability evaluation in the reliability based robust optimization. The three sigma level quality was considered robustness in side constraints. The probabilistic optimum design results according to the reliability analysis methods were compared to deterministic optimum design results. The reliability based robust optimization using the mean value reliability method showed the most rational results for the probabilistic optimum structure design of the automatic salt collector.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.79-87
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to identify the planning features of apartments that are people-friendly, nature-friendly and ones that improve the quality of the apartments through sustainable design characteristics found in the apartment community space. This study found the sustainable design characteristics through the case of 8 environment-friendly apartment in the Seoul-Gyeunggi area. Sustainable design was categorized into three areas a) social sustainability b) economic sustainability c) ecological sustainability. The major findings are summarized as follows: First, socially sustainable design which included plans for various types of squares, spaces for pedestrians showed high application of universal design plans. While, plans to maximize open spaces that facilitate the social exchanges among residents showed low application. Second, economically sustainable design showed high application in terms of access to public transportation and bicycle storage facilities. However, planning factors such as alternative energy facilities, recyclable materials, reuse of rainwaterand heavy water showed low application. Third, environmentally sustainable design included high application of promenades, artificially created green space and various types of water space. On the other hand, nature study centers, biotope and environment friendly parking space showed low application.

• IE interfaces
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.95-103
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• 2009

During the past few years, design of experiments (DOE) has been gaining acceptance in the telecommunications research community as a mean for designing and analyzing experiments economically and efficiently. In addition, the need for introducing a systematic robust design methodology (i.e., one of the most popular DOE methodologies) to network simulations has been increasing. In this paper, we present an architecture of voice over IP (VoIP) application and the E-Model for calculating the perceived quality of service (QoS). Then, we apply the Taguchi robust design methodology to optimize the perceived QoS of VoIP application, and describe the detailed step-by-step procedures. We have used ns-2 simulator to collect experimental data in which the SN ratio, a robustness measure, is analyzed to determine an optimal design condition. The analysis shows that "initial delay time in playout buffer" is a major control factor for ensuring robust behaviors of the perceived QoS of VoIP. Finally, we verify the proposed optimal design condition using a confirmation experiment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.6 no.6
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• pp.41-48
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• 2003

Nitrogen removal rate and emergent plant growth were investigated of a free-water-surface constructed treatment wetland system, whose dimensions were 31m in length and 12m in width. The system was constructed on floodplain in the Kwangju Stream from May to June 2001. Cattails(Typha angustifolia) were transplanted from natural wetlands and their stems were cut at about 40cm height from their bottom ends. Water of the Kwangju Stream were funneled into the system by gravity flow and its treated effluent was discharged back into the stream. The average height of the cattail stems was 45.2cm in July 2001 and 186cm in October 2001. The number of stems averaged 22 stems/$m^2$ in July 2001 and 52 stems/$m^2$ in September 2001. Volume and water quality of inflow and outflow were analyzed from July 2001 through December 2001. Inflow and outflow averaged 40.01 and 39.55 $m^3$/day, respectively. Hydraulic detention time was about 1.5 days. Average nitrogen uptake by cattails was 69.31 $N\;mg\;m^{-2}\;day^{-1}$. Removal rate of $NO_3-N$, $NH_3-N$ and T-N averaged 195.58, 53.65 and 628.44 $mg\;m^{-2}\;day^{-1}$, respectively. The average removal rate of T-N was about 39%.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.185-193
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• 2009

This paper presents a methodology for photovoltaic (PV) system allocation in distribution systems using a discrete particle swarm optimization (DPSO). The PV allocation problem is in the category of mixed integer nonlinear programming and its formulation may include multi-valued dis-crete variables. Thus, the PSO requires a scheme to deal with multi-valued discrete variables. This paper introduces a novel multi-level quantization scheme using a sigmoid function for discrete particle swarm optimization. The technique is employed to a standard PSO architecture; the same velocity update equation as in continuous versions of PSO is used but the particle's positions are updated in an alternative manner. The set of multi-level quantization is defined as integer multiples of powers-of-two terms to efficiently approximate the sigmoid function in transforming a particle's position into discrete values. A comparison with a genetic algorithm (GA) is performed to verify the quality of the solutions obtained.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.25 no.9
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• pp.1417-1424
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• 2015

In this study, we tried to characterize Streptomyces peucetius CYP157C4 with homology modeling using three cytochrome P450 (CYP) structures (CYP157C1, CYP164A2, and CYP107L1), having discovered that CYP157C4 lacks the ExxR motif that was considered invariant in all CYPs. We used Discovery Studio 3.5 to build our model after first assessing the stereochemical quality and side-chain environment, and a 7-ethoxycoumarin substrate was docked into the final model. The model-substrate complex allowed us to identify functionally important residues and validate the active-site architecture. We found a distance of 4.56 Å between the 7-ethoxycoumarin and the active site of the heme, and cloning and an in vitro assay of the CYP157C4 showed the dealkylation of the substrate. Since the details regarding this group of CYP structures are still unknown, the findings of this study may provide elucidation to assist with future efforts to find a legitimate substrate.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 2005

People grow up and build up most of their character through living in dwelling space and have relax and refresh at home. Creating healthy dwelling space is being considered very important in architectural planning and design for providing comfortable living environment and improving quality of life. One of the properties of the earth is that the earth has a magnetic field associated with it- the Geomagnetic field. The geomagnetic field is produced by a combination of crustal rocks, external electric current systems that surround the earth that surround the earth and currents induced in the outer layers of the earth by magnetic field variations. Human beings have evolved with the background of magnetic field, they are accustomed to living in its presence. Geopathic stress occurs at geopathic zones where the geomagnetic field is disturbed. Geopathic zones exhibit magnetic charges. Geopathic zones are characterized by variations in geomagnetism, for the geomagnetic field is not uniform but exhibits many highly localized distortions, some random, some fairly regular. These occur in geological faults, caves and underground water channel. Many research papers and experiments of the western countries indicates that the geomagnetic field affects the people and living organism in dwellings. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the geomagnetic field and people's response in living space. In this study the Health Hazard of geomagneic field in dwelling are studied through literature survey of related science field.