• 한국보육지원학회지
• /
• 제15권3호
• /
• pp.157-174
• /
• 2019

Objective: The purpose of this study was two-fold: first to explore the effects of mother-child attachment and effortful control at age 1 on preschoolers' school readiness at age 6, and second, to determine the mediating effect of a child's effortful control on the relationship between mother-child attachment at age 1 in relation to school readiness at age 6. Methods: Participants in this study were 205 five-year-old toddlers(106 boys, 99 girls) recruited for the Korea Child Panel Study. Mother-child attachment was assessed using the Attachment Q-sort(Waters, 1989). Preschooler's effortful control was measured by the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire: ECBQ(Putnam, Gartstein & Rothbart, 2006). Preschooler's school readness was measured by the School Readiness Scale Murphey & Burns, 2002). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlations, and the structural equation modeling analysis. Results: First, mother-child attachment at age 1 effected school readiness at age 6. Effortful control at age 1 effected school readiness at age 6. Second, effortful control at age 1 mediated the effect of mother-child attachment at age 1 in relation to school readiness at age 6. Conclusion/Implications: Mother-child attachment at age 1 affects school readiness at age 6, and toddlers' effortful control at age 1 mediates the relationship between mother-child attachment in relation to school readiness at age 6.

• 한국보육지원학회지
• /
• 제8권3호
• /
• pp.229-247
• /
• 2012

본 연구의 목적은 걸음마기 자녀를 둔 어머니의 양육지식, 양육행동과 양육스트레스와의 관계를 알아보는 데 있다. 구체적으로, 어머니의 아동발달에 관한 지식과 자녀발달을 위해 행하는 양육행동과의 관계를 살펴보고, 이러한 지식과 행동의 수준의 차이에 따라 지각되는 양육스트레스에 차이가 있는지를 규명해 보고자 하였다. 연구대상은 서울, 경기, 충청, 영남, 호남 지역에 거주하는 18~36개월 영아기 자녀를 둔 어머니 145명을 대상으로 하였다. 자료 분석을 위하여 빈도, 백분율, 평균, 표준편차, Pearson's 적률상관계수, 일원변량분석을 실시하였다. 연구 결과, 자녀발달과 관련된 어머니의 양육지식과 양육행동 간에는 유의미한 관계가 나타나지 않았으나, 양육행동과 양육스트레스 간에는 유의미한 부적 관계가 나타났다. 영역별 양육행동 중 인지발달에 관한 어머니의 양육행동이 양육 스트레스와 부적 상관을 보였다. 집단별 비교에서도 영역별 적합한 양육행동을 많이 행하지 못하는 하위집단이 중상위 집단에 비해 유의미하게 양육스트레스를 높게 지각하고 있었다.

• 아동학회지
• /
• 제13권2호
• /
• pp.217-228
• /
• 1992

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of early full-time nonparental care during infancy/toddlerhood on children's socioemotional behaviors during the preschool period. Subjects for this study were 105 three- to five-year-olds from middle-class families in the U. S. A. Children were assigned to one of three groups according to their early care history. Children's social interactions with peers and caregivers during indoor free-play sessions in day care centers were observed for 20 minutes. The head teachers rated the children's social and emotional behaviors on two questionnaires. Mothers completed the Attachment Q-sort for attachment assessment for the preschoolers. In addition, mothers were asked to fill out a questionnaire on their parenting practices. Children who had received full-time nonparental care during infancy and/or toddlerhood were rated by their teachers as being more intellectually competent than children who did not receive full-time nonparental care during first three years of life. They were, however, rated by teachers and were observed by the researcher as being more aggressive than children with no full-time nonparental care. These children were observed to engage in less wandering/onlooking behaviors than children who had not had any full-time nonparental care. Children's attachment security scores and dependency scores did not differ as a function of early nonparental care histories. When the effects of early care patterns, sex of child, and current attachment security to mothers on aggressive behaviors of the preschoolers were examined by a hierarchical regression model, then any "pure" effects of nonparental care and of attachment security on child aggression were minimal after controlling for family background, child care center quality, and maternal childrearing practices. Strong buffering factors for the preschool children (family characteristics, parenting styles, and high quality nonparental care) mediated a possible risk factor of early nonparental care and promoted optimal outcomes for the children.

• 기본간호학회지
• /
• 제9권2호
• /
• pp.300-310
• /
• 2002

Purpose: This study describes the perception of comfort by hospital nurses. Q-methodological was used. Method: The participants completed a 37-item a sort made up of statements which could be ranked in terms of their relevance to the subjective meaning of comfort Result: Three interpretable types of comfort were identified. They are as follows : Type I, emotional and spiritual well-being style: The nurses perceived that patients feel comfortable when they feel emotional support from others and spiritual easiness. The nurses felt that the patients put worth in hope for a healthy life. free from pain and fear of death. Type II, acceptive medical environment style: The nurses perceived that patients have a secure and satisfied attitude towards prompt responses, exact information and skilled Intervention techniques. They also perceived that patients feel safe and secure when they feel free of pain and medical staff are kind. Type III, physical well-being style; The nurses perceived that patients feel safe and comfortable when they feel free of pain and have a good sleep and are able to maintain a comfortable position. They perceived that patients put a high value on meeting the basic needs of safety, such pain, sleep and positioning. Conclusion: The result of this study can be used as a basis to develop nursing measures for promoting comfort. Further studies are recommended on factors which influence nurses' perception of comfort and strategies to promote comfort according to the style of the patients.

• 아동학회지
• /
• 제3권
• /
• pp.63-81
• /
• 1982

The purpose of this study is to relate social behaviors and child-rearing practices to the popularity of preschool children in Korea. Specifically, four major questions were raised and studied First, the relationship between a child's popularity and his/her social behaviors was examined. Second, this relationship was explored as a function of the child's sex. Third, the relationship between a child's popularity and maternal childrearing practices was investigated. Fourth, this relationship was explored as a function of the child's sex. The subjects of this study were 113 middle class preschool aged children and their mothers. Sociometric choices and peer-perceived social behaviors were obtained from these children using Moore's (1973) Sociometric Status Test. Mothers of these children described their childrearing practices in a Q-sort format of Child-Rearing Practices Report (CRPR) developed by Block (1965). The analyses of the data using Kendall's Tau Correlation Coefficient bore the following results: 1. Patterns of social behaviors shown by either popular or unpopular children were distinct; Popular children were friendly and conformative, while unpopular children were aggressive, non-conformative and independent. 2. Patterns of social behaviors in relation to the popularity and the unpopularity differed as a function of the child's sex; Popular boys tended to be active while popular girls were likely to be unaggressive, independent and not-teasing. Unpopular boys showed a great amount of discipline their daughters by means of non-punitive punishment and to express negative reaction to the sibling rivalry among their children. These mothers tended not to enjoy their 3. Certain patterns of maternal child-rearing practices tended to be related to the popularity status of the child; The mothers of popular children as compared to those of unpopular children enjoyed their roles as mothers and didn't use non-punitive punishment. 4. Patterns of maternal child-rearing practices in relation to the child's popularity and unpopularity differed as a function of the child's sex; The mothers of popular boys unlike those of popular girls tended to emphasize on their sons' achievement and perceived that their husbands were greatly involved with their sons. The mothers of unpopular boys appeared to show negative affection toward their sons. The mothers of unpopular girls were likely to displine their daughters by means of non-punitive punishment and to express negative reaction to the sibling rivalry among their children. These mothers tended not to enjoy their roles as mothers and did not believe that their daughters would behave as they should.

• 생태와환경
• /
• 제50권1호
• /
• pp.126-136
• /
• 2017

한반도 동남단의 울산 대곡천 협곡에는 우리나라 최고(最古) 선사유적지인 천전리-반구대 암각화가 있다. 본 연구는 선사인의 식량자원이 되는 도토리에 착목하여 대곡천 협곡에 잔존하는 참나무림의 다양성과 분포 특성을 규명하고자 하였다. 참나무림의 상관형에 따라 그 종조성과 서식처 대응성에 대하여 Z.-M. 방법으로 현장 식생조사가 이루어졌다. 총 193분류군(64과 129속)으로 이루어진 20개의 식생조사표가 획득되었고, 식물사회학적 군락분류와 생태식물상 분석이 이루어졌다. 참나무림은 조사 면적의 36.9% ($513,374m^2$)를 차지하고, 그 99% ($507,677m^2$)는 굴참나무와 졸참나무 우점림이었다. 대곡천 지역식생은 굴피나무와 사람주나무의 높은 상대기여도가 특징이며, 토지적 (edaphic) 자연식생의 내건성 (耐乾性), 호온성 (好溫性)의 참나무림 식생형인 것으로 밝혀졌다. 대곡천 협곡 일대는 풍부한 도토리 생산 여건의 식생자원, 수자원, 온난한 난온대 기후환경의 선사인이 주목할 수밖에 없는 생태역(ecoregion)인 것으로 규정하였다.

• 대한간호학회지
• /
• 제23권3호
• /
• pp.467-486
• /
• 1993

Today, more chronically ill and handicapped people are being cared for at home by a family member caregiver. The task of caring for a family momber may mean that the caregiver has less time and money and more work which may result in increased fatigue and symptoms of illness. This study was done to examine the well-being of family caregivers. Fifty three family caregivers were interviewed. Concepts were measured using existing tools and included : Burden(25 item 5 point scale), Social sup-port (21 item 7 point scale), Health status defined by a symptom checklist(48 item S point scale), and Well -being defined by a quality of life scale (14 item 7 point scale) and caregiving activities. Data collection was done by interview and Q-sort. Social support and well - being were positively correlated as were symptoms and burden. Symptoms and burden were negatively correlated with social support and well-being. Items on the quality of life scale had a mean score range from 3.09 to 4.96. Quality of life related to income was lowest (3.09) but the desire to use more money for the patient was rated 2.90 on the burden scale where the item means ranged from 0.73 to 3.55. The high mean of 3.55 was for obligation to give care and the low 0.73 was (or not feeling that this was helping the patient. Mean scores for symptoms ranged from 0.26 to 2.15 with the 2.15 being for “worry about all the things that have to be done.” Over half of the patients were dependent for help with some activities of daily living. The caregivers reported doing an average of 3.40 out of five patient care activities including bathing (77.4%), shampooing (67.9%), and washing face and hands (49.1％), and 3.74 out of seven home maintenance activities including laundry (98.1％), cooking (83.0%), and arranging bed-ding(75.5%). The caregivers reported their spouse as one of the main sources of social support, including in times of loneliness and anger The mean score for loneliness as burden was 2.15 and ranked fourth and 31 (58.5％) of the sample reported being lonely recently and not being satisfied with the support received. Similarly anger caused by the patient was given a mean score of 2.13, and anger was reported to have been present recently by 38 (71.7%) of the sample and satis-faction with the support given was low. Having someone to help deal with anger ranked twelfth out of 21 items on the social support scale and had a mean score of 3.98 (range 3.49 to 5.98). Spouses were reported as a major source of social support but the fact that 50% of the caregivers were caring for a spouse, may account for the quality of this source of social support having been affected. These caregivers faced the same problems as others at the same stage of life. but because of the situation, there was a strain on their resources, particularly financial and social. In conclusion it was found that burden is correlated negatively to quality of life and positively to symptoms, but in this sample, symptoms and bur-den were scored relatively low. Does this indicate that the caregivers accept caregiving as part of their destiny and accept the quality of their lives with burden and symptoms just being a part of caregiving\ulcorner Does the correlation between the bur-den and symptoms indicate they are a measure of the same phenomenon or that the sample was of a more mobile, less burdened group of caregivers\ulcorner Quality of life was the one variable that was significant in explaining the varience on burden. Further study is needed to validate the conclusions found in this study but they indicate a need for nurses to ap-proach these caregivers with a plan tailored to each individual situation and to give consideration to interventions directed at improving quality of life and expanding social support networks for those caring for spouses.